Final Flashcards
What is “new racism”?
New racism is masked behind socially accepted ideologies and language, expressing negative views about racialized groups without explicitly referring to “race” or “colour” (e.g., colour-blind racism).
What is “explicit racism” or “old-style racism”?
Explicit racism involves overt discrimination, often linked to organized white supremacist groups like Stormfront, Aryan Nations, and the KKK.
What are some activities of organized racist groups?
They oppose “race mixing,” immigration, refugees, and Indigenous sovereignty, often accusing others of undermining the “white race” and Western civilization.
Give examples of violence committed by white supremacists in Canada.
Examples include the London, Ontario truck attack (2021) and the Quebec City mosque shooting (2017).
How does the internet influence organized racism?
Racist organizations use the internet to spread hate, raising concerns about freedom of expression versus hate speech.
What are hate crimes, and how are they defined in Canada?
Hate crimes are acts intended to intimidate, harm, or terrify an entire group, often based on race, religion, colour, ethnicity, or sexual orientation.
Why are hate crimes difficult to prove in court?
They require substantial evidence linking the act to intent motivated by hate against a specific group.
What types of surveys are used to gauge racism in Canada?
Victimization-type surveys and social distance surveys.
What do victimization-type surveys measure?
They assess individuals’ perceptions of being victims of racism and the extent of discrimination against specific groups.
What are the limitations of victimization surveys in measuring racism?
Individuals may not define their experiences as discrimination, and authorities may dismiss the results as subjective or biased.
What are social distance surveys?
These measure comfort or discomfort levels people feel toward members of different groups, indirectly gauging racial prejudice.
What did Bailey’s (2016) study reveal about Indigenous students in Canadian universities?
They experience microaggressions, such as low interaction with non-Indigenous peers, cultural misrepresentation, and social isolation.
What are some examples of microaggressions Indigenous students face?
Lack of opportunities to use Indigenous knowledge, unwelcoming environments, and unsettling informal social interactions.
What has research shown about Canadian attitudes toward visible minority immigration?
Attitudes have become more unfavorable over time, with some research criticized for legitimizing racist perspectives.
What is Institutional Racism?
Policies, practices, or procedures embedded within social and political institutions that disproportionately disadvantage certain racial or ethnic groups, often perpetuated without conscious intent.
What is Quantified Racism?
Racial inequalities that manifest in everyday life, not through intentional acts of racism, but through systemic normalization in areas like education, healthcare, and employment.
How does Institutional Racism operate?
Systematically, through normalized racial inequalities in education, criminal justice, healthcare, and housing, maintained by historical and cultural practices.
What are examples of Racism in Sports?
Unequal training opportunities, wage disparities, underrepresentation in leadership roles, biased media coverage, and fewer endorsement deals for athletes from racialized groups.
What does Carl James’ research suggest about racialized youth in sports?
Teenagers are encouraged to pursue sports based on stereotypes linked to their racialized group, with white kids often directed toward sports like hockey and tennis, and Black youth toward basketball or track & field.
What is the Rooney Rule, and what changes have been made to it?
A rule requiring NFL teams to interview at least one minority candidate for leadership positions. Changes now mandate teams to employ at least one offensive assistant coach from a minority background, aiming to diversify coaching pipelines.
What is the paradox of Racial Profiling and Policing?
Police under-police minorities as victims (not investigating thoroughly) and over-police them as suspects (disproportionate surveillance and charges), reinforcing systemic racism.
What is Amazon Rekognition, and why is it controversial?
A facial and vocal recognition tool used by law enforcement, criticized for disproportionately misidentifying people with darker skin and raising ethical concerns about surveillance.
What is Colorism in the context of sports commentary?
A bias where lighter-skinned athletes are more likely to be praised for mental skills like strategy, while darker-skinned athletes are often reduced to physical attributes like strength and speed.
What are Compensatory Draft Picks for Minority Talent in the NFL?
Teams receive extra draft picks if minority coaches or executives are hired away, incentivizing the development of diverse leadership pipelines.