FINAL Flashcards
What is cognitive behaviour?
Cognitive behaviour includes internal actions. They are harder to define and measure as they are not outwardly observable, requiring specific behaviours to be identified.
Why are labels problematic in understanding behaviour?
they lead to circular reasoning
How can thoughts or images function in cognitive behaviour
As a CS (e.g., things that elicit anger, anxiety)
As an establishing operation (e.g., imagining positive outcomes)
As an Sd for other operant behaviour (e.g., self-instructions)
As a reinforcer or punisher (e.g., self-praise).
What is cognitive restructuring
A method to replace distressing thoughts with desirable ones by:
Identifying distressing thoughts and their triggers
Identifying emotional responses
Replacing distressing thoughts with rational ones
What are cognitive coping skills
Learning and applying cognitive skills to promote desirable behaviour in specific situations.
What are examples of cognitive distortions
All-or-nothing thinking
Overgeneralization
Disqualifying the positive
Magnification and minimization
Jumping to conclusions
Labelling and mislabelling
Personalization
How can cognitive distortions be challenged
Use leading questions to help the client identify logical failures in their distorted thoughts.
What is self instructional training
A process to teach self-guiding instructions for desirable behaviour:
Identify the problem and desirable behaviour.
Create self-instructions.
Use behavioural skills training to practice.
Apply in real situations with reinforcers.
What is self inoculation training
Identify stress-inducing self-statements and situations.
Create coping self-statements for:
Preparing for stress
Confronting stress
Overcoming stress
Praising oneself
Rehearse in role-plays.
Practice in increasingly stressful situations.
What is problem solving training
Develop a problem-solving mindset.
Define the problem.
Generate solutions.
Evaluate solutions.
Implement and evaluate the plan.
What is fear
Fear is a combination of operant and respondent behaviours in response to a specific stimulus, involving:
Autonomic arousal.
Escape or avoidance behaviours.
Respondent behaviour acting as an establishing operation for operant behaviour.
What is anxiety
Anxiety involves the respondent behaviours of autonomic arousal, such as increased heart rate and muscle tension.
What is the difference between fear and anxiety
Fear combines respondent and operant behaviours.
Anxiety primarily reflects respondent behaviours.
Some distinguish based on whether the threat is known.
What are relaxation training procedures
Teach behaviours that produce bodily responses incompatible with autonomic arousal. Includes:
Progressive muscle relaxation.
Diaphragmatic breathing.
Attention focusing.
Behavioural relaxation training.
What is progressive muscle relaxation
Tensing and relaxing each muscle group until a state of relaxation is achieved.
What is diaphragmatic breathing
Focus on deep, slow, rhythmic breathing to produce relaxation.
What is systemic desensitization
A process where individuals imagine progressively more frightening stimuli while practicing relaxation techniques.
What is in vivo desensitization
Individuals encounter progressively more frightening stimuli in real life while practicing relaxation techniques.
What is flooding
A fear reduction technique where the client is exposed to the feared stimulus at maximum intensity until the fear response diminishes.
modelling in fear reduction
The client observes another person positively engaging with the feared stimulus, either in person or virtually.
Controlling stimulus
A stimulus that changes the probability of an operant behaviour.
discriminative stimulus
A stimulus that precedes an operant and sets the occasion for reinforcement.
extinction stimulus
A stimulus that precedes an operant and sets the occasion for non-reinforcement.
what is an establishing operation
An antecedent event that makes a stimulus more effective as a reinforcer, increasing the likelihood of a behaviour.
