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1
Q

Psychology

A

The study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Psychoanalytic Perspective

A

the unconscious part of the mind that has thoughts, memories, and desires that lie outside personal awareness

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3
Q

Behaviorist Psychology

A

the belief that the scientific investigation of psychology should be focused only on the behavior you can see

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4
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

stresses a person’s capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose his or hers destiny and positive qualities

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5
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

focused on the important role of mental processes in how people process information develop language, solve problems, and thinking

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6
Q

Positive Psychology

A

the scientific study of the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

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7
Q

Correlational Research

A

when two variables are related, a change in one is accompanied by a change in the other, with correlation coefficients, of -1.00 to +1.00

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8
Q

Independent Variable

A

is manipulated

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9
Q

Dependent Variable

A

is observed and measured

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10
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

reproduction of the fittest

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11
Q

Dendrite

A

branching fibers located on cell body that receives info from other neurons

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12
Q

Axon

A

single, slender fiber extending from the cell body carrying outgoing messages to other neurons, muscles, or glands in the form of neural impulses

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13
Q

Tract

A

group of axons bundled together that carry info to a specific area

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14
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

layer of fatty cells that insulates certain axons and speeds up the transmission of neural impulse

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15
Q

Neural Impulse

A

is an electrical charge that travels down the axon neural to fire

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16
Q

Action Potential

A

electrically charged impulse alllows the neuron to communicate with other neurons, treshold

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17
Q

All-or-Nothing

A

once a chemical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity (threshold) it fires and moves down the axon w/o losing intensity

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18
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

arouses you (nervous for test, “fight or flight”

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19
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

calms you, I need to calm down

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20
Q

Medulla

A

regulates heartbeat, breathing, and swallowing. and coughing

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21
Q

Reticular Formation

A

regulates sleep/wake cycle, main source of the neurotransmitter serotonin-important for food and activity levels

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22
Q

Thalamus

A

brain’s telephone operator directs messages to the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

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23
Q

Hypothalamus

A

helps direct eating, drinking, sex, body temperature, and blood chemistry (lighting, fleeing, and fornication)

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24
Q

Amygdala

A

part of the limbic system that controls emotions such as aggression and fear

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25
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

studies effects of psychological and other factors on the immune system

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26
Q

Sensation

A

process of receiving raw sensory info and sending it to the brain

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27
Q

Perception

A

Process of selecting, organizing, and making sense of sensory info

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28
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus

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29
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

usually defined as the stimulus needed for detection 50% of the time when stimuli are detectable below 50% of the time they are subliminal
predicts how and when for faint stimulus
depends on experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue

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30
Q

Learning

A

relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes caused by experience

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31
Q

Conditioning

A

process of learning associations between stimuli and behavioral responses

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32
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

process of learning associations between stimuli and behavioral responses

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33
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if following a response, which increase repeated

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34
Q

Reinforcement

A

adding or taking away a stimulus following a response which increases the likelihood of the response being repeated

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35
Q

Punishment

A

the adding or taking away of a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of that response being repeated

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36
Q

fixed ratio

A

reinforces a fixed number of responses (ex: doing 20 sit-ups to keep fit)

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37
Q

variable ratio

A

provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses (ex: vending machine and fishing)

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38
Q

Fixed interval

A

reinforce behavior after a fixed period of time (ex: paycheck)

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39
Q

variable interval

A

reinforce the behavior after an unpredictable period of time (ex: pop quiz and drug test)

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40
Q

Latent Learning

A

cognitive learnning, the process in which learning takes place, but there is no demonstration of that knowledge until a reward is present

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41
Q

observational learning

A

bandura, much of human behavior is learned observational through the modeling of others

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42
Q

memory

A

the constructive process actively organizes and shapes info
1. Encoding, storage, retrieval
2. Three-Stage Model

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43
Q

explicit memory

A

memory of facts and experiences (hippocampus)

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44
Q

implicit memory

A

retention of motor and cognitive skills (cerebellum)

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45
Q

Forgetting Curve

A

a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

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46
Q

Proactive Interference

A

disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

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47
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old info

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48
Q

Long Term Potentiation

A

long-lasting increases in neural excitability

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49
Q

Anterograde

A

can’t form new memories

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50
Q

Retrograde

A

can’t remember things before amnesia

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51
Q

Algorithm

A

step-by-step procedure for solving a problem that guarantees a solution

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52
Q

Heuristic

A

shortcut to solving a problem, speeder, more error-prone, unware, rule of thumb strategy- allows us to make judgements

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53
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

we often search for info that confirms our ideas (Ex: women are bad drivers)

54
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

our failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems

55
Q

Mental Set

A

the tendency to continue to use the same old method even though another approach might be better (Ex: pulling a push door)

56
Q

Availability Heuristics

A

guessing the probability pf something based on how quickly and easily info bearing on the decision comes to mind (ex: sees on the news, shark attack, a lot of shark attacks?)

57
Q

Representative Heuristics

A

guessing the probability of something based on how closely a new object is judged our existing stereotype of that object (Ex: he’s tall so he must play basketball)

58
Q

Metacognition

A

thinking about thinking

59
Q

Theory of Mind

A

thinking about another person’s feelings or intentions

60
Q

Mirror neurons

A

activated when a person performs a task as well as when they witness another person perform a task

61
Q

Phonemes

A

the smallest unit of sound in a language p/i/g

62
Q

Morphemes

A

the smallest unit of meaning in a language pig/s

63
Q

Syntax

A

the set of rules in a language describing how words are used to convey meaning in a sentence (grammar)

64
Q

Pragmatics

A

functional, practical use of language includes non verbal communication

65
Q

Linguistic relatively hypothesis

A

the more words we have relating to a single concept, the more complex our thoughts are about that concept

66
Q

IQ

A

tied to biological family, average is 100

67
Q

Cross-Sectional Design

A

research technique that measures individuals of various ages at one point and provides info about age difference

68
Q

Longitudinal Development

A

research that measures a single individual or group of individuals over an extended period and gives info about age changes

69
Q

Ecological Systems Theory

A

varied system of the environment and interrelation among systems shape a child’s development, environment and biology influence a child’s development
microsystem mesosystem ecosystem chronosystem

70
Q

Social Clock

A

culturally preferred timing of social events, college, marriage, parenthood, and retirement

71
Q

Id

A

the reservoir of unconscious psychic energy strives to satisfy the sexual and aggressive drives, operates on the pleasure principle

72
Q

Superego

A

part of personality that presents internalized ideals
provides standards for judgement/future aspirations

73
Q

Ego

A

largely conscious executive part
mediates among the demands of id, superego, and ego
operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires

74
Q

Defense mechanisms

A
  1. Repression- banishes anxiety arousing thoughts (forgetting details of a bad breakup)
  2. Regression- Individual retreats to infantile psychosexual stage
  3. Reaction Formation- ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses to opposites
  4. Projection-people disguise their threatening impulses by others (not trusting your roommate then thinking your roommate doesn’t trust you)
  5. Rationalization- offers self-justifying explanations (cheat because everyone cheats)
  6. Displacement- shifts sexual/aggressive impulse to less threat person
  7. Sublimation- rechanneling unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities.
75
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors, Bandura

76
Q

The Big Five Personality Factors

A
  1. Neuroticism- calm vs. anxious, secure vs. insecure, self-satisfied vs. self-pitying
  2. Extraversion- sociable vs. retiring, fun-loving vs. sober, affectionate vs. reserved
  3. Openness-imaginative vs. practical, variety vs. routine, independent vs. conformity
  4. Agrreeableness- soft heartened vs. ruthless, trusting vs. suspicious, helpful vs. uncooperative
  5. Conscientiousness- organized vs. disorganized, careful vs. careless, disordered vs. impulsive
77
Q

Attribution Theory

A

tendency to give casual explanation for someone’s behavior often crediting the situation or person’s disposition

78
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

the tendency for observers, when analyzing one another behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact or personal disposition

79
Q

Foor in The Door Phenomenon

A

tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

80
Q

Role

A

set of expectations about a social position, defines how in the position ought to behave

81
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment

A

how roles influence behavior, the guards were placed in a position of power, they behave in unnormal ways
prisoners placed in a situation where they had no real control, became passive and depressed
social influence on obedience

82
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

emotional discomfort as a result of holding contradictory beliefs or behaving in contradictory ways
we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance)

83
Q

Conformity

A

adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide w/ group standard

84
Q

Norm

A

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior prescribes proper behavior

85
Q

Social Facilitation

A

improved performance of tasks in the presence of others occurs with simple well-learned tasks

86
Q

Social Loafing

A

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards attaining a common than when individually accountable

87
Q

Frustration Aggression Principle

A

principle that frustration the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal, creates anger which generates aggression

88
Q

Bystander Effect

A

tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

89
Q

Antisocial Personality

A

disorder: chronic disregard for and violation of other’s rights antisocial society breaking societal norm

90
Q

Attraction

A

proximity (mere exposure effect), physical attractiveness, and similarity
a) sheer availability
b) anticipation of interaction
c) mere exposure effect

91
Q

Rickety Bridge Study

A

men approached by male and female assistants and asked to create a story based on TAT
stories differed based on bridges crossed
more likely to call female if crossed rickety bridge
misattribution of arousal

92
Q

Homosexuality

A

incidence of homosexual behavior varies with generations and among cultures but found in all cultures
scientific evidence of a biological disposition
3-4% men
1-2% women

93
Q

Therapy

A

talk, behavior, and biomedical

94
Q

Historical of Psychological Disorders

A

Stone Age: beliefs supernatural, trephination, exocrosin
Ancient China: natural/biological approach, Ying and Yang, vital air
Ancient Greece & Rome: wandering uterus, Hippocrates, and air motions, 4 humors, rational mind was overtaken, insane were confined not allowed marry

95
Q

Birth of Mental Hospitals

A

not well treated (chained and locked), requiring licensing & inspection, applied only paying patients- Act of Regulating Madhouses 1774

96
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

distressing, persistent anxiety/maladaptive behaviors most common in the U.S
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: tense, apprehensive, autonomic nervous system
Phobia: persistent, irrational, fear of an object/situation
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: unwanted actions, repetitive thoughts with low low serotonin
Panic Disorder: minute-marked episodes of intense dread terror w/ chest pain, choking, and fighting

97
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

mood disorder in which a person experiences 2 or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings, and diminished interest in pleasure in activities
associated with psychomotor retordation

98
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Split mind, a group of severe psychotic disorders characterized by disorganized, delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, inappropriate emotions and emotions
flat affect, social withdrawal, poverty of speech, and loss of motivation

99
Q

Behavioral Therapy

A

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors, identify maladaptive behaviors

100
Q

Biomedical therapy

A

brain approach, drug therapy, ECT, psychosurgery

101
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

the study of the effect of drugs on behavior and mental processes

102
Q

Group Therapy

A

therapists meet w/ several clients with similar problems simultaneously, therapist led
couples therapy, family therapy, self help groups
saves time, money, effective

103
Q

Sumner

A

first African American to earn Phd in psychology

104
Q

James

A

established first psychology in the U.S

105
Q

Pavolv

A

classical conditioning, studied digestive secretions of dogs

106
Q

Skinner

A

operant conditioning, 2nd theory of how language is learned, extended Thorndike’s law to more complex behaviors, emphasized reinforcement and punishment after behavior of interest has occurred

107
Q

Brofenbrenner

A

ecological system theory

108
Q

Harlow

A

study of monkeys raised by cloth or wire mother, contact comfort, pleasurable tactile sensations, insecure attachment

109
Q

Freud

A

psychoanalytic perspective, id ego and superego, psychosexual stages

110
Q

Milgram

A

obedience taught given a choice between morality and obedience, obedience won, shock experiment

111
Q

asch

A

conformity experience (which line is the standard line)

112
Q

Watson

A

little albert experiment, solidified classical conditioning, learning

113
Q

Maslow

A

positive psychology, positive instincts to fulfill human potential, be best, strong motivation force to do good, humanistic perspective

114
Q

Thorndike

A

law of effect, that responses that reproduce a satisfying effect are more likely to occur again, whereas those that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again

115
Q

Bandura

A

social learning theory, observational learning, Bobo doll experiment

116
Q

Adler

A

importance of childhood social tension

117
Q

Horney

A

sought to balance Freud’s masculine biases, rejected penis envy

118
Q

Jung

A

emphasized the collective unconscious, cultural concepts, humanistic perspective

119
Q

Kohler

A

thinking, insight experiment on insight by a chimpanzee, kiki bouba

120
Q

Chomsky

A

1st Theory of How Language is Leaned Nature; children are genetically programmed at birth to learn to talk

121
Q

Whorf

A

language determines the way we think-linguistic determinism

122
Q

Gardner

A

theory of multiple intelligences, eight independent intelligence

123
Q

Binet

A

intelligence test, method of assessing a individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing

124
Q

Storey

A

researchers asked grade children to rate themselves & peers on likeability, asked same participants to complete test again- longitudinal design

125
Q

Erickson

A

psychosocial stages, individual pass through eight developmental stages, adolescence & young adulthood-identity

126
Q

Kubler-ross

A

proposed that the terminally through sequence of five stages denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

127
Q

Clark and Hartfiled

A

study where students approached each other opposite sex, 3 questions

128
Q

Plato

A

believed that mental disorders were causes by the rational mind being overcome by impulse, passion, or appetite

129
Q

Kraeplin

A

developed early classification system for mental disorders that is the basis for today’s system

130
Q

Hans Selye

A

GAS- general adaptation syndrome, bodies are well designed for temporary stress but poorly for chronic stress
alarm, resistance, exhaustion

131
Q

Ellis

A

rational emotion behavioral therapy

132
Q

beck

A

cognitive therapy

Intro to Psychology (1 decks)

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