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Food And Nutrition > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scientific name for Riboflavin?

A

B2

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2
Q

What are the functions of Riboflavin?

A
  • Co-enzyme for energy metabolism
  • Protects skin & eyes
  • Interacts with vitamin B6 & folic acid
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3
Q

What is the RDA of Riboflavin for men?

A

1.3 mg/day

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4
Q

What is the RDA of Riboflavin for women?

A

1.1 mg/day

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5
Q

What are good food sources of Riboflavin?

A
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6
Q

What is the deficiency of Riboflavin called?

A

Ariboflavinosis

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of Riboflavin deficiency (ariboflavinosis)?

A
  • Inflammation of the membranes of the mouth
  • Inflammation of the skin
  • Inflammation of the eyes
  • Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract
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8
Q

True or False: When thiamin is deficient, riboflavin may also be lacking.

A

True

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9
Q

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A

Affects brain tissues and is associated with alcohol abuse.

Characterized by apathy, irritability, mental confusion & disorientation, loss of memory, jerky eye movements, and staggering gait.

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10
Q

What is Beriberi?

A

A condition due to prolonged thiamin deficiency.

First observed in Indonesia with ‘polishing of rice’.

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘DRY’ Beriberi?

A

Affects the nervous system resulting in loss of sensation in the hands and feet, muscular weakness, and advancing paralysis.

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘WET’ Beriberi?

A

Affects the cardiovascular system, causing dilated blood vessels, Na and water retention, leading to edema.

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13
Q

How do ‘DRY’ and ‘WET’ Beriberi present?

A

Both types typically present together, with symptoms of one being more predominant.

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14
Q

What is Thiamin also known as?

A

Thiamin is also known as Vitamin B1.

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15
Q

What are the functions of Thiamin?

A

Thiamin is part of the co-enzyme TPP in energy metabolism, affects nerve function, and is needed for the metabolism of alcohol.

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16
Q

What is the RDA of Thiamin for men?

A

The RDA of Thiamin for men is 1.2 mg/day.

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17
Q

What is the RDA of Thiamin for women?

A

The RDA of Thiamin for women is 1.1 mg/day.

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18
Q

What are good food sources of Thiamin?

A

Good food sources of Thiamin include legumes, green peas, and sunflower seeds.

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19
Q

What is Choline deficiency?

A

Impacts not fully understood. Most intake falls below AI. Symptoms include liver damage.

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20
Q

What is the toxicity of Choline?

A

UL set as excess intake can lower BP to unsafe levels.

Symptoms include sweating, salivation, reduced growth rate, and liver issues.

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21
Q

What are food sources of Choline?

A

Milk, eggs, peanuts.

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22
Q

What are general symptoms of B vitamin deficiencies?

A

Nausea, severe exhaustion, irritability, depression, forgetfulness, loss of appetite & weight, pain in muscles, impairment of the immune response, loss of control of the limbs, abnormal heart action, teary or bloodshot eyes, swollen red tongue, severe skin problems.

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23
Q

How does B vitamin deficiency affect the body?

A

It affects cell renewal of the digestive tract and blood.

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24
Q

Do deficiencies of B vitamins occur in isolation?

A

A deficiency of any one B vitamin seldom shows up by itself, since nutrients are not eaten alone.

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25
Q

What is choline?

A

An essential nutrient.

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26
Q

What are the functions of choline?

A

Used to make lecithin and acetylcholine, supports neurological development of the fetus during pregnancy, and may improve cognition in adulthood.

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27
Q

Can the body produce choline?

A

The body can make some choline, but dietary choline is also needed.

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28
Q

What is the recommended intake of choline for men?

A

550 mg/day.

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29
Q

What is the recommended intake of choline for women?

A

425 mg/day.

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30
Q

What is the upper limit (UL) of choline intake for adults?

A

3500 mg/day.

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31
Q

What is the role of B vitamins in metabolism?

A

B vitamins are ‘helper’ nutrients that directly or indirectly help the body use energy from carbohydrates, fat, and protein.

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32
Q

How do B vitamins assist in energy release?

A

B vitamins act as part of coenzymes that participate in the release of energy from protein, carbohydrates, and fat.

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33
Q

Which B vitamins are involved in energy metabolism?

A

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin all participate in energy release.

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34
Q

What is the role of Vitamin B6?

A

Vitamin B6 helps the body use amino acids to make protein.

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35
Q

What is the function of Folate and Vitamin B12?

A

Folate and Vitamin B12 help cells multiply.

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36
Q

What does Vitamin B12 deficiency reflect?

A

Poor absorption, not poor intake.

37
Q

What are the causes of poor absorption of Vitamin B12?

A

Lack of HCl, lack of intrinsic factor, pernicious anemia due to atrophic gastritis.

38
Q

Who commonly develops Vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Individuals over 50 years old.

39
Q

What causes damage to the cells of the stomach related to Vitamin B12?

A

Decrease in HCl and intrinsic factor.

40
Q

How is Vitamin B12 deficiency treated?

A

With injectable vitamin B12 or nasal spray.

41
Q

Who is at highest risk for inadequate intake of Vitamin B12?

A

Individuals following a vegan diet.

42
Q

What are the symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Neurological degeneration and macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia.

43
Q

What can happen to infants whose mothers follow an unsupplemented vegan diet?

A

They may experience neurological degeneration.

44
Q

Why is Vitamin B12 important in relation to folate?

A

It is needed to convert folate to its active form.

45
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

The rate and extent nutrients can be absorbed and used by the body.

Difficult to determine as impacted by several factors.

46
Q

What factors impact bioavailability?

A

Nutrient intake/nutritional status and form of nutrient consumed.

47
Q

What are precursors in relation to vitamins?

A

Vitamins available from foods in the inactive form, converted in the body to the active form (e.g., Beta-carotene).

48
Q

How can vitamins be affected during cooking?

A

Vitamins can be destroyed/lost during cooking and processing.

49
Q

What happens to minerals during cooking?

A

Minerals maintain their structure but can leach into cooking water.

50
Q

What are the two types of solubility in nutrients?

A

Hydrophilic (CHO, protein, and water-soluble vitamins) and hydrophobic (lipids and fat-soluble vitamins).

51
Q

How does mineral solubility vary?

A

Minerals have varying solubility based on the form.

52
Q

What is the RDA for Vitamin B12 in adults?

A

2.4ug

53
Q

What are good food sources of Vitamin B12?

A

Foods of animal origin: Swiss cheese, cottage cheese, sardines, t-bone steak, pork roast

54
Q

How do vitamins differ from carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids?

A

Vitamins are individual units, not linked together.

55
Q

How do minerals differ from vitamins in terms of structure?

A

Minerals maintain the same structure upon ingestion and excretion.

56
Q

What is the function of vitamins?

A

Vitamins do not yield usable energy but assist enzymes in the release of energy from macronutrients.

57
Q

Can minerals be destroyed?

A

No, minerals cannot be destroyed.

58
Q

What is the range of vitamin content in food?

A

Vitamins range from micrograms (ug) to milligrams (mg).

59
Q

What is the range of mineral content in food?

A

Minerals range from micrograms (ug) to grams.

60
Q

What is the primary difference between minerals and vitamins?

A

Minerals are inorganic and always maintain their chemical structure.

61
Q

What is Vitamin B12 also known as?

A

Cobalamin

62
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin B12?

A

• Converts folate to its active form
• Helps folate make RBCs
• Aids DNA & RNA metabolism
• Maintains nerve fiber sheaths

63
Q

How is Vitamin B12 digested?

A

HCl and pepsin separate B12 from the protein it is bound to in food.

64
Q

What is required for the absorption of Vitamin B12?

A

Intrinsic Factor (IF) from stomach lining.

65
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic, essential nutrients required in small amounts that help to regulate processes that support growth.

66
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic, essential nutrients required in varying amounts that contribute to structural components of the body and help to regulate body processes.

67
Q

What are good food sources of folate?

A

Green leafy vegetables (spinach, kale), lentils, pinto beans, asparagus, avocado, beets, beef liver, enriched grains, cantaloupe, orange juice.

68
Q

What may cause folate deficiency?

A

Inadequate intake, illnesses, excretion, medication interactions (aspirin, anti-convulsant, barbiturates, antacids)

69
Q

What are the potential consequences of folate deficiency?

A

Anemia, diminished immunity, abnormal digestive function

Macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia = large, immature RBCs

70
Q

What elevated health risks are associated with folate deficiency?

A

Elevated risk for CVD & colon cancer, & cervical cancer in women

71
Q

What are neural tube defects (NTDs) related to folate deficiency?

A

Spina bifida, anencephaly, severely diminished brain size, death shortly after birth

72
Q

What are other names for Folate?

A

Folic acid, folacin

73
Q

What is a primary function of Folate?

A

Required to make all new cells [blood cells & digestive tract most vulnerable to deficiency]

74
Q

How does Folate aid in metabolism?

A

Aids metabolism of DNA & RNA [genetic material]

75
Q

What condition does Folate help prevent?

A

Prevents folate-deficiency anemia [related to pernicious anemia of vit B12 malabsorption]

76
Q

What are good food sources of Vitamin B6?

A

Meat, fish, poultry, potatoes, green leafy vegetables (spinach), banana, sweet potato.

77
Q

What are early symptoms of Vitamin B6 deficiency?

A

Depression and confusion.

78
Q

What are longer-term symptoms of Vitamin B6 deficiency?

A

Abnormal brain wave patterns, convulsions, scaly dermatitis, microcytic anemia.

79
Q

What deficiencies are linked to increased homocysteine levels?

A

Deficiencies of folate, Vitamin B12, and Vitamin B6.

80
Q

What are symptoms of Vitamin B6 toxicity?

A

Numbness of feet and hands, muscle weakness, skin lesions, depression, fatigue, irritability, headache.

81
Q

What are the active forms of Vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine

All can be converted to coenzyme PLP.

82
Q

How many reactions in the body require Vitamin B6?

A

More than 100 reactions.

83
Q

What role does Vitamin B6 play in metabolism?

A

Aids in the metabolism of amino acids and protein.

84
Q

What specific substances does Vitamin B6 help synthesize?

A

Hemoglobin and neurotransmitters.

85
Q

What is an example of a metabolic process involving Vitamin B6?

A

Conversion of tryptophan to niacin or serotonin, and H-Cys metabolism.

86
Q

What additional roles does Vitamin B6 have?

A

Has roles in immune function and steroid hormone activity.

87
Q

How does Vitamin B6 assist in glucose metabolism?

A

Assists in releasing stored glucose from glycogen.

88
Q

What is the RDA for Vitamin B6 for adults aged 19-50?

A

1.3 mg/day.

89
Q

What is the upper limit (UL) of Vitamin B6 for adults?

A

100 mg/day.

Food And Nutrition (1 decks)

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