Final

Question 1

What is “new racism”?

Answer 1

New racism is masked behind socially accepted ideologies and language, expressing negative views about racialized groups without explicitly referring to “race” or “colour” (e.g., colour-blind racism).

Question 2

What is “explicit racism” or “old-style racism”?

Answer 2

Explicit racism involves overt discrimination, often linked to organized white supremacist groups like Stormfront, Aryan Nations, and the KKK.

Question 3

What are some activities of organized racist groups?

Answer 3

They oppose “race mixing,” immigration, refugees, and Indigenous sovereignty, often accusing others of undermining the “white race” and Western civilization.

Question 4

Give examples of violence committed by white supremacists in Canada.

Answer 4

Examples include the London, Ontario truck attack (2021) and the Quebec City mosque shooting (2017).

Question 5

How does the internet influence organized racism?

Answer 5

Racist organizations use the internet to spread hate, raising concerns about freedom of expression versus hate speech.

Question 6

What are hate crimes, and how are they defined in Canada?

Answer 6

Hate crimes are acts intended to intimidate, harm, or terrify an entire group, often based on race, religion, colour, ethnicity, or sexual orientation.

Question 7

Why are hate crimes difficult to prove in court?

Answer 7

They require substantial evidence linking the act to intent motivated by hate against a specific group.

Question 8

What types of surveys are used to gauge racism in Canada?

Answer 8

Victimization-type surveys and social distance surveys.

Question 9

What do victimization-type surveys measure?

Answer 9

They assess individuals’ perceptions of being victims of racism and the extent of discrimination against specific groups.

Question 10

What are the limitations of victimization surveys in measuring racism?

Answer 10

Individuals may not define their experiences as discrimination, and authorities may dismiss the results as subjective or biased.

Question 11

What are social distance surveys?

Answer 11

These measure comfort or discomfort levels people feel toward members of different groups, indirectly gauging racial prejudice.

Question 12

What did Bailey’s (2016) study reveal about Indigenous students in Canadian universities?

Answer 12

They experience microaggressions, such as low interaction with non-Indigenous peers, cultural misrepresentation, and social isolation.

Question 13

What are some examples of microaggressions Indigenous students face?

Answer 13

Lack of opportunities to use Indigenous knowledge, unwelcoming environments, and unsettling informal social interactions.

Question 14

What has research shown about Canadian attitudes toward visible minority immigration?

Answer 14

Attitudes have become more unfavorable over time, with some research criticized for legitimizing racist perspectives.

Question 15

What is Institutional Racism?

Answer 15

Policies, practices, or procedures embedded within social and political institutions that disproportionately disadvantage certain racial or ethnic groups, often perpetuated without conscious intent.

Question 16

What is Quantified Racism?

Answer 16

Racial inequalities that manifest in everyday life, not through intentional acts of racism, but through systemic normalization in areas like education, healthcare, and employment.

Question 17

How does Institutional Racism operate?

Answer 17

Systematically, through normalized racial inequalities in education, criminal justice, healthcare, and housing, maintained by historical and cultural practices.

Question 18

What are examples of Racism in Sports?

Answer 18

Unequal training opportunities, wage disparities, underrepresentation in leadership roles, biased media coverage, and fewer endorsement deals for athletes from racialized groups.

Question 19

What does Carl James’ research suggest about racialized youth in sports?

Answer 19

Teenagers are encouraged to pursue sports based on stereotypes linked to their racialized group, with white kids often directed toward sports like hockey and tennis, and Black youth toward basketball or track & field.

Question 20

What is the Rooney Rule, and what changes have been made to it?

Answer 20

A rule requiring NFL teams to interview at least one minority candidate for leadership positions. Changes now mandate teams to employ at least one offensive assistant coach from a minority background, aiming to diversify coaching pipelines.

Question 21

What is the paradox of Racial Profiling and Policing?

Answer 21

Police under-police minorities as victims (not investigating thoroughly) and over-police them as suspects (disproportionate surveillance and charges), reinforcing systemic racism.

Question 22

What is Amazon Rekognition, and why is it controversial?

Answer 22

A facial and vocal recognition tool used by law enforcement, criticized for disproportionately misidentifying people with darker skin and raising ethical concerns about surveillance.

Question 23

What is Colorism in the context of sports commentary?

Answer 23

A bias where lighter-skinned athletes are more likely to be praised for mental skills like strategy, while darker-skinned athletes are often reduced to physical attributes like strength and speed.

Question 24

What are Compensatory Draft Picks for Minority Talent in the NFL?

Answer 24

Teams receive extra draft picks if minority coaches or executives are hired away, incentivizing the development of diverse leadership pipelines.

Question 25

How are race and religion interconnected as social constructs?

Answer 25

Both are ideas shaped by societies rather than biological facts, used historically to reflect power dynamics and include or exclude groups.

Question 26

What role did religion play during European colonization in the context of race?

Answer 26

Religious differences were used to justify racial hierarchies, such as labeling Indigenous spiritual practices as “inferior” or “savage” to legitimize colonial violence.

Question 27

How was Confucianism racialized by Western colonial powers in the 19th century?

Answer 27

It was dismissed as “exotic” or “backward” and tied to stereotypes of East Asians as submissive, disciplined, or collectivist.

Question 28

What was the concept of “limpieza de sangre” during the Spanish Inquisition?

Answer 28

It enforced the idea that even converted Jews and Muslims had impure ancestry, linking religion with racial purity.

Question 29

What is the racialization of religion?

Answer 29

It occurs when specific religious groups are associated with racial or ethnic identities, such as Jews being seen as a racial group or Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims being misidentified as “Middle Eastern.”

Question 30

How do race and religion intersect in shared experiences of discrimination?

Answer 30

For example, after 9/11, people perceived as Muslim faced scrutiny and violence, showing how race and religion shape people’s lives.

Question 31

How has the intersection of race and religion contributed to solidarity?

Answer 31

Places of worship have supported movements like the Civil Rights Movement and offered cultural preservation for immigrant communities.

Question 32

What was the significance of the 1939 Supreme Court ruling for Inuit people in Canada?

Answer 32

The court ruled that Inuit were to be considered “Indians” for constitutional purposes, but the Inuit resisted being categorized under the Indian Act and are now no longer constrained by it.

Question 33

How do the Métis National Council (MNC) and Congress of Aboriginal Peoples differ in their definitions of Métis?

Answer 33

MNC: Defines Métis narrowly as individuals with historic Métis Nation ancestry distinct from other Indigenous Peoples.
Congress of Aboriginal Peoples: Uses a broader definition, including mixed populations beyond the historic Métis Nation.

Question 34

How did the Indian Act of 1876 define Indian status, and how could individuals lose it?

Answer 34

Defined “Indian” based on bloodlines and community belonging.
Enfranchisement led to loss of status, including marrying a non-Indian, becoming a lawyer/minister, or earning a degree.

Question 35

What are Non-Status Indians, and what caused them to lose their status?

Answer 35

Non-Status Indians are individuals who lost their legal Indian status due to enfranchisement provisions of the Indian Act, such as marrying non-Indians or leaving the country for extended periods.

Question 36

What changes were introduced under Bill C-31 in 1985?

Answer 36

Eliminated enfranchisement provisions.
Reinstated status for some individuals.
Allowed bands to create membership codes.
Eliminated patrilineal definitions for Indian status.

Question 37

What are the four main types of band membership codes in First Nations communities?

Answer 37

One-parent descent rules: Based on one parent’s membership.
Two-parent descent rules: Both parents must be members or eligible.
Blood quantum rules: Requires a specific percentage of Indian blood (often 50%).
Indian Act rules: Membership based on Indian Act sections.

Question 38

How do Indigenous people in Canada compare to non-Indigenous populations in terms of social conditions?

Answer 38

Indigenous people face significant disparities in health, income, employment, and education and are overrepresented in federal and provincial prisons.

Question 39

When did the Canadian government shift from using “Aboriginal” to “Indigenous,” and why?

Answer 39

The shift occurred in 2015, influenced by the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.

Question 40

What is a “blood quantum” rule, and why is it controversial?

Answer 40

A blood quantum rule requires individuals to possess a specific percentage of Indigenous blood (e.g., 50%) to qualify for band membership.
Critics argue it pressures communities to maintain “racial purity” and discourages mixed unions.

Question 41

How did feminist advocacy influence the creation of Bill C-31?

Answer 41

Feminist advocates pushed for the elimination of gender discrimination in the Indian Act, resulting in the reinstatement of Indian status for women who had lost it through marriage to non-Indians.

Question 42

What is enfranchisement, and how did it impact Indigenous identity?

Answer 42

Enfranchisement was the process of losing legal Indian status, often forcibly, through actions like earning a university degree, becoming a minister, or marrying a non-Indian.

Question 43

How did the Canadian government attempt to control Inuit identification between 1941 and 1971?

Answer 43

Inuit were required by law to wear orange identification tags, which acted as physical markers of their identity.

Question 44

Why is there controversy over who can self-identify as Métis?

Answer 44

Definitions vary between organizations like the MNC and Congress of Aboriginal Peoples.
Some see increased census self-identification as an attempt to gain access to programs, creating debates over authenticity and membership.

Question 45

What controversial elements are included in the Kahnawake Mohawk community’s membership code?

Answer 45

A moratorium on mixed marriages.
A requirement of 50% or more Native blood for future registration.

Question 46

What was the significance of recent Supreme Court decisions regarding Métis people?

Answer 46

They established Métis as a rights-bearing group under federal jurisdiction, granting Indigenous rights such as hunting for food.

Question 47

What does the term “First Nations” commonly refer to?

Answer 47

It describes “status” or “registered” Indians as defined under the Indian Act of 1876.

Question 48

What is a key issue faced by Indigenous people in Canada’s criminal justice system?

Answer 48

Indigenous persons are significantly overrepresented in federal and provincial prisons compared to non-Indigenous populations.

Question 49

What conflict arises between self-definition and legal definitions in Indigenous identity?

Answer 49

While individuals may self-identify as Indigenous, government-imposed legal definitions often clash with personal and community-based identity.

Question 50

How did the Indian Act discriminate against women before 1985?

Answer 50

Indigenous women who married non-Indigenous men lost their status, as did their children, while non-Indigenous men who married Indigenous women could not gain status.

Question 51

Why were early efforts to count Inuit populations problematic?

Answer 51

They lacked clear definitions of who should be counted, leading to inconsistent and contested population figures.

Question 52

What hurdles are faced by individuals trying to reinstate their Indian status after enfranchisement?

Answer 52

Legal Systems: Complex and bureaucratic processes create delays and barriers.
Government Resistance: The government often pushes back against reinstatement efforts.
Harm and Violence: Enfranchisement caused systemic harm, leaving individuals to navigate stigmatization and exclusion.

Question 53

What trends exist regarding Indigenous women in Canada’s prison system?

Answer 53

Indigenous women are disproportionately criminalized and incarcerated.
They are on track to make up 50% of the Indigenous prison population.
They are also more likely to be missing or murdered.

Question 54

What disparities exist between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in Canada?

Answer 54

Indigenous people face significant disparities in health, income, education, and employment.
They are overrepresented in prisons, with incarceration rates increasing significantly over the last 20 years.
These disparities are most pronounced among First Nations or status Indians living on reserves.

Question 55

Why is it important to examine differences within Indigenous communities?

Answer 55

Homogenizing Indigenous people overlooks gender, class, and generational differences.
Understanding these internal distinctions highlights the diversity and complexity within Indigenous communities.

Question 56

What gender disparities exist in leadership within Indigenous communities?

Answer 56

Fewer women serve as chiefs compared to men.
Indian women publicly challenged gender discrimination in the 1970s, especially the enfranchisement provisions of the Indian Act.

Question 57

What divisions exist within Indigenous communities, according to Menno Boldt and Howard Adams?

Answer 57

Menno Boldt: Divided Indigenous communities into “elite” leaders and marginalized individuals outside political and economic power.
Howard Adams: Distinguished between the “Indigenous bourgeoisie” (elite leaders, business owners, administrators) and the “Indigenous underclass.”

Question 58

How do Indigenous people resist systemic oppression and preserve their culture?

Answer 58

Maintaining traditional cultural and religious practices.
Using the courts to demand recognition of land and other rights.
Challenging government policies and advancing self-determination.
Participating in social movements such as Idle No More, Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women & Girls, and Wet’suwet’en protests.

Question 59

How is cultural revitalization an act of resistance?

Answer 59

Indigenous communities work to preserve and restore languages and cultural practices, which were suppressed by colonial systems.

Question 60

Why is the “elite” leadership within Indigenous communities criticized?

Answer 60

Critics argue that elite leaders benefit from political and economic control, while the majority remain excluded and marginalized.

Question 61

Why are Indigenous persons overrepresented in Canadian prisons?

Answer 61

Systemic inequalities, historical marginalization, and socio-economic disparities contribute to the overrepresentation of Indigenous people in the justice system.

Question 62

What factors contribute to the low income of Indigenous women, particularly those living on reserves?

Answer 62

Differences between Indigenous groups: Income varies significantly among different Indigenous communities.
Lowest income group: Registered Indigenous women living on reserves face the lowest income levels compared to other groups.

Question 63

How do employment rates compare between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations?

Answer 63

Non-Indigenous employment rate: 74%.
Indigenous employment rates are much lower, with significant variations between different Indigenous groups.

Question 64

How do individuals with both Black and Indigenous identities experience their ancestral heritage?

Answer 64

Individuals who are both Black and Indigenous may feel pressured to choose one identity over the other.
These identities reflect different ancestral histories and experiences.

Question 65

How do some individuals advocate for their ancestral homelands, even from a great distance?

Answer 65

Kim Kardashian’s advocacy for Armenia is an example, where she campaigned for recognition of the Armenian genocide.
Despite geographic distance, individuals and groups continue to engage in political and social advocacy for their ancestral homelands.

Question 66

What changes in migration and mobility have influenced our understanding of diaspora and transnationalism?

Answer 66

Increased tourism and normalized travel, with 1.4 billion international tourists in 2018.
The shift from a “sedentarist” to a “new mobilities paradigm” encourages a broader understanding of migration and identity, moving away from nation-state-centered perspectives.

Question 67

What critiques have been made about ethnicity and “race” paradigms in migration studies?

Answer 67

These paradigms focus too much on processes like assimilation and ethnic conflict.
Scholars argue for a move away from “methodological nationalism,” which confines analysis to the boundaries of nation-states.

Question 68

Why have the concepts of diaspora and transnationalism emerged and become important?

Answer 68

To better understand the relationships between immigrant groups, their homelands, and their identities, especially in the context of globalization and migration.

Question 69

How is diaspora understood in contemporary scholarship, and why is it important?

Answer 69

Diaspora refers to the dispersal of a group from its original homeland, often due to trauma or violence.
It involves a collective memory, strong ethnic consciousness, and an attachment to both the homeland and the host society.

Question 70

What are the different types of diasporas, according to Cohen?

Answer 70

Victim diasporas - Forced migration due to violence or persecution.
Imperial diasporas - Migrations driven by empire-building.
Labour diasporas - Movement for work opportunities.
Trade diasporas - Migrations tied to trade and economic networks.
Cultural diasporas - Shared cultural identity, even without direct ties to the homeland.

Question 71

What are return movements in diaspora communities, and how are they facilitated?

Answer 71

Return movements involve people or communities returning to their ancestral homelands.
Countries may offer citizenship or support for these movements, such as Irish Citizenship by Descent or F-4 Visa for Overseas Koreans.

Question 72

How do diasporic communities contribute to social movements and activism?

Answer 72

Many diasporic communities face discrimination, which can lead to collective action.
These communities may also support their homelands financially, especially during crises.

Question 73

What is the Canadian diaspora, and how does it manifest?

Answer 73

Canada is both a country of immigration and a source of emigration.
As of 2016, around 4 million Canadians live abroad, with significant numbers in the U.S., Hong Kong, the U.K., Lebanon, and Australia.

Question 74

How does the term diaspora compare to hyphenated identities?

Answer 74

Diaspora may be preferred by some communities (e.g., African Canadians) over hyphenated identities like African American because it reflects a deeper connection to their ancestral homeland rather than the experience of assimilation in the host country.
The term diaspora emphasizes the sense of being part of a collective with shared history and struggles, often rooted in traumatic dispersal.

Question 75

What is the key difference between diaspora and transnationalism?

Answer 75

Diaspora refers to a community’s emotional and cultural connection to its homeland and the collective memory of its past.
Transnationalism emphasizes the ongoing relationships, networks, and interactions between people in different countries, transcending national borders, but does not always carry the same historical or emotional weight as diaspora.

Question 76

What role does collective memory play in diaspora communities?

Answer 76

Diasporic communities often maintain a collective memory of their homeland, which may be idealized or mythologized.
This collective memory helps preserve cultural identity and solidarity, even if members of the diaspora have never been to the homeland or left it generations ago.

Question 77

How does ethnic group consciousness manifest in diasporic communities?

Answer 77

Ethnic group consciousness in diaspora communities is sustained by shared cultural practices, language, and traditions.
This consciousness fosters a strong sense of solidarity among members, often rooted in a shared experience of displacement and a commitment to preserving cultural identity.

Question 78

What emotional attachment is central to the diasporic experience?

Answer 78

The emotional connection to the homeland, often marked by longing, nostalgia, and a desire to return, even if it is physically or practically impossible.
This attachment may be tied to memories of trauma, displacement, or the ideals of a better life that are imagined or romanticized.

Question 79

What are victim diasporas, and how are they formed?

Answer 79

Victim diasporas are formed when communities are forcibly displaced due to violence, persecution, or war.
Examples include Jewish diasporas after the Holocaust or Armenian diasporas resulting from the Armenian genocide.
These groups often share a narrative of trauma and loss that binds them together across generations.

Question 80

What are labour diasporas, and why do they form?

Answer 80

Labour diasporas are created when people move to other countries seeking work opportunities.
These movements are often driven by economic necessity, with groups such as Indian workers in the UK or Mexican workers in the U.S. forming significant diasporic communities.
While initially economic, these groups often develop strong cultural and social networks that maintain a connection to their homeland.

Question 81

What factors influence return movements within diasporic communities?

Answer 81

Return movements often occur when individuals or communities feel a sense of attachment or obligation to their homeland.
These movements are often influenced by policies that offer support, such as citizenship offers (e.g., Irish Citizenship by Descent) or incentives for individuals to return to work or settle in their ancestral homelands.

Question 82

What are imperial diasporas, and what role did they play historically?

Answer 82

Imperial diasporas involve people sent by empires to establish control or governance in colonies.
For example, French imperial diasporas sent French nationals to various parts of Africa, establishing a colonial presence.
These communities often maintained privileges within the colonial system and were key to maintaining imperial control.

Question 83

How do cultural diasporas differ from other types of diasporas?

Answer 83

Cultural diasporas are not always formed by forced migration but by the shared cultural practices and identity of people who identify with a specific ethnic or national group.
An example is the African diaspora, where people of African descent maintain cultural connections to their ancestral homeland, even if they have never been to Africa.

Question 84

How has globalization affected the movement and connectivity of diaspora communities?

Answer 84

Globalization has facilitated the movement and connections between diaspora communities through technology, social media, and international travel.
It allows for the rapid exchange of ideas, cultures, and resources between homelands and the diaspora, strengthening transnational ties.

Question 85

How do host societies impact diaspora communities?

Answer 85

Host societies can influence diaspora communities through assimilation or exclusion, creating either a more integrated or isolated experience.
Many diasporic communities face discrimination, marginalization, or even hostility, which shapes their identity and experiences in the host country.

Question 86

How does Basch et al. (1994) define transnationalism?

Answer 86

Transnationalism refers to the processes by which immigrants forge and sustain multi-stranded social relations that link their societies of origin and settlement.

Question 87

What are the different ways transnationalism is defined and analyzed within social science literature?

Answer 87

Social Morphology: New ethnic communities are formed.
Consciousness: Multiple and overlapping identities.
Cultural Reproduction: Fluidity of styles, practices, and institutions.
Avenue of Capital: Movement of money and resources (e.g., remittances).
Political Engagement: Involvement in the political processes of the homeland.

Question 88

What does transnationalism as social morphology refer to?

Answer 88

The formation of new kinds of ethnic communities that share characteristics with diasporas, but are defined by their connections across national borders.

Question 89

How is transnationalism related to identity?

Answer 89

It refers to the overlapping and hybrid identities that individuals develop, allowing them to engage with both their new society and their ancestral society.
Example: Youth maintaining cultural practices while integrating into a new society (e.g., “keeping it hallah” in American culture)

Question 90

What does transnationalism as cultural reproduction mean?

Answer 90

It refers to the fluid movement and transformation of cultural styles, social institutions, and everyday practices across borders.
Example: Bollywood’s international popularity or South Korea’s film industry thriving after Parasite’s success.

Question 91

How does transnationalism serve as an avenue of capital?

Answer 91

It involves the movement of resources like remittances from immigrants to their home countries, contributing to both the local economies and global financial networks.
Wealthier, elite transnational migrants may hold multiple citizenships and participate in the global circulation of wealth.

Question 92

How do immigrants engage politically in the context of transnationalism?

Answer 92

Immigrants continue to engage politically with their ancestral homelands while balancing their loyalty to their new country.
This form of political engagement does not require dual citizenship, raising questions about transnational political ties and loyalties.

Question 93

Are the concepts of diaspora and transnationalism valuable to race and ethnicity scholarship? Why or why not?

Answer 93

These concepts are valuable as they help explore the complex identities and experiences of marginalized groups in both host societies and their countries of origin, including factors such as ethnicity, gender, and exclusion.

Question 94

Are the distinctions between immigrants, migrants, and refugees still relevant?

Answer 94

The distinctions still have socio-legal impacts on community formations and transnational practices but need reconsideration in the context of modern migration patterns.

Question 95

Is transnationalism a historically new phenomenon?

Answer 95

While transnationalism has existed in some form for a long time, new technologies have brought it to the forefront of scholarly attention, making it more visible in the modern era.

Question 96

Are nation-states irrelevant to diaspora and transnationalism?

Answer 96

Nation-states still play a significant role in transnational politics, identity, and the interactions between diaspora communities and their homelands, despite the rise of global connections.

Question 97

Is assimilation irrelevant in the study of transnationalism?

Answer 97

Assimilation is not irrelevant; while immigrants maintain their transnational or diaspora identities, they still navigate the conditions of existence in their host country, often balancing cultural integration with preservation of their heritage.

Question 98

Are marginality and exclusion driving forces in transnationalism?

Answer 98

Marginalization, exclusion, and blocked mobility are significant factors, but there is also an elite type of transnationalism, where privileged groups participate in the global circulation of capital and resources.

Question 99

How has the government impacted immigration policies, specifically regarding Private Sponsorship Refugees (PSRs)?

Answer 99

The government has reduced PSRs by two-thirds, changing the way refugees are sponsored and supported, which impacts migration flows and transnational practices.

Question 100

What is transnationalism?

Answer 100

Transnationalism refers to the processes by which immigrants maintain social, cultural, political, and economic connections across national borders, forming relationships between their country of origin and their country of settlement.

Question 101

What does social morphology in transnationalism mean?

Answer 101

Social morphology refers to the formation of new ethnic communities that exist across national borders, often forming fluid and dynamic networks similar to diasporas.

Question 102

How does transnationalism as a type of consciousness manifest?

Answer 102

Transnationalism as consciousness involves hybrid identities—individuals identifying with and participating in multiple cultures, such as someone identifying both as Canadian and Chinese, influenced by both cultures.

Question 103

What does transnationalism as a mode of cultural reproduction refer to?

Answer 103

It refers to the preservation, transformation, and circulation of cultural practices across borders, such as the global spread of Bollywood films or K-pop that influence cultural identity beyond the homeland.

Question 104

What role does capital and remittances play in transnationalism?

Answer 104

Transnationalism facilitates the movement of remittances—money sent by immigrants to their home countries, supporting their economies. It also involves the movement of capital, especially by elite transnational migrants who hold multiple citizenships and participate in global economic networks.

Question 105

How does political engagement relate to transnationalism?

Answer 105

Political engagement in transnationalism refers to immigrants’ continued involvement in the political processes of both their country of settlement and homeland, such as voting or advocacy for issues affecting their origin country.

Question 106

What is the difference between diaspora and transnationalism?

Answer 106

Diaspora typically refers to the dispersal of a group from their homeland, often involving trauma or forced migration, while transnationalism focuses on the ongoing connections and relationships across borders that people maintain, including cultural, political, and economic ties.

Question 107

What is elite transnationalism?

Answer 107

Elite transnationalism refers to wealthy migrants who possess multiple citizenships and move easily across borders, participating in the global circulation of capital, commodities, and services.

Question 108

How does transnationalism impact identity?

Answer 108

Transnationalism allows individuals to maintain multiple, overlapping identities, navigating between the cultural norms and values of both their homeland and host country, creating hybrid identities.

Question 109

How does transnationalism relate to globalization?

Answer 109

Transnationalism is deeply connected to globalization as it reflects the movement of people, culture, capital, and ideas across borders, driven by global interconnectedness and the technological ability to stay linked to multiple places simultaneously.