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Global Public Health > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are 5 reasons why routines for older adults have changed since onset of COVID pandemic

A

Broader life circumstances, altered access, COVID-19 exposure concerns, inertia, and mental health

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2
Q

What are 4 examples of broader life circumstances that have altered adults routines since the onset of the COVID pandemic

A

Caregiving, death, moving, and retirement

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3
Q

What are 4 examples of altered access that’s altered adults routines since the onset of the COVID pandemic

A

Business closures, online-only activities, staffing issues, and convenience

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4
Q

What is inertia in global health terms

A

The tendency to stay active or not

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5
Q

How has inertia impacted people’s habits since the onset of the COVID pandemic

A

People are now more socially fatigued and in the habit of staying home, they have diminished relationships, and some new positive habits

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6
Q

What changes to mental health have occured since the onset of the COVID pandemic

A

Experiences of grief, loss, and depression as well as a desire to return to “normal”

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7
Q

How are depression, anxiety, and loneliness linked to the pandemic and lifestyle routine changes

A

Symptoms of all 3 have increased in reporting

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8
Q

What mass containment measures were implemented in China in response to COVID

A

Mass vaccination nationwide, digital surveillance, lockdowns in high-risk cities/communities, mass testing, and central quarentine centers and treatment

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9
Q

What are 3 unintended consequences and effects of mass containment measures in China during COVID pandemic

A

Monetary costs, social costs, and health costs

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10
Q

What were the monetary costs of mass containment measures in China during COVID pandemic

A

Huge financial burden on local governments and hospitals (and much infrastructure not even used) and increased unemployment rates among young people

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11
Q

What were the social costs of mass containment measures in China during COVID pandemic

A

Individual autonomy over one’s own body and healthcare decisions was stripped away

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12
Q

What were the health costs of mass containment measures in China during COVID pandemic

A

Many Chinese citizens suffered and died (e.g. bus accident in the middle of the night killed 27 people, citizens may have been locked in during a fire and fire trucks were delayed by road barricades, and people died from delayed treatment in quarantine centers)

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13
Q

What are the top 5 chronic diseases

A

Heart disease and stroke, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes, cancer, and mental health

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14
Q

What do chronic diseases have in common

A

Often have shared risk factors, often long-lasting and take a long time to fully develop, and can co-exist

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15
Q

What are the 6 shared risk factors for NCDs

A

Tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke, high blood pressure, obesity, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol use, and poor diets (low in fruits and veggies, high in sodium and saturated fats)

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16
Q

What are 5 impacts of short-term alcohol use

A

Injuries, violence, miscarriage, risky sex, and alcohol poisoning

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17
Q

What are 6 impacts of long-term alcohol use

A

1) High BP, heart disease, stroke, liver, disease, and digestive problems
2) Cancers of breast, throat, mouth, esophagus, liver, and colon,
3) Learning and memory problems
4) Mental health problems
5) Social problems
6) Alcohol dependence or alcoholism

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18
Q

What is primary prevention

A

Intervening before a health effect occurs (e.g. educational campaigns, vaccines, altering risky behaviors, etc.)

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19
Q

What is seconday prevention

A

Catching diseases in the earliest stages, before the onset of signs and symptoms (e.g. screenings)

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20
Q

What is tertiary prevention

A

Managing disease post diagnosis to slow or stop disease progression (e.g. chemotherapy, etc.)

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21
Q

What are the 3 “best buys” to prevent alcohol use

A

Increase excise taxes on alcoholic beverages, bans/restrictions on advertising of alcohol, and ban/restrict physical availability of retailed alcohol (e.g. reduced hours/days of sale)

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22
Q

What are the “best buys” to prevent physical inactivity

A

Implement community wide public education and awareness campaign for physical activity (include mass media as well as other community-based education, motivational, and environmental programmes) for behavioral changes

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22
Q

What are the 5 “best buys” to prevent tobacco use

A

1) Increase excise taxes and prices on tobacco products
2) Implement plain/standardized packaging and/or alrge graphic health warnings on tobacco packages
3) Ban/restrict tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship
4) Eliminate exposure to second-hand smoke in all indoor and public spaces
5) Implement mass media campaigns to educate public about harms of smoking and second-hand smoke

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23
Q

What are WHO’s 4 NCD targets

A

Cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory disease (want to reduce premature death in all by 25% by 2025)

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24
Q

Why can cervical cancer and liver cancer blur the line between infectious disease and chronic disease

A

Because they can be caused by a viral infection but lead to chronic conditions

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25
Q

What are structural reasons why COVID-19 is affecting the health of POC in the US more than white individuals

A

Redlining and decreased generational wealth leading to poverty, limited physical and financial access to quality hospitals, and discriminaiton in health tools (e.g. race adjustment on spirometers)

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26
Q

What are 3 secondary preventions specific to chronic illness

A

Early diagnosis and treatment of high blood pressure, obesity, and high blood sugar

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27
Q

What are the 6 most common cancers

A

Lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, skin, and stomach

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28
Q

What are the 4 ways the CDC tries to prevent hcronic disease and associated risk factors

A

Epidemiology and surveillance, environmental approaches (e.g. changes in policies and physical surroundings), health care system interventions, and community programs linked to clinical services

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29
Q

How are community health volunteers increasing awareness of dementia in Kenya

A

10 locals go house-to-house with screening tools for family members and educate individuals

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30
Q

Why is it crucial to know how many people in Kenya have dementia

A

Because 9% of adults have some sort and knowing will give them access to early care (part of DAVOS World Health Initiative)

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31
Q

After being flagged by the screening tool, how does seeing a doctor help address both early dementia and other health conditions an individual in Kenya may have

A

Other conditions (diabetes, AIDS, etc.) can be treated to ease symptoms of dementia, meedication can be accessed, and there is a sense of ease with someone to talk to

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32
Q

What are 4 common themes that make some communities so much healthier like in “Blue Zones”

A

1) Diet (whole grains, beans, tubers, nuts, etc.)
2) Daily activities/movement every day (walking to work, gardens in backyard, etc.),
3) Community norms (tightknit, cohesive, frequence social interactions)
4) Manufactured environments (healthy food subsidized, junk food taxes, tax breaks for living near elderly relatives, driving taxed, walking subsidized, etc.)

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33
Q

How is the world’s population changing

A

People are having less children and living lognger (populations becoming dominated by older individuals) but proportion of life in good health hasn’t changed (lving longer but not healthier)

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34
Q

Which countries are experiencing the fastest aging demographic shift

A

Low and middle income countries

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35
Q

What is the current global life expectancy

A

~73 years

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36
Q

How much variation in human lifespan is determined by genetics

A

~25%

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37
Q

What is most of the variation in people’s lifespan due to

A

Physical and social environemnts (e.g. homes, neighborhoods, communities) and personal characteristics (e.g. sex, ethnicity, SES)

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38
Q

What is dementia

A

An umbrella term for loss of memory and other thinking abilities severe enough to interfere with daily life

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39
Q

How many people have dementia worldwide

A

More than 55 million (over 60% live in low-and middle-income countriest)

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40
Q

Is there a cure for dementia

A

None that can effectively prevent or meaningfully slow down the progression of dementia (plus Alzheimer’s trials lack racial diversity and the drugs are super expensive) but some meds can manage symptoms

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41
Q

What are the 4 pathways thorugh which “Cognability” links neighborhoods and cognitive health later in life

A

Physical activity (walkable destinations, parks, and rec centers), social connection (e.g. senior centers, food and drinking places, and civic/social organizations), cognitive stimulation (arts and cultural sites), and hazards (polluting sites and highways)

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42
Q

How does the ‘Cafe of Forgotten Orders’ exemplify an age-friendly environment

A

It provides servers with a safe, stimulating environment with chair sto rest, younger volunteers to help, and colored or symboled tables vs. numbered

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43
Q

What is cognability

A

A measure of how supportive an area is to cognitive health

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44
Q

What 5 features make an environment age-friendly

A

Allow speople to age well in a place that is right for them, continue to develop personally, be included, contribute to their communities, and enjoy independence and good health

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45
Q

What 4 ways are multinational food companies (e.g. Nestle, PepsiCo, and General Mills) expanding into developing nations

A

Door-to-door sales, marketing (especially to children), transforming local agriculture, and political influence (e.g. political donations and blocking legislation/taxation)

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46
Q

What are some ways multinational food companies expand in developing nations through local agriculture

A

Farmers abandon substinence crops in favor of cash crops for industrial food

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47
Q

What are some ways multinational food companies expand in developing nations through political influence

A

Stymieing public helaht officials seeking soda taxes or legistlation aimed at curbing helath impacts of processed food

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48
Q

What are some ways multinational food companies expand in developing nations through marketing

A

Door to door marketing, customers can get almost loans where they have 1 month to pay, and the salesmen are local

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49
Q

What new type of malnutrition is occuring giving the growing availability of high-calorie, nutritent-poor foods

A

Overweight and undernourished

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50
Q

What multiple factors are contributing to the rise of obesity among children

A

Diets heavy in salt, fat, and sugar but lacking nourishment, improved economics, busy parents, street violence keeping people indoors, etc.

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51
Q

What is malnutrition

A

Deficiences, excesses, or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients

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52
Q

What are the 3 broad types of conditions relating to malnutrition

A

Undernutrition (includes wasting, stunting, and underweight), micronutrient-related malnutrition (both difficiencies and excess), and overweight/obesity (most of global population)

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53
Q

What is the global double burden relating to nutrition

A

LMICs are dealing with problems of infectious disease and undernutrition but they are simultaneously experiencing a large increase in obesity and overweight

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54
Q

What is wasitng

A

Acute malnutrition resulting in low weight-for-height

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55
Q

What is stunting

A

Chronic malnutrition resulting in low height-for-age

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56
Q

What is underweight

A

Combination of wasting and stunding resulting in low weight-for-age

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57
Q

What type of malnutrition do most children under 5 globally experience

A

Undernutrition

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58
Q

How are different forms of malnutrition biologically connected

A

Someone who was undernourished in the womb/as a baby is more likely to become overweight/obese and have NCDs later in life

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59
Q

What are the 4 steps of Positive Deviance Inquiry Process

A

1) Define norms (feeding, caring, and practices in community)
2) Identify ‘positive deviant’ children
3) Look fo what’s demonstrably successful/working for these ‘positive deviants’
4) Share findings with community and design and activity

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60
Q

What are 7 risk factos for undernutrition

A

Sociocultural, poverty, behavioral, infection, intrauterine growth restriction, diarrhea, and zinc, vitamin A, iron, and iodine deficiencies

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61
Q

What are 4 behavioral risk factors influencing undernutrition

A

Lack of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months (increases infection risk in resource poor environments), adverse weaning practices (e.g. sudden weaning) no re-feading after infection, and inappropriate food supplementation (e.g. no mashing beans to make them more digestible or no frequent snacks)

62
Q

What is intrauterine growth restriction

A

Kids not getting enough nutrition in utero causing the baby to grow at unexpected rates (could be due to placental abnormalities, high BP in mom, anemia, underweight, etc.)

63
Q

What 3 practices can help prevent undernutrition

A

Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months in resource-poor contexts, supplementaiton (of iron, vitamin A, zinc, etc.), and prenatal and under-threes care

64
Q

What is the positive deviance appraoch

A

A horizontal apprach to identify what allows some memebrs of a community to have well-nourished children when neighbors don’t and SES is similar

65
Q

What are the key causes behind the global rise in obesity

A

Increased intake of energy-dense foods that are high in fats and sugars and an increase in physcial inactivity (due to increasingly sedentary of many forms of work, changing modes of transportation, and increasing urbanization)

66
Q

How does the global food industry aggressively market ultra-processed foods (especially to children)

A

Advertising is more prevalent where kids gather (e.g. schools and sports clus), more frequent during kid’s viewing times (school holidays) and on children’s programming

67
Q

What are the commercial determinants of health

A

Private sector activities that affect people’s health, directly or indirectly, positively or negatively

68
Q

What are 3 reasons why fresh foods are so expensive

A

Farming (machine farming is cheapers because it can use preservatives and bumps/bruises don’t matter), human labor is more expensive than machines and not as long-lasting or efficient, and governments don’t subsidize wheat, fruit, or corn

69
Q

What are 4 reasons why more people eat unhealthily

A

Environmental and livelihood changes (e.g. no longer farming in rural/costal areas), ease and convenience, affordable, and indistries pushing food behaviors and norms

70
Q

What are 4 policy actions to combat industries aggressive marketing of processed foods

A

Taxes on ultra-processed food and beverages, front-of-pack or shelf-labeling systems, reformation on food supply (e.g. NYC’s trans fat ban and UK’s salt reduction program), and multi-pronged approaches (e.g. in Mexico)

71
Q

What 2 events led to an uptake in tobacco consumption in the US

A

The Depression and WWII

72
Q

When did the first health studies show that tobacco consumption was linked to lung cancer

A

Around 1950

73
Q

When was the Surgeon General’s Report that reiterated that tobacco consumption was linked to lung cancer

A

1964

74
Q

What 7 factors have lead to the declien in cigarette consumption in the US since the 1970s

A

1) Public health messages on TV and ban of cigarette ads on TV
2) Non-smoker’s rights movement
3) Surgeon General’s Report on second-hand smoke in 1986
4) Increasing taxes on cigarettes
5) Bans on smoking in public places
6) Public health messaging
7) Improved methods to help people quit smoking

75
Q

Where in the world has the highest rates of tobacco use

A

Asia

76
Q

What is the ‘next frontier’ in tobacco tactics

A

To push tobacco products elsewhere in the world since US rates are declining and starting those populations early

77
Q

What are 6 ways the tobacco industry interferes in public health efforts to control tobacco use

A

1) Hijacking political and legislative processes (e.g. lobbying groups and involving themselves in legislation)
2) Exaggerating the economic importance of tobacco
3) Manipulating public opinion
4) Using front groups to create illusion of support
5) Discrediting proven science
6) Intimidating governments with litigation

78
Q

What are 4 strategies involved with the tobacco industry’s ‘next fronteir’ of tactics

A

Developing online games to advertise tobacco brands, promoting partying and smoking in the metaverse and even sponsering metaverse events, selling products via e-commerce and through messaging apps like WhatsApp, and creating commemorative NFTs

79
Q

What is the power imbalance at the heart of the commercial determinants of health

A

Governments and corporations/commercial entities are fighting for power

80
Q

Why is vaping on the rise among children and teens

A

Because public messaging intended to help people quit cigarretes was not clear enough (95% safer figure still used), and similar marketing strategies towards kids

81
Q

What is the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)

A

A treaty signed by most countriest that went into affect in 2005 intended to strenghten coordination to decrease tobacco use using 8 goals

82
Q

What 7 agreements were a part of the FCTC

A

Restricting advertising, sponsoring, and promotion of tobacco products, implementing labelign requirements, establishing clean indoor air controls, strenghtening legislation to combat tobacco smuggling, tax and price policies, testing/regulating tobacco product contents, requiring manufacturers and importers to disclose contents, and goverments must disclose toxic ingredints to public

83
Q

What does MPOWER stand for

A

Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies, Protect people from tobacco smoke, offer to help quit tobacco use, Warn about dangers of tobacco, Enforce bans on advertising, promotion, and sponsorship, and Raise taxes

84
Q

What is anxiety

A

Intense and uncontrollable feelings of anxiety, fear, worry, and/or panic that can interfere with daily activities and may last for a long time

85
Q

What is bipolar disorder

A

A brain disorder that causes changes to a person’s mood (manic/hypomanic vs depressive), energy, and ability to function

86
Q

What is schizophrenia/psychoses

A

A chonic brain disorder affecting <1% of the population that can induce delusions, hallucinatins, disorganized speech, lack of motivation, and/or distortions in thinking, perceptions, emotions, language, sense of self, and behavior

87
Q

What are 9 symptoms of major depressive disorder

A

Feeling sad or having a depressed mood, loss of interest/pleasure in activities once enjoyed, changes in appetite w/weight loss or gain, trouble sleeping or sleeping too much, loss of energy or increased fatigue, increase in purposeless physical activity or slowed movements or speech, feeling worthless or guilty, difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, and thoughts of death or suicide

Must have at least 5 symptoms for at least 2 weeks and represent change in previous level of functioning

88
Q

What is the “treatment gap”

A

In LMICs, people with mental disorders receive no westernized mental health treatment (e.g. medicine, therapy, etc.) for their disorder and in HICs, 35-50% recieve “no treatment”

89
Q

Which countries are less likely to diagnose and treat mental health disorders and why

A

Lower income countries because of stigma and lack of resources like mental health practitioners

90
Q

What are 8 kinds of mental health disorders

A

Depression, bipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia and other psychoses, drug and alcohol abuse, dementia, anxiety, eating disorders, and intelectual disabilities and developmental disorders (e.g. autism)

91
Q

What are 3 kinds of anxiety disorders

A

Obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and generalized anxiety disorders

92
Q

What 3 diagnoses are included within bipolar disorder

A

Bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder

93
Q

What is a manic episode

A

A period of at least one week wherein a person is extremely high-spirited or irritable most of the day for most days, possesses more energy than usual, and exxperiences at least 3 manic symptoms that interfere with ADLs

94
Q

What are 6 possible symptoms of mania

A

Decreased need for sleep, increased or faster speech, uncontrollable racing thoughts or quickly chaning ideas or topics when speaking, distractibiity, increased activity, and increased risky behavior

95
Q

What are the 2 kinds of eating disorders

A

Anorexia nervosa and bullimia nervosa

96
Q

What is anorexia nervosa

A

Deliberate, self-induced weight loss, body image distortion, and body weight at least 15% under what is expected associated with undernutrition

97
Q

What is bullimia nervosa

A

Repeated behaviors of overeating, preoccupation with controlling body weight and using extreme measures to reverse the effects of overeating

98
Q

What is severe mental health

A

Longstanding mental illnesses, typically psychosis, that cause moderate-to-severe disability of prolonged duration

99
Q

What are 7 human rights issues associated with mental health

A

Dignity of many is not respected, sometimes people are locked up in institutions, many are subjected to physcial, sexual, and emotional abuse and neglect, they are very often deprived of the right to make decisions for themselves (e.g. conservatorship), they are denied access to general and mental health care, deprived of access to education and employment opportunities, and prevented from participating fully in society

100
Q

What are 4 critiques of global mental health initiatives

A

The medicalization of social suffering, they ignore local knowledge and practice, they’re not a true collaborative partnership between north and south, and they’re antropologically and socially naive

101
Q

According to Oxfam, how do ultra-rich individuals contribute to the climate story

A

Through the carbon they emit in daily lives and consumption, investments and shareholders in heavily polluting industries with vested financial interest in economic status quo, and through undue influence they have over the media, economy, and politics/policy making

102
Q

Which groups tend to face the greatest threat from environmental health impacts, and why

A

People living in poverty, marginalized groups, and LICs because they tend to live in more vulnerable housing that’s overwhelmed, more prone to flooding, and without access to air conditioning in addition to fewer economic resources and relief assistance

103
Q

What does Oxfam recommend that governments do to address climate change and inequality

A

Mainly hold goverment leaders and big polluters accountable, but also radical increase in equality, fast transition away from fossil fuels, and new economic system that focuses on the twin goals of human and planetary flourishing

104
Q

What health outcomes are due to lack of access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene

A

Mainly enteric infections but also respiratory infections

105
Q

What is WASH/HSW

A

Water, sanitation, and hygiene

106
Q

What was WHO’s statement on WASH/HSW

A

Essentially said that access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation are fundamental needs and human rights vital for the dignity and health of everyone

107
Q

What are the 3 kinds of improved water sources or sanitation facilities

A

Limited, basic, and safely managed

108
Q

What is surface water

A

Water directly from a river, dam, lake, pond, stream, or canal

109
Q

What is an unimproved water source

A

Water from an unprotected dug well or spring (not contaminated but fecal matter can get in because there is no cap/cover)

110
Q

What is a safely managed water source

A

An improved source that is located on the premises, available when needed, and free from contamination

111
Q

What is a basic water source

A

An improved source that misses a ‘Safely managed’ criteria and takes <30 mins to collect roundtrip

112
Q

What is a limited water source

A

An improved source that misses a ‘Safely managed’ criteria and takes >over 30 mins to collect roundtrip

113
Q

What is open defecation

A

Disposal of human faeces in fields, forests, bushes, open bodies of water, beaches, and other open spaces

114
Q

What are sanitation facilities

A

Ways to keep fecal matter from getting into water sources

115
Q

What are unimproved sanitation facilities

A

Use of pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines, or bucket latrines

116
Q

What are limited sanitation facilities

A

Use of improved facilities that miss a ‘Safely managed’ criteria but are shared with other households

117
Q

What are basic sanitation facilities

A

Use of improved facilities that miss a ‘Safely managed’ criteria and is not shared with other households

118
Q

What are safely managed sanitation facilities

A

Use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households and excreta are safely disposed in-situ or transported for treatment off-site

119
Q

What are improved water sources

A

Water sources that have the potential to deliver safe water by nature of their design

120
Q

What are improved sanitation facilities

A

Sanitation facilities designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact

121
Q

What are 3 examples of improved sanitation facilities

A

Flush to piped sewer system, septic tanks or pit latrines, composting toilets or pit latrines with slabs

122
Q

What are 5 examples of improved water sources

A

Piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells or springs, rainwater, and packaged water

123
Q

What are 5 criteria air pollutants

A

Carbon monoxide (CO), sufur dioxide (SO2), ground level ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), and lead (Pb)

124
Q

What health endpoints are associated with outdoor air pollution

A

Respiratory infections, maternal and neonatal impacts, neoplasms (mainly lung cancer), cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes and chronic kidney disease

125
Q

What is fine particulate matter

A

Particles contributing to air pollution because they are so small that they do not fall due to gravity and stay in the air (the smaller the particle, the deeper they get in the body, and the more damage they can do)

126
Q

What are 3 causes of indoor air pollution in developed countries

A

Tightly sealed houses trap air pollution from indoor sources, many modern products emit hazardous air pollutants (e.g. formaldehyde), and radon

127
Q

What are 2 causes of indoor air pollution in developing countries

A

~3 billion people cook and heat their homes using open fires and simple stoves burning biomass (wood, animal dung, and crop waste) and coal, and >4 million people die prematurely from illness attributable to household air pollution

128
Q

What does WHO call the “world’s largest single environmental health risk”

A

Household air pollution

129
Q

What are 5 health impacts of household air pollution

A

Pnemonia (especially in children), ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), stroke, and lung cancer

130
Q

Who does household air pollution disproportionately affect

A

Very poor women and children

131
Q

What is the energy ladder

A

A diagram that shows that people will typically choose cleaner fuels as they move up in SES

132
Q

What is clean energy

A

Energy sources that don’t cause harmful air pollution within the household

133
Q

What are solid fuels/traditional biomass fuels

A

Energy sources that cause indoor air pollution such as crop waste, dung, wood, and charcoal

134
Q

What are fossil fuels

A

Natural gas, gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol and methanol, kerosene, and coal

135
Q

What are some solutions to household air pollution from solid fuels

A

Improved cookstoves (less smoke per unit fuel and chimneys that vent the air pollution outdoors) and improved access to cleaner fuels through electrification and funding

136
Q

Which city has the highest concentration of fine particulate matter

A

No one knows (seasonal shifts, incomplete data, etc.)

137
Q

Why is violence like an infectious disease

A

Because maps of violence showed clustering similar to infectious diseases, the greatest predictor of violence is violence (similar to exposure to an illness), and similar strategies also work

138
Q

What are the 3 main prongs of stopping infectious disease transmission according to the WHO

A

Interrupt transmission, prevent future spread, and change group norms

139
Q

What are some of the structural factors that are associated with neighborhoods that have high rates of violence

A

Poverty, lack of jobs, exclusion, racism, segregation, and language (e.g. gang, thug, criminal, etc.)

140
Q

What are the 4 steps of the public health approach

A

Surveillance (what is the scope of the problem, distribution, etc.), identifying risk and protective factors, developing and evaluating interventions, and implementation

141
Q

What 2 steps of the public health approach present a problem when tackling gun control

A

Surveillance and identifying risk and protective factors

142
Q

What is the timeline of policies on studying firearms

A

1993: Study found people were much more likely to die of gun violence if there was a gun in the home
1996: NRA effectively ended research on gun violence as a public health issue because Dickey Amendment said CDC can’t do research on anything that promotes gun control
2018: Congress clarified that Dickey Amendment didn’t ban research on gun violence but said funds can’t be used for gun control
2019: Congress passed funding for CDC and NIH to study gun violence

143
Q

What is the result of the 20 year gap in research on gun violence

A

Outside of media reports, we don’t know who’s most likely to use a gun in a crim eor where it comes from, how often guns are used in DV cases, how often people arrested for gun crimes actually bought the weapons, or what policy changes or prevention efforts are efective at stopping gun violence

144
Q

What is an interrupter

A

A worker whose goal is to stop the spread of violence through education, calming, etc.

145
Q

How does the successful treatment of vilence as an epidemic shift the paradigm of how we think about violence

A

Challenges the belief that there are just “bad people” and highlights that there are ways to intervene to prevent violence

146
Q

To treat violence do we have to treat everythign (schools, poverty, etc.)

A

No

147
Q

Where do the vast majority of deaths from gun violence occur

A

In North and South America

148
Q

What are 5 risk factors for death from gun violence

A

Impulsivity, anger issues, mental health issues, substance abuse (specifically alcohol), number of firearms, etc.

149
Q

What are reasons why countries might have high gun homicide

A

Drug producing and transporting because people are more heavily armed than law enforcement (e.g. Latin America)

150
Q

What are reasons why countries might have high gun suicide

A

Firearm access and culture (e.g. Europe, U.S., Australia, etc.)

151
Q

According to WHO, what are 7 steps to prevent interpersonal and self-direced violence

A

1) Developing safe, stable, and nurturing relationships between children and their parents and caregivers
2) Developing life skills in children and adolescents
3) Reducing availability and harmful use of alcohol
4) Reducing access to guns, knives, and pesticides
5) Promoting gender equality to prevent violence against women
6) Changing social and cultural norms supporting violence
7) Victim identification, care, and support programs

152
Q

What are 2 programs that develop safe, stable, and nurturing relationships between children and their parents and caregivers

A

Nurse Family Partnership and Positive Parenting Program (Triple P)

153
Q

What are 4 outcomes from the NFP (Nurse Family Partnership) program

A

Reduction in child arrests at age 15, fewer injuries among children, reduction in emergency room visits for accidents and poisonings, and reduction in child abuse and neglect

Global Public Health (3 decks)

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