Final Flashcards
What is the scientific name for Riboflavin?
B2
What are the functions of Riboflavin?
- Co-enzyme for energy metabolism
- Protects skin & eyes
- Interacts with vitamin B6 & folic acid
What is the RDA of Riboflavin for men?
1.3 mg/day
What is the RDA of Riboflavin for women?
1.1 mg/day
What are good food sources of Riboflavin?
What is the deficiency of Riboflavin called?
Ariboflavinosis
What are the symptoms of Riboflavin deficiency (ariboflavinosis)?
- Inflammation of the membranes of the mouth
- Inflammation of the skin
- Inflammation of the eyes
- Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract
True or False: When thiamin is deficient, riboflavin may also be lacking.
True
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
Affects brain tissues and is associated with alcohol abuse.
Characterized by apathy, irritability, mental confusion & disorientation, loss of memory, jerky eye movements, and staggering gait.
What is Beriberi?
A condition due to prolonged thiamin deficiency.
First observed in Indonesia with ‘polishing of rice’.
What are the characteristics of ‘DRY’ Beriberi?
Affects the nervous system resulting in loss of sensation in the hands and feet, muscular weakness, and advancing paralysis.
What are the characteristics of ‘WET’ Beriberi?
Affects the cardiovascular system, causing dilated blood vessels, Na and water retention, leading to edema.
How do ‘DRY’ and ‘WET’ Beriberi present?
Both types typically present together, with symptoms of one being more predominant.
What is Thiamin also known as?
Thiamin is also known as Vitamin B1.
What are the functions of Thiamin?
Thiamin is part of the co-enzyme TPP in energy metabolism, affects nerve function, and is needed for the metabolism of alcohol.
What is the RDA of Thiamin for men?
The RDA of Thiamin for men is 1.2 mg/day.
What is the RDA of Thiamin for women?
The RDA of Thiamin for women is 1.1 mg/day.
What are good food sources of Thiamin?
Good food sources of Thiamin include legumes, green peas, and sunflower seeds.
What is Choline deficiency?
Impacts not fully understood. Most intake falls below AI. Symptoms include liver damage.
What is the toxicity of Choline?
UL set as excess intake can lower BP to unsafe levels.
Symptoms include sweating, salivation, reduced growth rate, and liver issues.
What are food sources of Choline?
Milk, eggs, peanuts.
What are general symptoms of B vitamin deficiencies?
Nausea, severe exhaustion, irritability, depression, forgetfulness, loss of appetite & weight, pain in muscles, impairment of the immune response, loss of control of the limbs, abnormal heart action, teary or bloodshot eyes, swollen red tongue, severe skin problems.
How does B vitamin deficiency affect the body?
It affects cell renewal of the digestive tract and blood.
Do deficiencies of B vitamins occur in isolation?
A deficiency of any one B vitamin seldom shows up by itself, since nutrients are not eaten alone.
What is choline?
An essential nutrient.
What are the functions of choline?
Used to make lecithin and acetylcholine, supports neurological development of the fetus during pregnancy, and may improve cognition in adulthood.
Can the body produce choline?
The body can make some choline, but dietary choline is also needed.
What is the recommended intake of choline for men?
550 mg/day.
What is the recommended intake of choline for women?
425 mg/day.
What is the upper limit (UL) of choline intake for adults?
3500 mg/day.
What is the role of B vitamins in metabolism?
B vitamins are ‘helper’ nutrients that directly or indirectly help the body use energy from carbohydrates, fat, and protein.
How do B vitamins assist in energy release?
B vitamins act as part of coenzymes that participate in the release of energy from protein, carbohydrates, and fat.
Which B vitamins are involved in energy metabolism?
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin all participate in energy release.
What is the role of Vitamin B6?
Vitamin B6 helps the body use amino acids to make protein.
What is the function of Folate and Vitamin B12?
Folate and Vitamin B12 help cells multiply.
What does Vitamin B12 deficiency reflect?
Poor absorption, not poor intake.
What are the causes of poor absorption of Vitamin B12?
Lack of HCl, lack of intrinsic factor, pernicious anemia due to atrophic gastritis.
Who commonly develops Vitamin B12 deficiency?
Individuals over 50 years old.
What causes damage to the cells of the stomach related to Vitamin B12?
Decrease in HCl and intrinsic factor.
How is Vitamin B12 deficiency treated?
With injectable vitamin B12 or nasal spray.
Who is at highest risk for inadequate intake of Vitamin B12?
Individuals following a vegan diet.
What are the symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency?
Neurological degeneration and macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia.
What can happen to infants whose mothers follow an unsupplemented vegan diet?
They may experience neurological degeneration.
Why is Vitamin B12 important in relation to folate?
It is needed to convert folate to its active form.
What is bioavailability?
The rate and extent nutrients can be absorbed and used by the body.
Difficult to determine as impacted by several factors.
What factors impact bioavailability?
Nutrient intake/nutritional status and form of nutrient consumed.
What are precursors in relation to vitamins?
Vitamins available from foods in the inactive form, converted in the body to the active form (e.g., Beta-carotene).
How can vitamins be affected during cooking?
Vitamins can be destroyed/lost during cooking and processing.
What happens to minerals during cooking?
Minerals maintain their structure but can leach into cooking water.
What are the two types of solubility in nutrients?
Hydrophilic (CHO, protein, and water-soluble vitamins) and hydrophobic (lipids and fat-soluble vitamins).
How does mineral solubility vary?
Minerals have varying solubility based on the form.
What is the RDA for Vitamin B12 in adults?
2.4ug
What are good food sources of Vitamin B12?
Foods of animal origin: Swiss cheese, cottage cheese, sardines, t-bone steak, pork roast
How do vitamins differ from carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids?
Vitamins are individual units, not linked together.
How do minerals differ from vitamins in terms of structure?
Minerals maintain the same structure upon ingestion and excretion.
What is the function of vitamins?
Vitamins do not yield usable energy but assist enzymes in the release of energy from macronutrients.
Can minerals be destroyed?
No, minerals cannot be destroyed.
What is the range of vitamin content in food?
Vitamins range from micrograms (ug) to milligrams (mg).
What is the range of mineral content in food?
Minerals range from micrograms (ug) to grams.
What is the primary difference between minerals and vitamins?
Minerals are inorganic and always maintain their chemical structure.
What is Vitamin B12 also known as?
Cobalamin
What are the functions of Vitamin B12?
• Converts folate to its active form
• Helps folate make RBCs
• Aids DNA & RNA metabolism
• Maintains nerve fiber sheaths
How is Vitamin B12 digested?
HCl and pepsin separate B12 from the protein it is bound to in food.
What is required for the absorption of Vitamin B12?
Intrinsic Factor (IF) from stomach lining.
What are vitamins?
Organic, essential nutrients required in small amounts that help to regulate processes that support growth.
What are minerals?
Inorganic, essential nutrients required in varying amounts that contribute to structural components of the body and help to regulate body processes.
What are good food sources of folate?
Green leafy vegetables (spinach, kale), lentils, pinto beans, asparagus, avocado, beets, beef liver, enriched grains, cantaloupe, orange juice.
What may cause folate deficiency?
Inadequate intake, illnesses, excretion, medication interactions (aspirin, anti-convulsant, barbiturates, antacids)
What are the potential consequences of folate deficiency?
Anemia, diminished immunity, abnormal digestive function
Macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia = large, immature RBCs
What elevated health risks are associated with folate deficiency?
Elevated risk for CVD & colon cancer, & cervical cancer in women
What are neural tube defects (NTDs) related to folate deficiency?
Spina bifida, anencephaly, severely diminished brain size, death shortly after birth
What are other names for Folate?
Folic acid, folacin
What is a primary function of Folate?
Required to make all new cells [blood cells & digestive tract most vulnerable to deficiency]
How does Folate aid in metabolism?
Aids metabolism of DNA & RNA [genetic material]
What condition does Folate help prevent?
Prevents folate-deficiency anemia [related to pernicious anemia of vit B12 malabsorption]
What are good food sources of Vitamin B6?
Meat, fish, poultry, potatoes, green leafy vegetables (spinach), banana, sweet potato.
What are early symptoms of Vitamin B6 deficiency?
Depression and confusion.
What are longer-term symptoms of Vitamin B6 deficiency?
Abnormal brain wave patterns, convulsions, scaly dermatitis, microcytic anemia.
What deficiencies are linked to increased homocysteine levels?
Deficiencies of folate, Vitamin B12, and Vitamin B6.
What are symptoms of Vitamin B6 toxicity?
Numbness of feet and hands, muscle weakness, skin lesions, depression, fatigue, irritability, headache.
What are the active forms of Vitamin B6?
Pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine
All can be converted to coenzyme PLP.
How many reactions in the body require Vitamin B6?
More than 100 reactions.
What role does Vitamin B6 play in metabolism?
Aids in the metabolism of amino acids and protein.
What specific substances does Vitamin B6 help synthesize?
Hemoglobin and neurotransmitters.
What is an example of a metabolic process involving Vitamin B6?
Conversion of tryptophan to niacin or serotonin, and H-Cys metabolism.
What additional roles does Vitamin B6 have?
Has roles in immune function and steroid hormone activity.
How does Vitamin B6 assist in glucose metabolism?
Assists in releasing stored glucose from glycogen.
What is the RDA for Vitamin B6 for adults aged 19-50?
1.3 mg/day.
What is the upper limit (UL) of Vitamin B6 for adults?
100 mg/day.
