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Biostatistics > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

the way we measure something determines the …

A

type of data we get

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2
Q

levels of measurement include

A

nominal, ordinal, interval/ ratio

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3
Q

type of data include

A

qualitative, ranked, quantitative

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4
Q

qualititative categories

A

nominal

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5
Q

ranked

A

ordinal

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6
Q

puts observations on a scale w zero

A

interval/ ratio

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7
Q

words or codes that represent category

A

qualitative

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8
Q

that indicate order/ standing

A

ranked

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9
Q

indicate amount or count

A

quantitative

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10
Q

what summarizes, organzie data

A

descriptive stats

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11
Q

examples of descriptive stats

A

count, central tend, variability, correlatioin

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12
Q

use small sample to est. something and depends on quality and uses hypothesis testing

A

inferential

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13
Q

what tests are usually used for inferential

A

anova and t-test

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14
Q

isolated number seperated by groups

A

discerte

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15
Q

no restrictions and constant change

A

continuous variables

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16
Q

continous variables rounded

A

approximate numbers

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17
Q

manipuated by experimenter

A

independent var

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18
Q

something believed to be influenced by independent

A

dependent

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19
Q

variable that experimenter have failed to account for that compromise and inter of a study

A

confounding variable

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20
Q

a comprehensive group

A

pop

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21
Q

a subgroup that we are using to infer/ est things about a pop

A

sample

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22
Q

want to know middle (mean, median, mode)

A

central

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23
Q

variable and standard deviation

A

varability

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24
Q

sum of all divided by n, very susceptive to skew

A

mean

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25
Q

data into 2 halves, somewhat susceptive to skew

A

median

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26
Q

most comon no susceptible to skew and is binned

A

mode

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27
Q

simplest measure of var.

A

range

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28
Q

look at difference between values and the mean

A

variance

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29
Q

square root of variance

A

standard variance

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30
Q

deviation from mean , squared them, add together is

A

sum of squares

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31
Q

not affected by outliers

A

interquartile range

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32
Q

symbol or observatioins

A

n

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33
Q

one datum

A

X

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34
Q

mean

A

x bar

35
Q

variance

A

s squared

36
Q

SD

A

s

37
Q

standard normal curve numbers percentages in order

A

0.1, 2.1, 13.6, 34.1, 34.1, 13.6, 2.1, 0.1

38
Q

standard normal curve has mean of

A

0

39
Q

standard normal curve has a SD of

A

1

40
Q

can distributions be skewed and if so how

A

yes neg or pos

41
Q

distributions can be peaky or taily

A

kurtosis

42
Q

very flat, with long tails

A

platykurtic

43
Q

point/peaky

A

leptokurtic

44
Q

just right

A

mesokurtic

45
Q

kolmogorov- smirnov and sapiro-wilk are tests of

A

normality

46
Q

q-q plot is good visual method for doouble checking data especially for

A

large n

47
Q

is K-S or S-W better

A

S-W

48
Q

describes a relationship between two variables

A

correlation

49
Q

Positive relationships are ones

A

where an increase in one variable
predicts an increase in the other

50
Q

Negative relationships are ones

A

where the an increase in one
variable predicts a decrease in the other

51
Q

most effective way of presenting relationship data

A

scaterplots

52
Q

relationships best described by lines

A

linear relationship

53
Q

best described w curves

A

curvilinear

54
Q

pearson correlation varies from

A

-1 to 1

55
Q

pearson correlation

A

Uses two variables
Variables are both quantitative*
Variable relationships are linear
Minimal skew/no large outliers
Must observe the whole range for each variable

56
Q

parametric analysis

A

peason

57
Q

nonparametic is

A

spearmeans rank, kendalls tau-b, eta

58
Q

Random samples are not casual or haphazard,
getting truly random samples requires care

A

sampling

59
Q

is the property of a dataset having variability
that is similar across it’s whole range

A

homoskedasticity

60
Q

opposite of homoscedastic

A

heteroskedastic

61
Q

is used when surveying, to obtain a
“snapshot” of the population

A

random sampling

62
Q

is a process used in an experiment to
minimize bias in your experimental groups

A

random assignment

63
Q

“Regardless of the shape of the population, the shape of the
sampling distribution of the mean approximates a normal
curve if the sample size is large enough”

A

the central limit theorem

64
Q

type 1 error is

A

false alarm/ false positive

65
Q

type 2 error

A

miss/ false negative

66
Q

assumptions for binomial test

A
  • All cases are mutually independent
  • All samples have the same distribution
  • You know the probability of the population
67
Q

level of confidence is often what percentages

A

95 and 99

68
Q

what percetnage for level of confidence is weaker

A

99

69
Q

are t test parametic or nonparamentric

A

parametric

70
Q

When you want to compare a sample mean to
some known or hypothesized value

A

one-sample t test

71
Q

If you want to compare two groups to
one another

A

independent samples t-test

72
Q

If you want to see how a group changes over time

A

repeated measures t-test

73
Q

degrees of freedom for one sample t-test

A

n-1

74
Q

degrees of freedom for independent samples t-test

A

n-2

75
Q

degrees of freedome for paired samples t-test

A

n/2-1

76
Q

he exact significance is calculated from all potential
distributions. It is very computationally intensive but works well with a small N

A

exact sig

77
Q

calculated using an estimated curve; inaccurate
for small N but approaches the exact as N grows

A

aymptotic sig

78
Q

uses a random process to estimate the
significance using areas under the curve. Less computationally intensive than
exact at high N, but not perfectly consistent

A

monte-carlo sig

79
Q

the f-ration is the variability between groups divided by

A

variability within groups

80
Q

degrees of freedom for one factor ANOVA
total df is

A

numbers of scores-1

81
Q

degrees of freedom for one factor ANOVA between groups df

A

number of scores -1

82
Q

degrees of freedom for one factor ANOVA within groups df

A

number of scores- number of groups

83
Q

rejection of the null in an anova only means that all the population means are not

A

equal

84
Q

when are post hocs done

A

after main analysis

Biostatistics (4 decks)

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