Final Flashcards
What are 5 reasons why routines for older adults have changed since onset of COVID pandemic
Broader life circumstances, altered access, COVID-19 exposure concerns, inertia, and mental health
What are 4 examples of broader life circumstances that have altered adults routines since the onset of the COVID pandemic
Caregiving, death, moving, and retirement
What are 4 examples of altered access that’s altered adults routines since the onset of the COVID pandemic
Business closures, online-only activities, staffing issues, and convenience
What is inertia in global health terms
The tendency to stay active or not
How has inertia impacted people’s habits since the onset of the COVID pandemic
People are now more socially fatigued and in the habit of staying home, they have diminished relationships, and some new positive habits
What changes to mental health have occured since the onset of the COVID pandemic
Experiences of grief, loss, and depression as well as a desire to return to “normal”
How are depression, anxiety, and loneliness linked to the pandemic and lifestyle routine changes
Symptoms of all 3 have increased in reporting
What mass containment measures were implemented in China in response to COVID
Mass vaccination nationwide, digital surveillance, lockdowns in high-risk cities/communities, mass testing, and central quarentine centers and treatment
What are 3 unintended consequences and effects of mass containment measures in China during COVID pandemic
Monetary costs, social costs, and health costs
What were the monetary costs of mass containment measures in China during COVID pandemic
Huge financial burden on local governments and hospitals (and much infrastructure not even used) and increased unemployment rates among young people
What were the social costs of mass containment measures in China during COVID pandemic
Individual autonomy over one’s own body and healthcare decisions was stripped away
What were the health costs of mass containment measures in China during COVID pandemic
Many Chinese citizens suffered and died (e.g. bus accident in the middle of the night killed 27 people, citizens may have been locked in during a fire and fire trucks were delayed by road barricades, and people died from delayed treatment in quarantine centers)
What are the top 5 chronic diseases
Heart disease and stroke, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes, cancer, and mental health
What do chronic diseases have in common
Often have shared risk factors, often long-lasting and take a long time to fully develop, and can co-exist
What are the 6 shared risk factors for NCDs
Tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke, high blood pressure, obesity, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol use, and poor diets (low in fruits and veggies, high in sodium and saturated fats)
What are 5 impacts of short-term alcohol use
Injuries, violence, miscarriage, risky sex, and alcohol poisoning
What are 6 impacts of long-term alcohol use
1) High BP, heart disease, stroke, liver, disease, and digestive problems
2) Cancers of breast, throat, mouth, esophagus, liver, and colon,
3) Learning and memory problems
4) Mental health problems
5) Social problems
6) Alcohol dependence or alcoholism
What is primary prevention
Intervening before a health effect occurs (e.g. educational campaigns, vaccines, altering risky behaviors, etc.)
What is seconday prevention
Catching diseases in the earliest stages, before the onset of signs and symptoms (e.g. screenings)
What is tertiary prevention
Managing disease post diagnosis to slow or stop disease progression (e.g. chemotherapy, etc.)
What are the 3 “best buys” to prevent alcohol use
Increase excise taxes on alcoholic beverages, bans/restrictions on advertising of alcohol, and ban/restrict physical availability of retailed alcohol (e.g. reduced hours/days of sale)
What are the “best buys” to prevent physical inactivity
Implement community wide public education and awareness campaign for physical activity (include mass media as well as other community-based education, motivational, and environmental programmes) for behavioral changes
What are the 5 “best buys” to prevent tobacco use
1) Increase excise taxes and prices on tobacco products
2) Implement plain/standardized packaging and/or alrge graphic health warnings on tobacco packages
3) Ban/restrict tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship
4) Eliminate exposure to second-hand smoke in all indoor and public spaces
5) Implement mass media campaigns to educate public about harms of smoking and second-hand smoke
What are WHO’s 4 NCD targets
Cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory disease (want to reduce premature death in all by 25% by 2025)