Final

Question 1

What are the five different variables?

Answer 1

Continuous, discrete, nominal, ordinal, and binary

Question 2

Continuous

Answer 2

measured data

Question 3

Discrete

Answer 3

observations can only exist at limited values; often counts

Question 4

Nominal

Answer 4

unordered descriptions

Question 5

Ordinal

Answer 5

ordered descriptions

Question 6

Binary

Answer 6

only 2 mutually exclusive outcomes

Question 7

Characteristics about aquatic biomes

Answer 7

salinity, flow, nutrients & oxygen, temperature, seasonality, and depth

Question 8

Characteristics of terrestrial biomes

Answer 8

Temperature & precipitation, seasonality, and dominant life forms

Question 9

3 steps of the central dogma

Answer 9

1. replication
2. transcription
3. translation

Question 10

Replication

Answer 10

the DNA replicates itself

Question 11

Transcription

Answer 11

the DNA is transcribed into RNA

Question 12

Translation

Answer 12

the RNA forms amino acids

Question 13

4 characteristics of evolution

Answer 13

mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection

Question 14

Mutations

Answer 14

ultimate source of genetic variation

Question 15

Gene flow

Answer 15

stabilizing; keeps 2 populations similar

Question 16

Genetic drift

Answer 16

change in allele frequency- evolution NOT fitness

Question 17

Natural selection

Answer 17

organisms with a higher fitness produce more offspring

Question 18

Convergent evolution

Answer 18

when organisms that aren’t closely related evolve similar features or behaviors

Question 19

Top-down regulation

Answer 19

tertiary consumers structure the community

Question 20

bottom-up regulation

Answer 20

primary producer cycles structure the community

Question 21

SIR model

Answer 21

shows the spread of pathogens

Question 22

Red Queen Hypothesis

Answer 22

Species must constantly evolve and adapt in order to survive and avoid extinction

Question 23

Muller’s ratchet

Answer 23

the process by which genomes of asexual populations irreversibly accumulate deleterious mutations

Question 24

Obligate Mutualism

Answer 24

1 or both species cannot survive without the other

Question 25

Facultative Mutualism

Answer 25

both species benefit, but may not need the interaction to survive

Question 26

IntrAspecific competition

Answer 26

competition Among members of the same species

Question 27

IntErspecific competition

Answer 27

competition b/w individuals of diffErEnt species

Question 28

Competition exclusion principle

Answer 28

no 2 species w/ the same ecological niche can coexist, the species less suited to compete for resources should either adapt or die out

Question 29

Antagonistic Predation

Answer 29

the predator kills and eats its prey; has a selective effect on prey causing it to develop defensive adaptations

Question 30

Antagonistic herbivory

Answer 30

when an organism principally eats autotrophs

Question 31

Antagonistic parasitism

Answer 31

where the parasite lives on its host and causes it some harm

Question 32

Foundation species

Answer 32

the “base” of a community that have the greatest influence on its overall structure- coral reef

Question 33

Keystone species

Answer 33

a species whose presence is key to maintaining biodiversity within an ecosystem and upholding an ecological community’s structure- sea star

Question 34

Batesian mimicry

Answer 34

occurs when a mimic evolves to look like a dangerous model species

Question 35

Mullerian mimicry

Answer 35

occurs when dangerous mimics evolve similar aposematic coloration

Question 36

Interference Competition

Answer 36

direct- individuals or populations behave in a way that reduces exploitation efficiency of another individual or population

Question 37

Exploitation Competition

Answer 37

indirect- populations depress one another through use of a shared resource

Question 38

Apparent Competition

Answer 38

When 2 unrelated prey species indirectly compete for survival through a shared predator

Question 39

Resource partitioning

Answer 39

facilitates coexistence when competitors use a limited resource in different ways

Question 40

R* Theory

Answer 40

species coexist b/c resources are not limiting

Question 41

Lotka-Volterra Theory

Answer 41

species coexist b/c they have incomplete niche overlap and balances starting populations

Question 42

Grimes CSR Triangle Theory

Answer 42

species coexist b/c they have different strategies