Final Flashcards
Abnormal amounts of lipids in the blood, elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C or low HDL-C; caused by poor lifestyle choices/diet, genetics; 30% of US pop. has this. Symptoms include weight gain, fatigue, depression, loose stools, bumps on skin, & heart pain
Dyslipidemia
Internal pressure on the arteries by the blood, leads to left ventricular hypertrophy; lifestyle factors - diet, alcohol, overweight/obese, stress, sedentary behavior. Known as the SILENT KILLER, symptoms may not be present
Hypertension
4th Leading cause of death in US; inflamed airways due to exposure to polluted air, damage to airways and alveoli. Symptoms include dyspnea, chronic cough, sputum production, & chest sounds
COPD
Abnormal growth of tissue (neoplasm), unregulated cellular proliferation, usually forms a distinct mass, may spread to other parts of the body; can originate in any organ system. 33% of diagnoses are associated with cigarette smoking, another 33% due to alcohol, sex practices, pollution, diet.
Cancer
Progressive degenerative joint disease from aging, overuse, injury
Osteoarthritis
Autoimmune disease, chronic/systemic attack on joint lining damaging articular cartilage and ligaments
Rheumatoid Arthritis
2nd most common neurodegenerative disease; brain cells that produce neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine) die
Parkinson Disease
Autoimmune disease, inflammatory damage to myeline sheaths
Multiple Sclerosis
Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine dysregulation, interferes w social, occupational aspects, Ex reduces symptoms
Anxiety & Depression
Positive energy balance, BMI above 25, above 30, 32% of children and 70% of adults in the US
Overweight/Obese
Caused by lifestyle, “adult onset,” positive energy balance, sedentary behavior, insulin resistance, insufficient insulin production
Type II Diabetes
Autoimmune attack on the Beta cells of the pancreas, childhood onset, symptoms of thirst, visual disruptions, requires insulin for life
Type I Diabetes
Damage to vessels typically in the legs, signified by claudication/cramping/pain in the extremities
PAD
Replacement of the organ, no longer innervated by the nervous system, Symptoms include elevated RHR, blunted Ex HR, Elevated BP @ rest, blunted BP w EX
Heart Transplant
Used to regulate HR when too slow as well as to synchronize the chambers, symptoms include fatigue and dyspnea
Pacemaker
Inability to effectively pump blood to the body, symptoms include fatigue and dyspnea
Heart Failure
Ex Testing Considerations for HF
Lower peak HR, SV, and Q; large vessels don’t dilate well, Ex tolerance is reduced
Ex Testing Considerations for Pacemaker
Evaluate HR and rhythm responses, maintain a HR below threshold for defibrillation, avoid upper extremity vigorous Ex for 3-4 wks (implantation incision needs to heal), perform light upper ROM to reduce joint complications
Ex Testing Considerations for Heart Transplant
Peak Q is reduced by 20-35%; RHR is elevated, HR response to Ex; increase in HR relies on catecholamines, thus delayed Ex response; BP elevated @ rest and blunted during Ex
Ex Testing Considerations for Overweight/Obese
Testing not necessary w low/moderate Ex program if no chronic issues, timing of medications, musculoskeletal or orthopedic conditions
Ex Testing Considerations for Anxiety/Depression
If struggling w Ex, begin w flexibility on the floor/ground, focus on breathing, stretching, posture
Ex Testing Considerations for Multiple Sclerosis
Test early in the day, climate controlled room, RPE and HR, 6-min WT, Time Up-Go, surveys (MS impact scale)
Ex Testing Considerations for Parkinson Disease
Assess CVD risk; balance, gait, ROM, cycle ergometry, RPE scale, Time Up-Go, 6-min WT, MMT
Ex Testing Considerations for Arthritis
Use testing methods that don’t worsen pain; do not test during acute inflammation; include a warm-up; monitor pain via scales
Ex Testing Considerations for Cancer
Monitor for effects of treatment (i.e. fatigue, nausea, anemia, dizziness; have clients fill out a PAR-Q, no testing for walking or flexibility Rx, screen for co-morbidities; biomechanical assessment for gait, standing, COD
Ex Testing Considerations for COPD
Treadmill, cycle, 6-min WT; quantify Ex capacity to establish baseline; graded test should last no longer than 8-12 min; check oxyhemoglobin desaturation during test; use Borg 1-10 and Dyspnea 1-4 scales
Ex Testing Considerations for Hypertension
Take usual meds for testing, may be on beta blockers, if hypertension is uncontrolled - consult w physician; stage 2 SBP > 160 or DBP > 100 - no Ex until physician eval; HR response w beta blockers will be blunted
Ex Testing Considerations for Dyslipidemia
No testing necessary for asymptomatic individuals; underlying CVD may be present; statins may cause muscle myalgia and fatigue
Prescription Considerations for Inpatient CVD
No new chest pain; stable or falling CK levels and troponin values; no resting dyspnea; normal cardiac rhythm and stable ECG for 8 hrs; Discontinue Ex if DBP over 110, SBP drops w ^ Int., arrhythmias, heart block, dyspnea, angina, or ECG changes indicating ischemia
Prescription Considerations for Outpatient CVD
Warm-up and Cool-down; upper and lower conditioning; monitor for angina and stop if induced w/ Ex; use RPE for intensity; take meds normally; use small bouts to accumulate time
Prescription Considerations for Heart Failure
Main goals should be reversing Ex intolerance and decreasing the risk of a cardiac event; gradually increase volume
Prescription Considerations for Type II Diabetes
Short, high intensity Ex reduced the decline of blood glucose, address comorbidities, Ex every 48 hrs, RT is as effective as CR, perform RT before CR to reduce hypoglycemia, collagen glycation in joints
Prescription Considerations for Overweight/Obese
Goal of 3-10% body mass loss over 3-6 mo., reduce EI 500-1000 kcal/day, medical supervision if goal loss exceeds 10%
Prescription Considerations for Multiple Sclerosis
Monitor signs of fatigue (OMNI scale), heat intolerance, balance issues, vision issues, requests/needs for longer rest periods, Ex helps w depression;
Prescription Considerations for Parkinson Disease
Bradykinesia, Akinesia, Dyskinesia (slow, no, or uncoordinated movement); Neuromotor training should be incorporated to improve balance, coordination, gait, etc. (i.e. yoga, tai-chi, stability ball training)
Prescription Considerations for Arthritis
Gradual progression of Int. and volume; modify as needed for pain and functional limitation; warm-up and cool down to minimize pain; accumulate smaller bouts if needed; RT may reduce chronic pain due to muscular support of joints; flexibility may improve ROM and maintain mobility; Pool Ex may be helpful as may functional training (sit-stand, etc.); reminders that discomfort is normal; neuromotor Ex may be helpful (yoga, tai-chi, pilates)
Prescription Considerations for Cancer
Consider tumor site, healing, tenderness; cancer-specific Ex depending on type, treatment, status of cancer, extremity damage, lymphedema, and ROM issues
Prescription Considerations for COPD
More intensity may increase benefits; have an inhaler nearby; RT may help w muscle functions and ADLs
Prescription Considerations for Hypertension
Ex will lead to BP reduction of 5-7 mmHg, decrease in heart wall thickness and left ventricular thickness
Prescription Considerations for Dyslipidemia
Modify Ex Rx for comorbidities; use RPE scale; can accumulate bouts; refer to elderly FITT chart for individuals >65 yrs.
Type II Diabetes HbA1C & Blood Glucose Levels
> 5.7% HbA1C, >100 Blood Glucose
BMI Classifications
<18.5 - Underweight
18.5-24.9 - Normal
25.0-29.9 - Overweight
30.0-34.9 - Obese I
35.0-39.9 - Obese II
>40.0 - Obese III
BP Classifications
Normal - <120 and <80
Elevated - 120-129 and <80
Stage 1 - 130-139 and/or 80-89
Stage 2 - >140 and/or >90
