Final Flashcards
Ethos
Gives the audience a reason for listening to this person on this subject
Logos
Having a clear main idea and using specific details to back it up
Pathos
An appeal to audience’s emotions
Diction
The speakers choices of words
Periodic Sentence
Sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end
EX. When the cafe is too crowded, I work from home.
Cumulative Sentence
Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on
EX. The garden was blooming, bees buzzing softly, roses unveiling in the sun, fragrance in the air
Denotation
The main meaning that aren’t the ideas and feelings people may connect with that word
Ex. The boy was pushy (He was literally pushing people)
It was too hard (The object was literally too firm)
Metaphor
Comparing two things without using like or as
Similie
Comparing two things using like or as
Personification
Giving an inanimate object personified qualities
Analogy
Comparison of two things to show their similarities
Ex. Time is money so spend it wisely
Allusion
An indirect reference to a person, place, event or another work of literature
Ex. Stop trying to save everyone, you’re not Wonder Woman
Paradox
A statement or situation that is seemingly contradictory, but delivers ironic trust
Ex. My weakness is my strength
Irony
When a speaker or character says one thing but means something else or what is said is the opposite of what is expected
Ex. The name of India’s biggest dog is “Tiny”
Hyperbole
Deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or comic effect
Ex. I’m so hungry I could eat a horse
Understatement
When something is presented as less important
Syntax
The arrangement of words into phrases, clauses and sentences
Parallel Structure
Using the same pattern of words two or more times
Ex. Mary likes hiking, swimming and riding a bicycle
Antithesis
Opposition of ideas or words in a parallel construction
Ex. To be or to not be
Love is an ideal thing, marriage is a real thing
Tone
A speakers attitude toward the subject
Claims of Fact…
assert that something is true or not true
Claims of Value
Argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable
Claims of Policy
Proposing a change
Anecdote
Stories about an experience someone’s had that can be considered as first-hand evidence
Testimony
First-hand evidence according to the testimony of the eyewitness
Qualitative
Evidence supported by reason, tradition, or precedent
Quantitative
Evidence that includes things that can be measured, cited, counted or otherwise represented in numbers
Inductive Reasoning
Arranging an argument so that it uses specific cases to draw a conclusion
Deductive Reasoning
Reaching a conclusion by starting with a general truth and applying it to a specific case
Ex. Exercise contributes to better health
Yoga is a type of exercise
Yoga contributes to better health
Exordium
The introductory part of an argument in which a speaker or writer establishes ethos and announces the subject and purpose of the discourse.
Narratio
a speaker or writer provides a narrative of what has happened and explains the nature of the case
Confirmatio
Confirmation or final proof of something
Refutatio
Proving something is wrong
Peroratio
The concluding part of a discourse
Framing and Integrating Quotations
Supplies your reader with the context of the quotation
(Author. Title of source. Title of container, Other contributors, Version,
Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location)
Synthesis
The act of combining elements to form something new
Verbal Irony
Is like sarcasm
Dramatic Irony
A secret only the audience knows
Situational Irony
An event that mocks the circumstances
Reversal
To present the opposite of the normal order
Parody
To imitate the techniques in order to ridicule the original
Incongruity
Presenting things that are out of place or are absurd in relation to its surroundings
Relevance
Evidence that specifically applies to the argument being made
Accuracy
When a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an opponent’s viewpoint
