Final Flashcards
1
Q
Psychology
A
The study of behavior and mental processes
2
Q
Psychoanalytic Perspective
A
the unconscious part of the mind that has thoughts, memories, and desires that lie outside personal awareness
3
Q
Behaviorist Psychology
A
the belief that the scientific investigation of psychology should be focused only on the behavior you can see
4
Q
Humanistic Psychology
A
stresses a person’s capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose his or hers destiny and positive qualities
5
Q
Cognitive Psychology
A
focused on the important role of mental processes in how people process information develop language, solve problems, and thinking
6
Q
Positive Psychology
A
the scientific study of the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
7
Q
Correlational Research
A
when two variables are related, a change in one is accompanied by a change in the other, with correlation coefficients, of -1.00 to +1.00
8
Q
Independent Variable
A
is manipulated
9
Q
Dependent Variable
A
is observed and measured
10
Q
Evolutionary Psychology
A
reproduction of the fittest
11
Q
Dendrite
A
branching fibers located on cell body that receives info from other neurons
12
Q
Axon
A
single, slender fiber extending from the cell body carrying outgoing messages to other neurons, muscles, or glands in the form of neural impulses
13
Q
Tract
A
group of axons bundled together that carry info to a specific area
14
Q
Myelin Sheath
A
layer of fatty cells that insulates certain axons and speeds up the transmission of neural impulse
15
Q
Neural Impulse
A
is an electrical charge that travels down the axon neural to fire
16
Q
Action Potential
A
electrically charged impulse alllows the neuron to communicate with other neurons, treshold
17
Q
All-or-Nothing
A
once a chemical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity (threshold) it fires and moves down the axon w/o losing intensity
18
Q
Sympathetic Nervous System
A
arouses you (nervous for test, “fight or flight”
19
Q
Parasympathetic Nervous System
A
calms you, I need to calm down
20
Q
Medulla
A
regulates heartbeat, breathing, and swallowing. and coughing
21
Q
Reticular Formation
A
regulates sleep/wake cycle, main source of the neurotransmitter serotonin-important for food and activity levels
22
Q
Thalamus
A
brain’s telephone operator directs messages to the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
23
Q
Hypothalamus
A
helps direct eating, drinking, sex, body temperature, and blood chemistry (lighting, fleeing, and fornication)
24
Q
Amygdala
A
part of the limbic system that controls emotions such as aggression and fear
25
Psychoneuroimmunology
studies effects of psychological and other factors on the immune system
26
Sensation
process of receiving raw sensory info and sending it to the brain
27
Perception
Process of selecting, organizing, and making sense of sensory info
28
Absolute Threshold
minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus
29
Signal Detection Theory
usually defined as the stimulus needed for detection 50% of the time when stimuli are detectable below 50% of the time they are subliminal
predicts how and when for faint stimulus
depends on experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue
30
Learning
relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes caused by experience
31
Conditioning
process of learning associations between stimuli and behavioral responses
32
Classical Conditioning
process of learning associations between stimuli and behavioral responses
33
Operant Conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if following a response, which increase repeated
34
Reinforcement
adding or taking away a stimulus following a response which increases the likelihood of the response being repeated
35
Punishment
the adding or taking away of a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of that response being repeated
36
fixed ratio
reinforces a fixed number of responses (ex: doing 20 sit-ups to keep fit)
37
variable ratio
provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses (ex: vending machine and fishing)
38
Fixed interval
reinforce behavior after a fixed period of time (ex: paycheck)
39
variable interval
reinforce the behavior after an unpredictable period of time (ex: pop quiz and drug test)
40
Latent Learning
cognitive learnning, the process in which learning takes place, but there is no demonstration of that knowledge until a reward is present
41
observational learning
bandura, much of human behavior is learned observational through the modeling of others
42
memory
the constructive process actively organizes and shapes info
1. Encoding, storage, retrieval
2. Three-Stage Model
43
explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences (hippocampus)
44
implicit memory
retention of motor and cognitive skills (cerebellum)
45
Forgetting Curve
a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter
46
Proactive Interference
disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info
47
Retroactive Interference
disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old info
48
Long Term Potentiation
long-lasting increases in neural excitability
49
Anterograde
can't form new memories
50
Retrograde
can't remember things before amnesia
51
Algorithm
step-by-step procedure for solving a problem that guarantees a solution
52
Heuristic
shortcut to solving a problem, speeder, more error-prone, unware, rule of thumb strategy- allows us to make judgements
53
Confirmation Bias
we often search for info that confirms our ideas (Ex: women are bad drivers)
54
Functional Fixedness
our failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems
55
Mental Set
the tendency to continue to use the same old method even though another approach might be better (Ex: pulling a push door)
56
Availability Heuristics
guessing the probability pf something based on how quickly and easily info bearing on the decision comes to mind (ex: sees on the news, shark attack, a lot of shark attacks?)
57
Representative Heuristics
guessing the probability of something based on how closely a new object is judged our existing stereotype of that object (Ex: he's tall so he must play basketball)
58
Metacognition
thinking about thinking
59
Theory of Mind
thinking about another person's feelings or intentions
60
Mirror neurons
activated when a person performs a task as well as when they witness another person perform a task
61
Phonemes
the smallest unit of sound in a language p/i/g
62
Morphemes
the smallest unit of meaning in a language pig/s
63
Syntax
the set of rules in a language describing how words are used to convey meaning in a sentence (grammar)
64
Pragmatics
functional, practical use of language includes non verbal communication
65
Linguistic relatively hypothesis
the more words we have relating to a single concept, the more complex our thoughts are about that concept
66
IQ
tied to biological family, average is 100
67
Cross-Sectional Design
research technique that measures individuals of various ages at one point and provides info about age difference
68
Longitudinal Development
research that measures a single individual or group of individuals over an extended period and gives info about age changes
69
Ecological Systems Theory
varied system of the environment and interrelation among systems shape a child's development, environment and biology influence a child's development
microsystem mesosystem ecosystem chronosystem
70
Social Clock
culturally preferred timing of social events, college, marriage, parenthood, and retirement
71
Id
the reservoir of unconscious psychic energy strives to satisfy the sexual and aggressive drives, operates on the pleasure principle
72
Superego
part of personality that presents internalized ideals
provides standards for judgement/future aspirations
73
Ego
largely conscious executive part
mediates among the demands of id, superego, and ego
operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires
74
Defense mechanisms
1. Repression- banishes anxiety arousing thoughts (forgetting details of a bad breakup)
2. Regression- Individual retreats to infantile psychosexual stage
3. Reaction Formation- ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses to opposites
4. Projection-people disguise their threatening impulses by others (not trusting your roommate then thinking your roommate doesn't trust you)
5. Rationalization- offers self-justifying explanations (cheat because everyone cheats)
6. Displacement- shifts sexual/aggressive impulse to less threat person
7. Sublimation- rechanneling unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities.
75
Reciprocal Determinism
the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors, Bandura
76
The Big Five Personality Factors
1. Neuroticism- calm vs. anxious, secure vs. insecure, self-satisfied vs. self-pitying
2. Extraversion- sociable vs. retiring, fun-loving vs. sober, affectionate vs. reserved
3. Openness-imaginative vs. practical, variety vs. routine, independent vs. conformity
4. Agrreeableness- soft heartened vs. ruthless, trusting vs. suspicious, helpful vs. uncooperative
5. Conscientiousness- organized vs. disorganized, careful vs. careless, disordered vs. impulsive
77
Attribution Theory
tendency to give casual explanation for someone's behavior often crediting the situation or person's disposition
78
Fundamental Attribution Error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing one another behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact or personal disposition
79
Foor in The Door Phenomenon
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
80
Role
set of expectations about a social position, defines how in the position ought to behave
81
Stanford Prison Experiment
how roles influence behavior, the guards were placed in a position of power, they behave in unnormal ways
prisoners placed in a situation where they had no real control, became passive and depressed
social influence on obedience
82
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
emotional discomfort as a result of holding contradictory beliefs or behaving in contradictory ways
we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance)
83
Conformity
adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide w/ group standard
84
Norm
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior prescribes proper behavior
85
Social Facilitation
improved performance of tasks in the presence of others occurs with simple well-learned tasks
86
Social Loafing
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards attaining a common than when individually accountable
87
Frustration Aggression Principle
principle that frustration the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal, creates anger which generates aggression
88
Bystander Effect
tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
89
Antisocial Personality
disorder: chronic disregard for and violation of other's rights antisocial society breaking societal norm
90
Attraction
proximity (mere exposure effect), physical attractiveness, and similarity
a) sheer availability
b) anticipation of interaction
c) mere exposure effect
91
Rickety Bridge Study
men approached by male and female assistants and asked to create a story based on TAT
stories differed based on bridges crossed
more likely to call female if crossed rickety bridge
misattribution of arousal
92
Homosexuality
incidence of homosexual behavior varies with generations and among cultures but found in all cultures
scientific evidence of a biological disposition
3-4% men
1-2% women
93
Therapy
talk, behavior, and biomedical
94
Historical of Psychological Disorders
Stone Age: beliefs supernatural, trephination, exocrosin
Ancient China: natural/biological approach, Ying and Yang, vital air
Ancient Greece & Rome: wandering uterus, Hippocrates, and air motions, 4 humors, rational mind was overtaken, insane were confined not allowed marry
95
Birth of Mental Hospitals
not well treated (chained and locked), requiring licensing & inspection, applied only paying patients- Act of Regulating Madhouses 1774
96
Anxiety Disorders
distressing, persistent anxiety/maladaptive behaviors most common in the U.S
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: tense, apprehensive, autonomic nervous system
Phobia: persistent, irrational, fear of an object/situation
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: unwanted actions, repetitive thoughts with low low serotonin
Panic Disorder: minute-marked episodes of intense dread terror w/ chest pain, choking, and fighting
97
Major Depressive Disorder
mood disorder in which a person experiences 2 or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings, and diminished interest in pleasure in activities
associated with psychomotor retordation
98
Schizophrenia
Split mind, a group of severe psychotic disorders characterized by disorganized, delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, inappropriate emotions and emotions
flat affect, social withdrawal, poverty of speech, and loss of motivation
99
Behavioral Therapy
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors, identify maladaptive behaviors
100
Biomedical therapy
brain approach, drug therapy, ECT, psychosurgery
101
Psychopharmacology
the study of the effect of drugs on behavior and mental processes
102
Group Therapy
therapists meet w/ several clients with similar problems simultaneously, therapist led
couples therapy, family therapy, self help groups
saves time, money, effective
103
Sumner
first African American to earn Phd in psychology
104
James
established first psychology in the U.S
105
Pavolv
classical conditioning, studied digestive secretions of dogs
106
Skinner
operant conditioning, 2nd theory of how language is learned, extended Thorndike's law to more complex behaviors, emphasized reinforcement and punishment after behavior of interest has occurred
107
Brofenbrenner
ecological system theory
108
Harlow
study of monkeys raised by cloth or wire mother, contact comfort, pleasurable tactile sensations, insecure attachment
109
Freud
psychoanalytic perspective, id ego and superego, psychosexual stages
110
Milgram
obedience taught given a choice between morality and obedience, obedience won, shock experiment
111
asch
conformity experience (which line is the standard line)
112
Watson
little albert experiment, solidified classical conditioning, learning
113
Maslow
positive psychology, positive instincts to fulfill human potential, be best, strong motivation force to do good, humanistic perspective
114
Thorndike
law of effect, that responses that reproduce a satisfying effect are more likely to occur again, whereas those that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again
115
Bandura
social learning theory, observational learning, Bobo doll experiment
116
Adler
importance of childhood social tension
117
Horney
sought to balance Freud's masculine biases, rejected penis envy
118
Jung
emphasized the collective unconscious, cultural concepts, humanistic perspective
119
Kohler
thinking, insight experiment on insight by a chimpanzee, kiki bouba
120
Chomsky
1st Theory of How Language is Leaned Nature; children are genetically programmed at birth to learn to talk
121
Whorf
language determines the way we think-linguistic determinism
122
Gardner
theory of multiple intelligences, eight independent intelligence
123
Binet
intelligence test, method of assessing a individual's mental aptitudes and comparing
124
Storey
researchers asked grade children to rate themselves & peers on likeability, asked same participants to complete test again- longitudinal design
125
Erickson
psychosocial stages, individual pass through eight developmental stages, adolescence & young adulthood-identity
126
Kubler-ross
proposed that the terminally through sequence of five stages denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
127
Clark and Hartfiled
study where students approached each other opposite sex, 3 questions
128
Plato
believed that mental disorders were causes by the rational mind being overcome by impulse, passion, or appetite
129
Kraeplin
developed early classification system for mental disorders that is the basis for today's system
130
Hans Selye
GAS- general adaptation syndrome, bodies are well designed for temporary stress but poorly for chronic stress
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
131
Ellis
rational emotion behavioral therapy
132
beck
cognitive therapy
