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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Repeating the essence of a previous research study to verify whether its findings extend to a new group of research participants and to different circumstances is called

A

Replication

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2
Q

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of

A

Behavior and mental processes

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3
Q

Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes

A

Freudian psychology

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4
Q

A descriptive technique of monitoring and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change or control the situation is called

A

Naturalistic observation

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5
Q

The early school of thought that used introspection to reveal the minds components was called

A

Structuralism

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6
Q

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as

A

Behaviorism

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7
Q

Which of the following is true for those assigned to the control group

A

The experimental treatment is absent

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8
Q

The group exposed to a newly created drug that is being tested in an experiment is called the _____ group

A

Experimental

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9
Q

Gyri and sulci are the ____ and ____, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain

A

Folds; grooves

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10
Q

The occipital lobes are to ____ as the temporal lobes are to ____

A

Seeing; hearing

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11
Q

The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50% of the time is called the

A

Absolute threshold

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12
Q

Dendrites are branching extensions of

A

Neurons

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13
Q

The process by which our sensory systems transform stimulus energies into neural impulses is called

A

Transduction

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14
Q

The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called

A

Neurotransmitters

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15
Q

Neurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce

A

Epileptic seizures

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16
Q

Bottom-up processing involved analysis that begins with the

A

Sensory receptors

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17
Q

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the

A

Iris

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18
Q

Rods are

A

More light sensitive and less color sensitive than cones are

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19
Q

A time lag between left and right auditory stimulation is important for accurately

A

Locating sounds

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20
Q

Which types of receptor cells determine the wavelength of light

A

Cones

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21
Q

Depressants are drugs such as

A

Barbiturates and opiates

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22
Q

______ is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion

A

Hypnosis

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23
Q

Characteristics that are generally transferred from parents to their offspring are said to be a product of

A

Heredity

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24
Q

Which part of your brain is essential for receiving information that you are moving your legs?

A

Somatosensory cortex

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25
Q

Neurotransmitters are released from knob-like terminals at the end of the

A

Axon

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26
Q

A synapse is a

A

Junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron

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27
Q

Endorphins are

A

Neurotransmitters

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28
Q

Sensory adaptation refers to

A

Diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

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29
Q

Which of the following senses is best described as a chemical sense

A

Smell

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30
Q

The corpus callosum is a wide band of axon fibers that

A

Transmit information between the cerebral hemispheres

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31
Q

The eardrum vibration transmitted by three tiny bones located in the

A

Middle ear

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32
Q

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of

A

Consciousness

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33
Q

in which of the following disorders does the person repeatedly stop breathing while asleep

A

Sleep apnea

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34
Q

The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the

A

Threshold

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35
Q

Perception is the process by which

A

Sensory input is organized and interpreted

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36
Q

Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs are called ____ twins

A

Fraternal

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37
Q

Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes is called

A

Top-down processing

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38
Q

Consciousness is defined as

A

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

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39
Q

The two major divisions of the nervous system are called the central and the ____ nervous systems

A

Peripheral

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40
Q

Circadian rhythm refers to

A

A pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle

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41
Q

The blind spot is located in the area of the retina

A

Where the optic nerve leaves the eye

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42
Q

Identical twins originate from the fertilization of

A

A single egg by a single sperm cell

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43
Q

After ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, Laqueta experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her own body. Laqueta most likely experienced the effects of

A

LSD

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44
Q

The ____ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration

A

Sympathetic

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45
Q

The perceptual tendency to fill in gaps in order to perceive disconnected parts as a whole object is called

A

Closure

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46
Q

The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of

A

Tolerance

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47
Q

The perception of an object as distinct from its surroundings is called

A

Figure-ground perception

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48
Q

An axon is

A

The extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body

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49
Q

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs nurture debate

A

Environment and culture

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50
Q

Older adults who feel satisfied when reflecting on their lives demonstrate what Erikson called a sense of

A

Integrity

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51
Q

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to

A

The difficulty of perceiving things from another person’s point of view

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52
Q

One of the most consistently damaging teratogens is

A

Alcohol

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53
Q

According Piaget, accommodation refers to

A

Adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences

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54
Q

Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic

A

Male facial hair

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55
Q

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his own need. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this

A

Secure

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56
Q

According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage people begin to

A

Reason abstractly

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57
Q

A teratogen is a

A

Substance that can cross the placenta barrier and harm an unborn child

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58
Q

Which psychologists was just influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development

A

Jean Piaget

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59
Q

Erikson suggested that the adolescent search for identity is followed by a developing capacity for

A

Intimacy

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60
Q

Developmental psychologist study physical, cognitive, and ______ changes throughout the human life span

A

Psychosocial

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61
Q

According to Erikson, achieving a sense of identity is the special task of the

A

Adolescent

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62
Q

According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents _____ morality

A

Preconventional

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63
Q

Parents who are demanding yet are sensitively responsive to their children are said to be

A

Authoritative

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64
Q

A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity is called their

A

Temperament

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65
Q

Olivia understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects. Olivia is clearly in Piaget’s ____ stage

A

Sensorimotor

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66
Q

Interpreting new experiments in terms of schemas is called

A

Assimilation

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67
Q

Object permanence is the understanding that

A

Things continue to exist even when they are not perceived

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68
Q

The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as _____

A

The critical period

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69
Q

According to ____, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved

A

Erik Erickson

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70
Q

After age 65, most people attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is primary developmental task of this stage?

A

Integrity vs despair

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71
Q

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America

A

Authoritative

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72
Q

During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organization begins as a

A

Zygote and finally develops into a fetus

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73
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg focused on the development of

A

Moral reasoning

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74
Q

Studies of monkeys raised with artificial mother’s suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with

A

Body contact

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75
Q

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing is called

A

Puberty

76
Q

Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental _____

A

Milestones

77
Q

According to Piaget, children come up understand that the volume of a substance remains constant despite changes in its shape during the ________ stage

A

Concrete operational

78
Q

According to Piaget, schematas are

A

Concepts (metal models) that are used to help us cause and interpret information

79
Q

The process of getting information out of memory is called

A

Retrieval

80
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

Focusing on information that confirms your existing belief

81
Q

_____ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities

A

Primary

82
Q

Psychologists use _____ when giving a test to a large population so data can be collected comparing age groups

A

Norming

83
Q

Watson and Rayner’s study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears

A

May be produced through classical conditioning

84
Q

The experience of memory loss is called

A

Amnesia

85
Q

Positive reinforcers _____ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers _____ the rate of operant responding.

A

Increase; increase

86
Q

Which individual was asked by the French government to create an assessment tool - an intelligence test of sorts - that would be used to identify schoolchildren who would be more likely to have difficulty in school?

A

Alfred Binet

87
Q

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a _____ concept

A

Natural

88
Q

Toddlers taught to fear moving cars may also begin to fear moving trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates

A

Generalization

89
Q

Paul and Micheal sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1 for every five calls he makes, whole Micheal is paid $1 for every subscription he sells regardless of how many calls he makes. Paul’s telephoning is reinforced on a _______ schedule whereas Michael’s in reinforced on a ______ schedule

A

Fixed-ratio; variable-ratio

90
Q

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes she is able to help care for sick people, work long hours, she dispenses advice about illness because her ____ scheme suggests that nurses behave this way.

A

Role

91
Q

Correlation studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ______ increased rates of violent behavior

A

Predicts

92
Q

Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity

A

Long-term memory

93
Q

The distribution of intelligence test scores on the general population forms a bell-shaped pattern. This pattern is called a

A

Normal curve

94
Q

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on _____, because you are comparing the information in front of your to that which is already stored in your long-term memory

A

Recognition

95
Q

Chunking refers to

A

The organization of information into meaningful units

96
Q

___ involves learning information that you previously learned

A

Relearning

97
Q

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ______ memory

A

Long-term

98
Q

Language refers to the

A

Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning

99
Q

The practicing of administering, scoring, and interpreting an assessment tool in the same manner is called _____

A

Standardization

100
Q

A child’s learned fear at the sight at the of a hypodermic is a ______

A

Conditioned response

101
Q

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies _____ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory

A

Logical-mathmatical

102
Q

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for

A

Functional fixedness

103
Q

The type of intelligence that involves seeing complex relationships and solving problems is ______ intelligence

A

Fluid

104
Q

An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed, at the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. Employee have learned to work very hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ____ schedule

A

Fixed-interval

105
Q

The process of encoding refers to

A

Getting information into memory

106
Q

5 year old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, she finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of

A

Shaping

107
Q

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

A

Cognition

108
Q

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate

A

Classical conditioning

109
Q

A Skinner Box is a

A

Chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward

110
Q

Sweating on hot weather is a ____ response

A

Unconditioned

111
Q

Psychologists define learning as the process of

A

Acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

112
Q

When we use the word automobile to refer to any category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a

A

Concept

113
Q

After a fear-provoking biking accident, Alex extinguished his conditioned fear of bikes by cycling on a date biking trail every day for a week. The reappearance of his previously extinguished fear when Alex rode a bike on the same trail two weeks later best illustrates

A

Spontaneous recovery

114
Q

In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences

A

Operant conditioning

115
Q

An algorithm is a

A

Methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems

116
Q

In Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory, ____ intelligence and ____ intelligence are often combined into a single type: Emotional intelligence

A

Interpersonal; intrapersonal

117
Q

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one which a response is reinforced only after a

A

Specified number of responses have been made

118
Q

A prototype is a

A

Best example of a particular category

119
Q

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that

A

To experience emotion is too be aware of it physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event

120
Q

The process by which one’s physiological defence system becomes less efficient at fighting illness is called _____ and this process is enhanced by elevated stress

A

Immunosuppression

121
Q

The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and _______

A

Transcendental meditation

122
Q

According to the ____ theory of emotions, one’s physical arousal precedes the cognitive experience of a feeling

A

James-Lange

123
Q

Sweating and shivering are responses created due to internal temperature fluctuations, and they are designed to bring the body back to

A

Homeostasis

124
Q

The set point is

A

The specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time

125
Q

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by

A

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer

126
Q

The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are

A

Alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

127
Q

Without any conscious effort, your _____ prepared you to fight or flee from dangerous situations

A

Sympathetic nervous system

128
Q

Psychologists define stress as

A

The process by which we appraise and respond to threatening or challenging events

129
Q

Coping refers to a variety of methods used to

A

Alleviate stress

130
Q

Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ______ level of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Esteem

131
Q

Motivation is defined by psychologist as

A

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal

132
Q

According to three separate surveys, administered in 1983, 2006, and 2009, which statement about the relationship between ages and sex is the most accurate

A

Women report experiencing more stress than men

133
Q

Food, water, shelter, and warmth represent the ______ needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Physiological

134
Q

The basis component of emotion are

A

Expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience

135
Q

Who is the best example of a Type A personality

A

Philip, a competitive, hot tempered corporation leader

136
Q

An instinctive behavior is one that is

A

Unlearned

137
Q

Which individual produced volumes that discussed sexual behavior among Americans in a way that had never before been made public, research that was not happily received by all who read it?

A

Kinsey

138
Q

Homeostasis, which is the goal drive of reduction, is defined as:

A

The body’s tenancy to maintain a constant internal state

139
Q

An aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a

A

Drive

140
Q

The general adaptation syndrome describes stages in the

A

Body’s response to prolonged stress

141
Q

Jeff, who is 14, engages in rigorous tennis drills or competitive play at least 4 hours every day because he wants to master the sport and play on one of the best university teams in the country. His goal/behavior best illustrates the concept of

A

Achievement motivation

142
Q

Jade hears a rattle. When she turned around she sees a rattlesnake inches from her leg. Her pupils dilate, her heart pounds, and she begins to sweat. This is called the _____ response

A

Fight or flight

143
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology is most broadly concerned with how the psychological, neural, and endocrine systems together affect the

A

Immune system

144
Q

Anasophia binges on chocolates, then makes herself vomit so that she won’t retain any of the calories she just ate. When she is not doing this she regularly abused laxatives in the hope that she will not absorb calories and gain weight. Anasophia has a normal body size, but had great fear of gaining weight. She is likely suffering from ______

A

Bulimia nervosa

145
Q

Carmen had plenty of food and lives in a nice house. Now, she feels she needs to find a soulmate, or even a close friend or two, with whom she can share her life. According to Maslow, she is now motivated by

A

Belongingness and love needs

146
Q

Who is the best example of a Type B personality

A

Wang Lung, a relaxed easy going dentist

147
Q

Which division of the nervous system calms the body after an emergency has passed?

A

Parasympathetic

148
Q

Cameron, a 50-year-old electrician, opens his pay envelope and, to his surprise, funds a pink slip indicating he has been fired. Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is Cameron most likely experiencing?

A

Alarm reaction

149
Q

____ is the kind of stress that exceeds optimal level, is no longer a positive force, and becomes excessive and debilitating

A

Distress

150
Q

Which of the following psychologists has played a leadership role in the recent development of positive psychology

A

Martin Seligman

151
Q

For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce

A

A drive

152
Q

Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior

A

Babysitting your younger brother in order to receive an hourly fee

153
Q

Resistance to stress is greatest during _______ of the GAS

A

Phase 2

154
Q

In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla’s therapist works to change her distorted ways of thinking and self-defeating actions by helping get learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

A

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

155
Q

Kaz wants to stop biting his nails, so he rubs a strong bitter paste under his nails to make them taste bad. What technique is Kaz using to stop biting his nails?

A

Aversive conditioning

156
Q

What is a social role?

A

A pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

157
Q

A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by

A

A continuous state is tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal

158
Q

Kaylee is so afraid of spiders and insects that she avoided most outdoor activities and even refuses to go to the basement of her house alone. Kaylee appears to suffer from

A

A phobia

159
Q

_____ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and accompanied by disturbances in behaviors

A

Anxiety

160
Q

The fundamental attribution error refers to it tenancy to underestimate the impact of _____ and to overestimate the impact of _____ in explaining the behavior of others

A

Situational influence; personal dispositions

161
Q

According to psychoanalytic theory the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification is

A

Id

162
Q

Trait theorists are more concerned with ______ personality, than with ______ b it

A

Describing; explaining

163
Q

Mr. Hunt believes that he is the president of the US where he will soon become the “Kind of the Universe.” Mr. Hunt is most clearly suffering from

A

Delusions

164
Q

The famous test introduced by Hermann Rorschach asks test-takers to respond to

A

Meaningless inkblots

165
Q

Antisocial personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by

A

A lack of guilt feelings

166
Q

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decided to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a hierarchy of stimuli related to her phobia. Which form of therapy is she using

A

Systemic desensitization

167
Q

Transference refers to a client’s

A

Expression towards a therapist of feelings with a genuine concern for others

168
Q

Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of

A

Role-playing on attitudes

169
Q

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the

A

Ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized

170
Q

In which disorder to people alternate between states of lethargic hopelessness and wild optimism?

A

Bipolar disorder

171
Q

If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ______

A

Often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

172
Q

According to Freud, the part personality that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the

A

Superego

173
Q

What is comorbidity

A

The co-occurence of two disorders

174
Q

Which neo-freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development

A

Carl Jung

175
Q

Wilma is extremely agitated because she hears voices that tell her to security seduce the male nurses in hospital ward. Wilma is most clearly suffering from

A

Hallucinations

176
Q

According to Milgram, the fundamental lesson to be learned from the study of obedience is that

A

Even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction

177
Q

The billionaire aviator Howard Hughes insisted that his assistant carry out elaborate hand-washing rituals and wear white gloves handling any document he would later touch. His behavior best illustrates the symptoms of

A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

178
Q

Symptoms of PTSD include all of the following except

A

Psychical complaints that cannot be explained medically

179
Q

Henry is juror number 4 in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one who thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ____ effect

A

Asch

180
Q

Which clarification system is used by most mental health professionals in the USA

A

Diagnostic statistical manual of mental disorders

181
Q

Solomon Asch reported that individuals confirmed to a groups judgement of the length of lines

A

Even when group judgement was clearly incorrect

182
Q

A central therapeutic technique of psychoanalysis is

A

Free association

183
Q

The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called

A

Cognitive dissonance

184
Q

According to Freud, the unconscious is

A

The thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware

185
Q

In comparison to generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder is characterized by periods of distress that are

A

More intense, and less prolonged

Psych Final(Ly It's ending) (2 decks)

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