FINAL

Question 1

What is cognitive behaviour?

Answer 1

Cognitive behaviour includes internal actions. They are harder to define and measure as they are not outwardly observable, requiring specific behaviours to be identified.

Question 2

Why are labels problematic in understanding behaviour?

Answer 2

they lead to circular reasoning

Question 3

How can thoughts or images function in cognitive behaviour

Answer 3

As a CS (e.g., things that elicit anger, anxiety)
As an establishing operation (e.g., imagining positive outcomes)
As an Sd for other operant behaviour (e.g., self-instructions)
As a reinforcer or punisher (e.g., self-praise).

Question 4

What is cognitive restructuring

Answer 4

A method to replace distressing thoughts with desirable ones by:

Identifying distressing thoughts and their triggers
Identifying emotional responses
Replacing distressing thoughts with rational ones

Question 5

What are cognitive coping skills

Answer 5

Learning and applying cognitive skills to promote desirable behaviour in specific situations.

Question 6

What are examples of cognitive distortions

Answer 6

All-or-nothing thinking
Overgeneralization
Disqualifying the positive
Magnification and minimization
Jumping to conclusions
Labelling and mislabelling
Personalization

Question 7

How can cognitive distortions be challenged

Answer 7

Use leading questions to help the client identify logical failures in their distorted thoughts.

Question 8

What is self instructional training

Answer 8

A process to teach self-guiding instructions for desirable behaviour:
Identify the problem and desirable behaviour.
Create self-instructions.
Use behavioural skills training to practice.
Apply in real situations with reinforcers.

Question 9

What is self inoculation training

Answer 9

Identify stress-inducing self-statements and situations.
Create coping self-statements for:
Preparing for stress
Confronting stress
Overcoming stress
Praising oneself
Rehearse in role-plays.
Practice in increasingly stressful situations.

Question 10

What is problem solving training

Answer 10

Develop a problem-solving mindset.
Define the problem.
Generate solutions.
Evaluate solutions.
Implement and evaluate the plan.

Question 11

What is fear

Answer 11

Fear is a combination of operant and respondent behaviours in response to a specific stimulus, involving:

Autonomic arousal.
Escape or avoidance behaviours.
Respondent behaviour acting as an establishing operation for operant behaviour.

Question 12

What is anxiety

Answer 12

Anxiety involves the respondent behaviours of autonomic arousal, such as increased heart rate and muscle tension.

Question 13

What is the difference between fear and anxiety

Answer 13

Fear combines respondent and operant behaviours.
Anxiety primarily reflects respondent behaviours.
Some distinguish based on whether the threat is known.

Question 14

What are relaxation training procedures

Answer 14

Teach behaviours that produce bodily responses incompatible with autonomic arousal. Includes:

Progressive muscle relaxation.
Diaphragmatic breathing.
Attention focusing.
Behavioural relaxation training.

Question 15

What is progressive muscle relaxation

Answer 15

Tensing and relaxing each muscle group until a state of relaxation is achieved.

Question 16

What is diaphragmatic breathing

Answer 16

Focus on deep, slow, rhythmic breathing to produce relaxation.

Question 17

What is systemic desensitization

Answer 17

A process where individuals imagine progressively more frightening stimuli while practicing relaxation techniques.

Question 18

What is in vivo desensitization

Answer 18

Individuals encounter progressively more frightening stimuli in real life while practicing relaxation techniques.

Question 19

What is flooding

Answer 19

A fear reduction technique where the client is exposed to the feared stimulus at maximum intensity until the fear response diminishes.

Question 20

modelling in fear reduction

Answer 20

The client observes another person positively engaging with the feared stimulus, either in person or virtually.

Question 21

Controlling stimulus

Answer 21

A stimulus that changes the probability of an operant behaviour.

Question 22

discriminative stimulus

Answer 22

A stimulus that precedes an operant and sets the occasion for reinforcement.

Question 23

extinction stimulus

Answer 23

A stimulus that precedes an operant and sets the occasion for non-reinforcement.

Question 24

what is an establishing operation

Answer 24

An antecedent event that makes a stimulus more effective as a reinforcer, increasing the likelihood of a behaviour.

Question 25

what is an abolishing operation

Answer 25

An antecedent event that makes a stimulus less potent as a reinforcer, decreasing the likelihood of a behaviour.

Question 26

what is the difference between antecedents and consequences

Answer 26

Antecedents: Evoke behaviour; alter the current probability.
Consequences: Strengthen/weaken behaviour; alter future probability.

Question 27

discrimination training

Answer 27

Teaching precise responses by reinforcing behaviour for one stimulus (Sd) and not reinforcing it for others (SΔ).

Question 28

generalization training

Answer 28

Teaching responses that apply across multiple stimuli.

Question 29

within stimulus

Answer 29

Altering the stimulus’ properties to make it more salient.

Question 30

extrastimulus

Answer 30

Adding a separate stimulus to draw attention.

Question 31

how to increase desired behaviour

Answer 31

Present Sds for desired behaviour.
Arrange EOs.
Reduce response effort for desired behaviour.

Question 32

how to decrease undesired behaviour

Answer 32

Remove Sds for undesirable behaviour.
Make behaviour impossible.
Present AOs.
Increase response effort/delay for undesirable behaviour.

Question 33

What is Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate (DRL)?

Answer 33

Behavior is reinforced only if it occurs no more than a specified number of times in a given period, resulting in low response rates.

Question 34

DRL example

Answer 34

A pigeon is reinforced for pecking only after 5 seconds have elapsed since the last peck. Pecking before 5 seconds doesn’t provide food and resets the timer.

Question 35

What is Differential Reinforcement of High Rate (DRH)?

Answer 35

Behavior is reinforced only if it occurs at a high rate within a specified time, helping to increase response rates.

Question 36

DRH example

Answer 36

A pigeon is reinforced only if it pecks at least 5 times within 10 seconds. Less than 5 pecks provide nothing, and the clock resets.

Question 37

What is Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviour (DRO)?

Answer 37

Reinforcement is contingent on the complete absence of a specific behavior for a set period.

Question 38

DRO example

Answer 38

A pigeon is reinforced only if no pecking occurs for 10 seconds. Reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the undesirable behavior.

Question 39

difference between DRO and DRL

Answer 39

DRL reduces the rate of behavior, while DRO aims to eliminate it entirely.

Question 40

What is Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)?

Answer 40

A desired replacement behavior is reinforced while an undesired behavior is extinguished.

Question 41

What is Differential Negative Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DNRA)?

Answer 41

Reinforcement is contingent on an alternative behavior that avoids or escapes an aversive situation, instead of using undesirable behavior.

Question 42

How can you identify putative reinforcers?

Answer 42

Use reinforcers maintaining undesirable behavior.
Observe enjoyable, high-probability activities.
Ask the individual what they like.
Conduct a preference assessment.

Question 43

Stimulus control

Answer 43

a change in behaviour when the discriminative or extinctive stimulus is presented