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Biological Psych > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Aristotle said:

A

“the soul lives in the heart”

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2
Q

Plato said:

A

“The soul lives in the head”

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3
Q

Pathonormal inference

A

involves calculating the effect of changes in one node on other nodes by considering how they are connected via direct or indirect paths.

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4
Q

Ablation

A

experimental tissue destruction
- removing chunk of tissue, and seeing how animal is different cognitively after the procedure.
- ray ablation surgery

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5
Q

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT SCAN)

A
  • Takes pics at different angles
    patterns of interaction = 3D structure
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6
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A

technique used to stimulate specific areas of the brain using magnetic fields

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7
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

tracks electrical activity

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8
Q

Inverse Problem

A

many conclusions can be drawn
(shows when things take place, but not where)

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9
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

tracks magnetic activity
- when and where
- magnetic fields rapidly become weaker over distance

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10
Q

rCBF

A

Regional cerebral blood flow
- changes constantly

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11
Q

What is Subtraction Technique

A

to isolate and identify specific brain activity associated with particular cognitive tasks or stimuli

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12
Q

BOLD

A

blood oxygenation level dependent.
- bold measures always compare states to see when tissues need more blood

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13
Q

Position Emission Tomography (PET scan)

A

uses a small amount of radioactive material to observe how organs and tissues in the body are functioning. The radioactive substance is typically injected into the bloodstream

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14
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

to create detailed images of the inside of the body, particularly the brain, muscles, and organs. Detects density of tissue

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15
Q

Magnetic fields make..

A

electrons line up

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16
Q

Radio frequency waves…

A

deflect alignment

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17
Q

What happens when you turn off radio waves ?

A

Makes electrons snap back to old alignment, generating a detectable magnetic field

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18
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

type of MRI that measures and maps brain activity. It detects changes in blood flow to different areas of the brain, which occur when those areas are more active

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19
Q

Changes in Oxygen create…

A

change in response to magnetic fields

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20
Q

Oxygenated Hemoglobin

A

resists magnetism

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21
Q

Deoxygenated hemoglobin

A

Affected by Magnetic Field

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22
Q

Correlating brain activity with behavior examples

A
  • ensteins brain
  • Graoellis wrist
  • London Cabbies Mental Maps
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23
Q

Vertebrate nervous system controls the

A

central and peripheral nervous system

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24
Q

the central nervous system controls the

A

brain and spinal cord

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25
Q

peripheral nervous system controls the

A

Autonomic and Somatic nervous system

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26
Q

Autonomic NS controls the

A

Sympathetic NS (fight or flight)

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27
Q

The Spinal cord

A

Dorsal root ganglion
Gray Matter
Central Canal
Dorsal
White matter
Sensory nerve
Motor nerve
Ventral

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28
Q

Bell Magendie Law

A

-the entering dorsal roots carry sensory information from the body to spinal cord

  • Ventral roots are responsible for motor functions from spinal cord to the muscles
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29
Q

Autonomic NS

A

involuntary functions in the body, fight or flight

-ex. squirrel vs hawk

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30
Q

Sympathetic

A

Prepares body for arousal
-increased breathing, increased heart rate, decreased digestive activity
-forms chain of ganglia

31
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

facilitates vegetative, non emergency responses for the body’s organs

32
Q

Charm pop model

A

spinal, brain stem, cortex

33
Q

The Hindbrain

A

Medulla controls vital reflexes
ex heart beat

34
Q

Pons

A

area where axons cross from one side of the brain to the other

35
Q

Decussation

A

Crossing of nerve fibers

36
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordination, and automatically if complex sensory, cognitive and motor functions.
- contains 50% of neurons in brain
- if damaged it could lead to many types of impairments like impaired movement or dyslexia

37
Q

Tectum “roof”

A

includes superior collicusis, and inferior colliculus

  • important routes for sensory info
38
Q

Tegmentum “covering, carpet”

A
  • nuclei for third and fourth cranial nerves (eye movements)
  • parts of reticular formation
  • extensions of pathways between the forebrain and the spinal cord or hindbrain
39
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Gives rise to dopamine
path that deteriorated in Parkinson’s disease

40
Q

The forebrain

A

Cerebral Cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Limbic system
Basal ganglia
Hippocampus
Cerebral Spinal fluid

41
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

outer portion of brain
- wrinkly thin on the outside

42
Q

Thalamus

A

center of forebrain and relay station for sensory information to/from cerebral cortex

43
Q

Hypothalamus

A

small area with widespread connections
- the four f’s fighting, feeding, fleeing, and fucking
- sends messages to attached pituitary gland, altering release of hormones into bloodstream

44
Q

Limbic System

A

borders brain stem and meditates eating, drinking, sexual activity, anxiety and aggression

45
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

includes caudate nucleus, putamen, gloves pallidus
- huntingtons disease

46
Q

hippocampus

A

located between thalamus and cerebral cortex
- critical to formation of new memory
-Henry Molaison

47
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

A

protects the brain
-fills the central canal
-formed in the choroid plexus

48
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

blocks the flow of Cerebral Spinal fluid
-increases pressure on the brain

49
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

grey matter
white matter
corpus callosum

50
Q

Grey matter

A

on the surface of hemispheres, relatively short axons, dense connections

51
Q

White matter

A

inside of hemispheres, long axons linking distant cortical areas

52
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

looks like nike swoosh

53
Q

Why is the cortex wrinkly

A

more brain matter in small skull
- contains six distinct layers of cells

54
Q

Four lobes

A

Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe

55
Q

Occipital

A

Posterior end of cortex
- primary visual cortex
Topographic mapping

56
Q

Partial Lobe

A

Dorsal, posterior

  • sensory Homunculus
57
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Tonotopic mapping
in primary
- Auditory cortex (A1)

58
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Motor Homunculus

  • aligns almost perfect with sensory
59
Q

Phineas P Gage

A

rod went through head, survived, but had a major personality change

60
Q

Amygdala

A

import toll in fear and aggression

61
Q

The binding problem

A

If problems are broken down and solved in differnt parts of the brain, why does everything seem so integrated ?

62
Q

Gamma Phase Synchrony

A

cells in different areas fire together to form large transient networks

63
Q

Anesthesia

A

chemically induced reversible coma state

64
Q

Analgesia

A

no pain

65
Q

Amnesia

A

no memory

66
Q

Paralysis

A

no movement

67
Q

unconsciousness

A

not the same as sleep

68
Q

Zygote

A

single fertilized egg

69
Q

differentiation

A

from one kind to “210 kinds”

70
Q

Three layers of cells

A

Endoderm- gut
Mesoderm- muscle and bone
Ectoderm - skin and nervous system

71
Q

Natural selection vs epigenetic selection

A

environment controls gene survival vs chemical environment controls gene expression

72
Q

Proliferation

A

cell division causes explosion in number of neurons and glial cells

73
Q

synaptogenisis

A

formation of synapses continues throughout life

74
Q

development by cell death

A

chips away at cells that are useless and strengthens cells that are useful

Biological Psych (2 decks)

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