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1
Q

Which of the following category of molecules essential for life is NOT organic?

  1. vitamins
  2. minerals
  3. nucleic acid
  4. proteins
A
  1. minerals
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2
Q

Sage is low in Vitamin K, which helps keep bones strong and regulates clotting. Their doctors tell Sage they should eat dark leafy greens, broccoli, blueberries, or soy occasionally. The good news is they do
not need to eat it daily because the body can store it. What type of vitamin is Vitamin K?

  1. Trace
  2. Essential
  3. Fat-soluble
  4. water soluble
A
  1. fat-soluble
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3
Q

Astrobiologists are scientists who study the possibility of life beyond earth. They deeply discuss what “life” is and carefully consider criteria used to define life. Which criterion is included in this list?

  1. Movement
  2. Thinks
  3. Experiences pain
A
  1. movement
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4
Q

In a recent windstorm, a branch fell on Connor’s roof, damaging it. There are several trees in both Connor’s yard and his neighbor’s yard. In order to determine which tree the branch came from, the
insurance agent could compare all of the following EXCEPT:

  1. The age of the leaves.
    2.The margins of the leaves.
  2. The shape of the leaves.
  3. The veins of the leaves.
A
  1. the age of the leaves
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5
Q

What plant-based job we discussed is experienced an increase in demand?

  1. Florist
  2. Agronomist
  3. Turf management
  4. Green roof architecture
A
  1. green roof architecture
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6
Q

When you looked at the Elodea in lab, you may have been able to see the movement of everything
inside the cell except the nucleus. This was the movement of the cell zone called what?

  1. Cytosol
  2. Extracellular space
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. Plasma membrane
A
  1. cytoplasm
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7
Q

Consider the following statements about using plants to solve crimes. Which one is FALSE?

  1. Wood rings can be used to identify a woody species associated with a crime.
  2. Germination can be used to establish a timeline.
  3. Plants may be the “means” (weapon) used in a crime.
  4. The more common a plant, the more useful it is for forensic botany
A
  1. The more common a plant, the more useful it is for forensic botany
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8
Q

Consider the following statements about using plants to solve crimes. Which one is FALSE?

  1. Wood rings can be used to identify a woody species associated with a crime.
  2. Germination can be used to establish a timeline.
  3. Plants may be the “means” (weapon) used in a crime.
  4. The more common a plant, the more useful it is for forensic botany
A
  1. The more common a plant, the more useful it is for forensic botany
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9
Q

Based on the external structure of a plant, how can you tell if it is a monocot or a dicot? What is an
example of a dicot and monocot?

  1. Dicots have two cotyledons; beans are an example of a dicot.
  2. Monocots have one cotyledons; corn is an example of a monocot.
  3. Both A and B are correct.
  4. Neither A nor B are correct.
A
  1. Both 1 and 2 are correct.
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10
Q

Which of the following is the main component of ribosomes?

  1. mRNA
  2. rRNA
  3. DNA
  4. ATP
A

2.rRNA

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11
Q

Which part of the cell is responsible for making glucose?

  1. Chloroplasts
  2. Ribosomes
  3. Nucleus
  4. Mitochondria
A
  1. chloroplasts
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12
Q

Which of the following correctly matches the monomer and the polymer?

  1. Nucleotides & nucleic acids
  2. Phospholipids & fatty acids
  3. Fatty acids & amino acids
  4. Amino acids & nucleic acids
A
  1. Nucleotides & nucleic acids
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13
Q

When the mitochondria break apart their structural components will be released into the cell. All the following will be released EXCEPT

  1. Proteins
  2. Starch
  3. Phospholipids
  4. Cholesterol
A
  1. starch
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14
Q

The City of Columbia hires an individual to monitor tree removal and replacement within the city limits, especially in construction areas. This person is a(n)…

  1. Dendrochronologist
  2. Arborist
  3. Forester
  4. Agronomist
A
  1. arborist
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15
Q

GPS is a protein that helps plants detect gravity. Which organ of the plant would you expect the GPS protein to be found?

  1. Leaf
  2. Flower
  3. Stem
  4. Root
A
  1. root
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16
Q

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the function of a polysaccharide (complex sugar) or monosaccharide (simple sugar)

  1. Glycogen: used for cellular respiration in animal muscles
  2. Starch: long-term energy storage in animals
  3. Glucose: energy storage; product of photosynthesis
  4. Cellulose/fiber: absorbs fats & toxins from food in animals
A
  1. Starch: long-term energy storage in animals
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17
Q

James is struggling with his attention span and memory, both functions of the nervous system. It is making it hard to study for Botany tests! His doctor asks James several questions that reveal that his diet has changed since coming to MU. What might his doctor suspect?

  1. James’s diet is too low in proteins.
  2. James’s diet is too high in carbohydrates.
  3. James’s diet is too low in lipids.
  4. James’s diet is too high in lipids.
  5. James’s diet is too low in carbohydrates
A
  1. James’s diet is too low in carbohydrates
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18
Q

A cell that is damaged by alcohol will no longer be able to meet which characteristic of life?

  1. All living things are organized.
  2. All living things use DNA to reproduce.
  3. All living things have a metabolism.
  4. All living things respond to stimuli from the environment.
  5. All living things move or have movement.
A
  1. All living things have a metabolism.
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19
Q

Which is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?

  1. Make proteins
  2. Transport molecules
  3. Provide structure
  4. Aid in communication
A
  1. make proteins
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20
Q

When we say an amino acid is “essential” this means…

  1. It is needed by all organisms for survival.
  2. It is needed by that specific organism but may not be needed by others.
  3. It is needed, and the organism must get it from its food.
  4. It is needed, and the organism makes it internally
A
  1. It is needed, and the organism must get it from its food.
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21
Q

Which organic molecule is NOT part of the plasma membrane?

  1. Protein
  2. DNA
  3. Cholesterol
  4. Phospholipids
  5. Carbohydrates
A
  1. DNA
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22
Q

Which organic molecule is NOT part of the plasma membrane?

  1. Protein
  2. DNA
  3. Cholesterol
  4. Phospholipids
  5. Carbohydrates
A
  1. DNA
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23
Q

Plants get sick, just like we do. Some microorganisms, called pathogens, feed on plants. To do this, plant pathogens may use enzymes to break down the ________________ in the plant’s cell wall.

  1. Starch
  2. Cellulose/fiber
  3. Glycogen
  4. Phospholipids
A
  1. cellulose/fiber
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24
Q

Which is the correct ranking from SMALLEST to LARGEST?

  1. Unit of Iron < Cell < Glucose < Starch < Organelle < Organ
  2. Cell < Unit of Iron < Starch < Glucose < Organelle < Organ
  3. Unit of Iron < Cell < Organelle < Glucose < Starch < Organ
  4. Unit of Iron < Glucose < Starch < Cell < Organelle < Organ
  5. Unit of Iron < Glucose < Starch < Organelle < Cell < Organ
A
  1. Unit of Iron < Glucose < Starch < Organelle < Cell < Organ
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25
Q

Which part of the cell assisted in the plants’ recovery by swelling when filled
with water?

  1. Vacuole
  2. Nucleus
  3. Plasma membrane
  4. Mitochondria
A
  1. vacuole
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26
Q

What property of water makes it possible for it to be drawn up a plant that is 30+ feet tall?

  1. Hydrophilic
  2. Cohesion
  3. Adhesion
  4. Hydrophobic
A
  1. cohesion
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27
Q

What hormone and nutrient help the
pollen create a pollen tube?

  1. Cytokinin; potassium
  2. Auxin; boron
  3. Cytokinin; boron
  4. Auxin; potassium
A
  1. auxin; boron
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28
Q

Which of the following can attract pollinators by both reflecting in the yellow, orange, red wavelengths of light (570-750 nm) and absorbing UV light?

  1. Betalains
  2. Phytochromes
  3. Phototropins
  4. Chlorophyll
A
  1. betalains
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29
Q

Jerome works for a company that supplies pre-made microscope slides for teaching labs. Jerome has been asked to make plant slides of meristem tissue. What lab could these slides be used in?

  1. A lab on tissues needed for cell division
  2. A lab on tissues needed for photosynthesis
  3. A lab on tissues needed for nutrient uptake
A
  1. A lab on tissues needed for cell division
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30
Q

Jerome works for a company that supplies pre-made microscope slides for teaching labs. Jerome has been asked to make plant slides of meristem tissue. What lab could these slides be used in?

  1. A lab on tissues needed for cell division
  2. A lab on tissues needed for photosynthesis
  3. A lab on tissues needed for nutrient uptake
A
  1. A lab on tissues needed for cell division
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31
Q

Fall has arrived, and Carol bought a mum plant in a pot for her front deck. Which of the following indicates the mum may need to be watered?

  1. If she touches the surface of the soil and the top of the soil is dry.
  2. If she notices the tray under the pot is dry.
  3. If she pushes her fingertip into the soil up to the first joint, and the soil is all dry.
  4. If she pushes her fingertip into the soil as far as it will go, and the soil is all dry
A
  1. If she pushes her fingertip into the soil up to the first joint, and the soil is all dry.
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32
Q

Consider the statement: The bigger the leaves are in a given area the more birds will be present in that area. Is this causation and how did you know?

  1. It IS causation because as one thing increases so does another thing.
  2. It IS NOT causation because as one thing increases so does another thing.
  3. It IS NOT causation because we have no evidence of a mechanism.
A
  1. It IS NOT causation because we have no evidence of a mechanism.
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33
Q

Last unit we learned about a biomolecule that is important for short-term energy transfer in all living things. What nutrient will the mitochondria need to make this biomolecule?

  1. Potassium
  2. Nitrogen
  3. Magnesium
  4. Phosphorus
A
  1. phosphorus
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34
Q

Last unit we learned about a biomolecule that is important for short-term energy transfer in all living things. What nutrient will the mitochondria need to make this biomolecule?

  1. Potassium
  2. Nitrogen
  3. Magnesium
  4. Phosphorus
A
  1. phosphorus
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35
Q

Which of the following correctly defines pigments and photoreceptors?

  1. Pigments work by perceiving wavelengths of light; photoreceptors work by reflecting certain wavelengths of light.
  2. Pigments are colorless, but still use light to give a function; photoreceptors are colored and that provides a function.
  3. Pigments are needed in small quantities; photoreceptors are needed in large quantities.
  4. Pigments work by absorbing or reflecting specific wavelengths of light; photoreceptors perceive light to trigger a response in a plant.
A
  1. Pigments work by absorbing or reflecting specific wavelengths of light; photoreceptors perceive light to trigger a response in a plant.
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36
Q

What photoreceptor is responsible for setting this rhythm of more growth at night, even after moving the plants to 24-hour light?

  1. Phytochromes
  2. Cryptochromes
  3. Phototropins
  4. Betalains
A
  1. cryptochromes
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37
Q

Most of the stem growth during the night is due to elongation of the cells in the stem. What hormone family is responsible?

  1. Cytokinin
  2. Auxin
  3. Ethylene
  4. Abscisic Acid
A
  1. auxin
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38
Q

Which hormone is responsible for controlling the opening and closing of stomata?

  1. Gibberellin (GA)
  2. Cytokinin
  3. Abscisic Acid (ABA)
  4. Ethylene
A
  1. Abscisic Acid (ABA)
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39
Q

In lab you dipped your African violet cutting in a powder to stimulate root growth. What was in that powder?

  1. Auxin
  2. Cytokinin
  3. Ethylene
  4. Gibberellin (GA)
A
  1. auxin
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40
Q

Phototropins use light to control all the following EXCEPT:

  1. Stomatal opening/closing
  2. Detecting day/night length
  3. Growth towards light
  4. Chloroplast placement in the cell
A
  1. Detecting day/night length
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41
Q

Which one of the following statements is scientific?

  1. Determining what comes after death.
  2. Determining if genetically modified foods should be labeled in the United States.
  3. Determining what should happen to research animals once a non-lethal research project is done.
  4. Determining if consuming genetically modified foods increases the risk of cancer
A
  1. Determining if consuming genetically modified foods increases the risk of cancer
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42
Q

A plant is failing to thrive because it does not have a nutrient needed to make the proteins it needs to function. What macronutrient could be added to the soil to help with plant growth?

  1. Boron
  2. Sulfur
  3. Magnesium
  4. Potassium
A
  1. sulfur
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43
Q

Which one of the following is abiotic?

  1. Sunlight
  2. Producers
  3. Consumers
  4. Decomposers
  5. Fossils
A
  1. sunlight
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44
Q

What characteristics is shared by both mosses and ferns?

  1. No vascular system
  2. No cuticle
  3. Require water to move sperm
  4. Are sporophyte dominant
A
  1. Require water to move sperm
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45
Q

What is the difference between invasive and exotic plants?

  1. Invasive are harmful; exotic are not harmful
  2. Exotic are harmful; invasive are not harmful
  3. Exotic are beautiful; invasive are not beautiful
  4. Exotic are not from the area naturally and are beautiful; invasive are not from the area naturally
    and are not beautiful.
A
  1. Invasive are harmful; exotic are not harmful
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46
Q

Evidence supports that all the following are contributors of human-caused rise in greenhouse gases
EXCEPT:

  1. Increased combustion of fossil fuels
  2. Increased production of CO2 by carbon emissions
  3. Decrease in the producers
  4. Increase in particles reflecting light into space
A
  1. Increase in particles reflecting light into space
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47
Q

Which of the following correctly represents the order we discussed to demonstrate how the abiotic influences biotic components of the ecosphere?

  1. Solar energy → Climate → Wind → Water→Plants
  2. Climate→Solar energy → Wind → Water→Plants
  3. Solar energy → Wind → Water → Climate→Plants
  4. Wind→Solar energy → Climate → Water→Plants
  5. Climate→Wind→Water→Solar energy → Plants
A
  1. Solar energy → Wind → Water → Climate→Plants
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48
Q

When a phosphate group is removed from ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) to make ADP (adenosine di-phosphate) the following occurs:

  1. Energy is created.
  2. Energy is released.
  3. Energy is required.
  4. Energy is destroyed
A
  1. energy is released
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49
Q

In what stage of life does a plant have an organ to produce spores? What is this organ called?

  1. Gametophyte; archegonium
  2. Sporophyte; antheridium
  3. Sporophyte; sporangium
  4. Gametophyte; sperm
A
  1. Sporophyte; sporangium
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50
Q

All of the following contribute to the chance of a plant being invasive EXCEPT:

  1. It makes a lot of seeds.
  2. It can slow the growth of other plants around it.
  3. It is growing in the area where it originated.
  4. It can adapt to weather changes
A
  1. It is growing in the area where it originated.
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51
Q

Which of the following is a biotic symptom of climate change?

  1. Changes in rain amounts leading to droughts and floods.
  2. Increased ocean temperatures leading to ocean acidification.
  3. The melting polar ice caps are causing sea levels to rise.
  4. Wind patterns are changing which is leading to extreme weather events.
  5. Change in producers’ yields due to flooding and drought.
A
  1. Change in producers’ yields due to flooding and drought.
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52
Q

How does the effect of global dimming contribute to global warming?

  1. More global dimming traps heat in the troposphere, increasing temperature.
  2. Less global dimming means there is more energy able to reach the earth’s surface.
  3. Less global dimming reflects energy back into the atmosphere, increasing temperature.
  4. More global dimming means there is more energy able to reach the earth’s surface.
A
  1. Less global dimming means there is more energy able to reach the earth’s surface.
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53
Q

Which of the following is an example we discussed of the abiotic influencing the biotic?

  1. Mutualism
  2. The food web
  3. Wind patterns
  4. Acid rain
A
  1. acid rain
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54
Q

Which of the following options would be considered biological removal of an invasive species?

  1. Letting goats roam and eat the invasive species.
  2. Using a special tractor to pull out the invasive species yourself.
  3. Spraying pesticides on invasive species.
A
  1. Letting goats roam and eat the invasive species.
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55
Q

How does growing a garden reduce the amount of carbon dioxide produced compared to buying food grown in a field and sold in the store?

  1. It requires less fertilizer, which reduces the CO2.
  2. Less water is required for growing food in local gardens.
  3. It reduces the transportation requirements.
  4. Plants in the garden grow larger and can do more cellular respiration.
A
  1. It reduces the transportation requirements.
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56
Q

All of the following are uses we discussed for ferns EXCEPT:

  1. Ancient ferns provide most of our oil
  2. We can use ferns for antimicrobial wound wrappings
  3. Some ferns can be used as building materials
  4. Some ferns can be used as air filters
A
  1. We can use ferns for antimicrobial wound wrappings
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57
Q

GMO will have/make all of the following EXCEPT:

  1. A new gene it didn’t have before
  2. A new function it didn’t have before
  3. An artificial chemical it didn’t have
    before
  4. A new protein it didn’t have before
A
  1. An artificial chemical it didn’t have
    before
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58
Q

Which of the following is an example we gave of a crop being modified to reduce food waste?

  1. Bt crops
  2. Roundup-Ready crops
  3. Golden rice
  4. Artic Apple
A
  1. artic apple
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59
Q

Which of the following is in correct order of increasing magnitude (size)?

  1. 1 Gene; 1 Genome; 1 Chromosome
  2. 1 Chromosome; 1 Gene; 1 Genome
  3. 1 Genome; 1 Gene; 1 Chromosome
  4. 1 Gene; 1 Chromosome; 1 Genome
  5. 1 Genome; 1 Chromosome; 1 Gene
A
  1. 1 Gene; 1 Chromosome; 1 Genome
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60
Q

A fruit grows from which part of the flower?

  1. Petal
  2. Stamen
  3. Ovary
  4. Ovule
A
  1. ovary
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61
Q

What makes CRISPR different from Recombinant DNA Technology?

  1. Recombinant DNA Technology lacks a guide molecule.
  2. Recombinant DNA Technology can add or remove DNA.
  3. CRISPR does not require cutting of the DNA.
  4. Recombinant DNA Technology can target the modification to a specific part of the DNA.
A
  1. Recombinant DNA Technology lacks a guide molecule.
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62
Q

Three of the following are examples that show why it is helpful for an organism to turn “on” or “off” a gene. Which one is NOT?

  1. A gene is turned on when the radicle needs to develop in a seed’s embryo. Once the radicle is formed, the gene turns off.
  2. A gene is turned on to create new alleles that the plant will need for future reproduction.
  3. A gene is turned on in the shoot apical meristem to start producing auxin, but nowhere else in the plant.
  4. A gene is turned on in the plant when it is cold at night to help protect from frost damage.
A
  1. A gene is turned on to create new alleles that the plant will need for future reproduction.
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63
Q

Imagine a similar gene was found in oaks. Researchers wanted to cause the same mutation to see if it had the same life-extending consequences for the oak tree. What method would researchers use to make that specific mutation?

  1. Artificial selection
  2. CRISPR-Cas9
  3. Recombinant DNA technology
  4. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
A
  1. CRISPR-Cas9
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64
Q

About 14,000 years ago, people started growing plants in specific locations instead of hunting and gathering for plant foods. They picked and planted the seeds from plants that were able to survive a drought, meaning the next year more of the plants would be drought-resistant. This is an example of…

  1. Artificial selection
  2. Selective breeding
  3. Transgenics
  4. Recombinant DNA
A
  1. Artificial selection
65
Q

All of the following are true EXCEPT:

  1. Angiosperms produce enclosed seeds.
  2. Gymnosperms depend on wind pollination.
  3. Gymnosperms produce flowers.
  4. Angiosperms make fruits.
A
  1. Gymnosperms produce flowers.
66
Q

Which of the following can be used to cut DNA?

  1. Guide RNA
  2. Restriction enzymes
  3. Cas-9
  4. A and B
  5. B and C
67
Q

Medicine that is sold as all-natural herbal remedies stock our shelves. What are the scientists’ opinions on these medicines?

  1. Herbal remedies are FDA approved, so scientists have no issues with them.
  2. Scientists recommend herbal remedies because they are all natural, meaning they are healthier and safer than other medicines.
  3. Herbal remedies are not FDA approved, so scientists recommend asking your doctor before using.
  4. Herbal remedies are safe, but there is no evidence that they work, so scientists do not recommend them.
A
  1. Herbal remedies are not FDA approved, so scientists recommend asking your doctor before using.
68
Q

Compounds made by animals that are released from one nerve cell and perceived by protein receptors on
another nerve cell are called ______________________. Some people consume legal and illegal plant
substances because they modify the amount or activity of these compounds.

  1. Psychoactive compounds
  2. Neurotransmitters
  3. Primary metabolites
  4. Hormones
A
  1. Neurotransmitters
69
Q

Which of the following is a potential side effect of using Cannabis sativa?

  1. Short-term memory loss
  2. Long-term memory loss
  3. Impaired vision
  4. Impaired hearing
A
  1. Short-term memory loss
70
Q

Where does translation occur and what does it produce?

  1. In the nucleus; mRNA
  2. In the ribosome; mRNA
  3. In the nucleus; Protein
  4. In the ribosome; Protein
A
  1. In the ribosome; Protein
71
Q

The physical appearance or function of an organism, in large part determined by its combination of alleles, is called the organism’s…

  1. Genome
  2. Phylogeny
  3. Phenotype
  4. Genotype
72
Q

Why do we use PCR?

  1. It can be used to delete or add new DNA into an organism.
  2. It can be used to change the existing DNA sequence.
  3. It can be used to visualize the DNA fragments in a sample.
  4. It can be used to make multiple copies of a specific section of DNA
A
  1. It can be used to make multiple copies of a specific section of DNA
73
Q

What part of the seed will become the stem and true leaves?

  1. Radicle
  2. Plumule
  3. Endosperm
  4. Cotyledon
74
Q

Which defense is a leaf adaptation?

  1. Toxins
  2. Thorn
  3. Spine
  4. Prickle
75
Q

Which of the following increases diversity?

  1. Bottleneck effect
  2. Gene flow
  3. Mutation
  4. A and B
  5. B and C
76
Q

What pathogen fits these characteristics best: living, single celled, and prokaryotic?

  1. Viruses
  2. Fungi
  3. Bacteria
  4. Nematodes
77
Q

Which of the following is true about mutations?

  1. Mutations happen when a species needs to adapt to the environment.
  2. Mutation decreases the diversity of a species.
  3. Mutation may not result in something bad for the species.
A
  1. Mutation may not result in something bad for the species.
78
Q

Which of the following best defines natural selection?

  1. The process by which individuals with traits that are better suited to their environment are more likely to reproduce.
  2. The process by which individuals adapt to their environment by altering their genetic makeup as needed.
  3. The process by which individuals inherit acquired characteristics from their parents.
  4. The process by which random mutations occur, leading to changes in species over time.
A
  1. The process by which individuals with traits that are better suited to their environment are more likely to reproduce.
79
Q

Which of the following qualifies as an example of the Founder’s Effect?

  1. A herd of bison migrate for the summer
  2. Seeds from a dandilion are blown to a new island without any dandilions
  3. Hunters kill all of the deer in an area
  4. Bees with coneflower pollen from Missouri bring it to same species in South Carolina
A
  1. Seeds from a dandilion are blown to a new island without any dandilions
80
Q

What do we call plants that feed off of other plants?

  1. Cannibal plants
  2. Herbivorous plants
  3. Parasitic plants
A
  1. parasitic plants
81
Q

According to the information provided below and our discussion in class, who is the most fit?

  1. A man that wins the Men’s Ironman Triathlon World Championships, a race that requires a 2.4-mile swim, 112-mile bike race followed by a 26.2-mile run.
  2. A woman who has never missed a day of work or school because she has never been noticeably sick
  3. A woman who is still living at 106.
  4. Dr. Stone, who has two children
A
  1. Dr. Stone, who has two children
82
Q

You are studying an unidentified plant pathogen and are between it either being a protozoan or a nematode. Which characteristic would determine the pathogen?

  1. If it has cell walls
  2. If it has organelles
  3. The number of cells
  4. If it is living or not
A
  1. The number of cells
83
Q

We discussed in class how it can be difficult to determine if two organisms are the same species or different species. Using the most modern definition of species, what tool used to study speciation would be most effective at determining if two organisms are the same species or not?

  1. Radiometric dating
  2. Comparative morphology
  3. Comparative sequence analysis
  4. Fossil record
A
  1. Comparative sequence analysis
84
Q

We discussed several factors that increase the risk of a species becoming extinct. Human activity has especially increased which risk factor?

  1. Mutation
  2. Artificial selection
  3. Habitat distruction
  4. Gene flow
A
  1. Habitat distruction
85
Q

Which of the following accurately describes how radiometric dating works?

  1. Measures how much of an element has gone from radioactive to stable over time and uses a constant number to determine how old the object is.
  2. Measures how much of an element has gone from stable to radioactive over time and uses a constant number to determine how old the object is.
  3. Measures the amount of radioactive material and matches that with the radioactive materials present on earth at various time points in the past.
  4. One uses chemical abbreviations for the elements to ask another person to go out.
A
  1. Measures how much of an element has gone from radioactive to stable over time and uses a constant number to determine how old the object is.
86
Q

You noticed the tissues around the spots of infection have died, an attempt to limit the spread of the pathogen. What would a plant pathologist call this?

  1. Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)
  2. Hypersensitive Response (HR)
  3. Toxins
  4. Basal defenses
A
  1. Hypersensitive Response (HR)
87
Q

Which of the following is the biological definition of population?

  1. A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area.
  2. A group of organisms of the same species that do reproduce.
  3. A group of organisms of the same species.
  4. A group of organisms in an area that fill the same niche
A
  1. A group of organisms of the same species that do reproduce.
88
Q

On a phylogenetic tree, what is a node?

  1. A common ancestor between two different species or groups of organisms.
  2. A group of organisms that includes the ancestor and all of its descendants.
A
  1. A common ancestor between two different species or groups of organisms.
89
Q

What mechanism of evolution occurs when there is a random loss of alleles or diversity?

  1. Gene Flow
  2. Genetic Drift
  3. Natural Selection
  4. Mutation
A
  1. Genetic Drift
90
Q

How do viruses kill plant cells?

  1. By secreting enzymes that digest plant tissue
  2. By blocking the vascular tissue inside the plant
  3. By replicating inside the plant cells, eventually killing the cells
  4. By using the plant’s sugars to support its own growth
A
  1. By replicating inside the plant cells, eventually killing the cells
91
Q

The cytoplasm includes

  1. The gooey liquid inside the cell.
  2. Just the organelles inside the cell.
  3. Everything inside the cell.
  4. everything inside the cell except the nucleus
A
  1. everything inside the cell except the nucleus
92
Q

Which career manages green spaces such as parks and fields?

  1. Horticulture
  2. Turf management
  3. Paleobotany
  4. Horticultural (or botanical) therapy
  5. Agronomy
A
  1. Turf management
93
Q

Which part of the cell is found in the extracellular space?

  1. Cell wall
  2. Cell membrane
  3. Mitochondria
  4. Nucleolus
  5. Ribosomes
94
Q

Which of the following are ranked in the correct order from smallest to largest?

  1. Atom < Glucose < Fiber < Organelle < cell < Stem
  2. Atom < Fiber < Glucose < Organelle < Cell < Stem
  3. Cell < Glucose < Fiber < Atom < Organelle < Stem
  4. Atom < Fiber < Glucose < Cell < Organelle < Stem
    E. Cell < Glucose < Atom < Fiber < Organelle < Stem
A
  1. Atom < Glucose < Fiber < Organelle < cell < Stem
95
Q

What type of organic molecule is used to make a ribosome?

  1. DNA
  2. Phospholipid
  3. Protein
  4. Cholesterol
  5. RNA
96
Q

All of the following can be harder to get in plant-based foods (compared to animal-based foods) EXCEPT:

  1. Iron
  2. Fiber
  3. Calcium
  4. Zinc
97
Q

What will be a direct result of the mitochondria not working?

  1. The organism will be unable to make any proteins.
  2. The organism will be unable to make glucose.
  3. The organism will be unable to maintain homeostasis.
  4. The organisms will be unable to make ATP.
  5. The organism will be unable to perceive the environment.
A
  1. The organisms will be unable to make ATP.
98
Q

In biology, when something is organic it means …

  1. It contains carbon
  2. It is healthy.
  3. It is found in nature.
  4. It does not contain pesticides or herbicides
A
  1. It contains carbon
99
Q

All of the following are characteristics of life we discussed EXCEPT:

  1. Needs energy
  2. Maintains homeostasis
  3. Has genetic material and uses it to reproduce
  4. Has a metabolism
  5. Thinks
100
Q

Which monomer has an important function in quick energy storage and exchange?

  1. Glycogen
  2. Nucleic acid
  3. ATP
  4. A steroid
101
Q

Which characteristic of life is made possible by the plasma membrane?

  1. All living things have a metabolism.
  2. All living things have genetic material and use it to reproduce.
  3. All living things maintain homeostasis
  4. All living things do respiration.
A
  1. All living things maintain homeostasis
102
Q

How do scientists visually detect cytoplasmic streaming?

1.Movement of chloroplast
2. Movement of the nucleus
3. Movement of ribosomes
4. Movement of substances out of the cell

A

1.Movement of chloroplast

103
Q

Chi recently changed their diet, but they now have problems with forgetfulness and feeling slow and sluggish. What is probably lacking from Chi’s new diet?

  1. Protein
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Lipids
  4. Nucleic Acids
A
  1. Carbohydrates
104
Q

Plants have a diversity of lipids. For the human diet, plants are primarily a source of…

  1. Saturated fats
  2. Unsaturated oils
  3. Saturated oils
  4. Unsaturated fats
A
  1. Unsaturated oils
105
Q

Which of the following characteristics cannot be used to distinguish plant species from each other?
1. Whether the cells have a vacuole or not
2. Margins of the leaves
3. Whether the stem has a waxy cuticle or not
4. Vein pattern on the leaves
5. Arrangement of leaves on the stem

A
  1. Whether the cells have a vacuole or not
106
Q

Gluten is a(n)…

  1. Carbohydrate
  2. Lipid
  3. Protein
  4. Vitamin
  5. Amino acid
107
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

  1. Cellular respiration
  2. Prevent toxicity
  3. Establish homeostasis
  4. Store information
A
  1. Store information
108
Q

Which category does cholesterol belong in?

  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
109
Q

The monomers of ________________ are called _________________.

  1. Proteins; nucleic acids
  2. Nucleic acids; Nucleotides
  3. Carbohydrates; polysaccharides/complex sugars
  4. Lipids; amino acids
A
  1. Nucleic acids; Nucleotides
110
Q

Generally, the root of the plant does all of the following EXCEPT:

  1. Store starch.
  2. Optimize growth for other organs.
  3. Detect gravity.
  4. Take in water and minerals.
  5. Transport water and minerals.
A
  1. Optimize growth for other organs.
111
Q

What organic molecules must the nucleolus make to build ribosomes?

  1. Phospholipids
  2. Proteins
  3. RNA
  4. DNA
112
Q

Creatine is organic. In science, what does “organic” mean?

  1. It is all-natural.
  2. No artificial chemicals are used in its manufacturing.
  3. It is healthy.
  4. It contains carbon.
A
  1. It contains carbon.
113
Q

Consider all the following statements about organic molecules. Which statement is TRUE?

  1. DNA does all the important functions inside living things.
  2. Minerals are small organic molecules.
  3. ATP is an example of a monomer with an important function.
  4. Amino acids are the monomers for Nucleic acids.
  5. Vitamins are the only organic molecules that do not use monomers/polymers
A
  1. ATP is an example of a monomer with an important function.
114
Q

What does a dendrochronologist use most in their work?

  1. Soil
  2. Pollen
  3. Seeds
  4. Wood
115
Q

What distinguishing characteristic sets lipids apart from other organic molecules?

  1. They are at least partially hydrophilic.
  2. They are made up steroid monomers.
  3. They are made of phospholipid monomers.
  4. They are at least partially hydrophobic
A
  1. They are at least partially hydrophobic
116
Q

What is a function of the betalains?

  1. Increase photosynthesis rates
  2. Move chloroplasts in the cells
  3. Trigger seed germination
  4. Phototropism
  5. Attract pollinators
A
  1. attract pollinators
117
Q

The error bars represent standard error. That means they are…

  1. The control
  2. Inferential statistics
  3. Descriptive statistics
  4. The variability of the experiment
A
  1. Inferential statistics
118
Q

What photoreceptor is responsible for controlling leaf size and shape in shade vs. sun?

  1. Phytochromes
  2. Cryptochromes
  3. UVR8
  4. Chlorophyll
A
  1. Phytochromes
119
Q

The hormone ___________________ controls the leaf size.

  1. Auxin (IAA)
  2. Cytokinin
  3. Gibberellin (GA)
  4. Ethylene
120
Q

What do we call a molecule that gives the plant a function simply by absorbing or reflecting specific wavelengths of light?

  1. Phytohormone
  2. Photoreceptor
  3. Macromolecule
  4. Pigment
121
Q

The oak tree outside Ellis is starting to lose its leaves. What hormone is responsible for the leaves falling?

  1. Cytokinin
  2. Ethylene
  3. Gibberellin
  4. Auxin
122
Q

What plant photoreceptor is responsible for detecting UV (especially UV-B) and triggering other types of UV protections in plants?

  1. Anthocyanin
  2. Cryptochromes
  3. Cytochromes
  4. UVR8
123
Q

Which photoreceptor is responsible for controlling the timing of senescence in plants?

  1. Phototropins
  2. UVR8
  3. Cryptochromes
  4. Phytochromes
A
  1. Phytochromes
124
Q

Which one of the following statements is scientific?

  1. Determining if life exists elsewhere in the universe.
  2. Determining if genetically modified foods should be labeled in the United States.
  3. Determining what should happen to research animals once a non-lethal research project is done.
  4. Determining if consuming genetically modified foods increases the risk of cancer.
A
  1. Determining if consuming genetically modified foods increases the risk of cancer.
125
Q

Why do plants need nitrogen?

  1. To make protein that then help with growth and development.
  2. To make chlorophyll that is then needed for photosynthesis.
  3. To make cell walls which help the plants grow so tall.
  4. To make lipids, including some plant hormones.
A
  1. To make protein that then help with growth and development.
126
Q

The “rungs” of the DNA molecule are made up of…

  1. A chromosome
  2. A linked sugar and phosphate
  3. Nucleotides
  4. Two linked bases
A
  1. Two linked bases
127
Q

Which of the following would cause a plant to lose weight?

  1. The plant can do cellular respiration, but cannot do photosynthesis.
  2. The plant can do photosynthesis, but cannot do respiration.
  3. The plant can do neither photosynthesis nor respiration.
A
  1. The plant can do cellular respiration, but cannot do photosynthesis.
128
Q

What if… there were no autotrophic organisms?

  1. There would be no carbon or water for other living organisms.
  2. There would be no energy or carbon for other living organisms.
  3. There would be no oxygen or water for other living organisms.
  4. There would be no water or energy for other living organisms
A
  1. There would be no energy or carbon for other living organisms.
129
Q

What if… a plant could not make mitochondria?

  1. It would be unable to do respiration.
  2. It would be unable to ever make ATP.
  3. It would be unable to do photosynthesis.
  4. Nothing would change.
A
  1. It would be unable to do respiration.
130
Q

Global Dimming is…

  1. A reduction in the amount of heat energy being radiated off of the earth’s surface.
  2. When pollution in the air (soot) prevents the sun’s energy from reaching the surface.
  3. The shrinking of the Ozone Layer in the atmosphere, causing more UV light to penetrate the
    atmosphere.
  4. A reduction in the natural, plant-rich habitats due to deforestation and urban development.
A
  1. When pollution in the air (soot) prevents the sun’s energy from reaching the surface.
131
Q

Which of the following is CORRECT with respect to photosynthesis?

  1. Oxygen is a by-product of the process and is made before glucose.
  2. ATP is made during the light-independent reactions.
  3. Water is needed during the light-independent reactions to provide H and O to glucose.
  4. The light-dependent reactions happen in the stroma of the chloroplasts.
A
  1. Oxygen is a by-product of the process and is made before glucose.
132
Q

In plant life cycles, what prefix refers to stages, cells, or organs that are associated with the sperm?

  1. Micro
  2. Macro
  3. Mega
  4. Nano
133
Q

Ferns that live in the water are called…

  1. Hydrophytes
  2. Bryophytes
  3. Hydrophilics
  4. Aquaphytes
A
  1. Hydrophytes
134
Q

Which of the following is evidence of Global Warming?

  1. Increased average temperatures of the oceans, but not the land.
  2. Increased average temperatures of the land, but not the oceans.
  3. Increased average temperatures of the stratosphere.
  4. Increased average temperatures of the land and oceans.
A
  1. Increased average temperatures of the land and oceans.
135
Q

The process to make glucose is called _________________ and it requires ________________.

  1. Photosynthesis; oxygen
  2. Photosynthesis; light
  3. Respiration; oxygen
  4. Respiration; carbon dioxide
A
  1. Photosynthesis; light
136
Q

Pollinators and flowers are an example of two species both benefitting from their interaction which means
it is an example of

  1. Symbiosis
  2. Mutualism
  3. Parasitism
  4. The food web
137
Q

How many DNA molecules are there in a non-replicated chromosome?

  1. One
  2. Two
  3. Four
  4. Thousands
138
Q

What is the product of meiosis in plants?

  1. Two diploid gametes
  2. Four haploid gametes
  3. Two diploid spores
  4. Four haploid spores
A
  1. Four haploid spores
139
Q

A plant that is heterozygous for a gene will have _________________ sequences for that gene.

  1. Both dominant
  2. Different
  3. The same
  4. Both recessive
140
Q

What makes angiosperms different from gymnosperms?

  1. The presence of seeds.
  2. The possibility of wind pollination.
  3. The presence of pollen.
  4. The presence of fruits.
A
  1. The presence of fruits.
141
Q

When the DNA sequence is changed (ex: CGATAAT becomes CGTTAAT), we call the change a(n) __________________ and, if it happens in a gene, it is a new ______________________.

  1. Mutation; Allele
  2. Allele; mutation
  3. Phenotype; genotype
  4. Genotype; phenotype
A
  1. Mutation; Allele
142
Q

What is the purpose of DNA electrophoresis?

1.It helps us separate and visualize DNA
2. It helps us target and cut DNA
3. It helps us target and copy DNA
4. It helps us target and insert DNA

A

1.It helps us separate and visualize DNA

143
Q

What is a gene?

  1. 1 long molecule of DNA.
  2. One of the rungs on the DNA molecule.
  3. A polymer made up of chains of linked nucleotides with ribose sugars.
  4. Part of the DNA that stores information for making proteins.
A
  1. Part of the DNA that stores information for making proteins.
144
Q

What statement is TRUE?

  1. Gymnosperms make seeds and have cones.
  2. Angiosperms make seeds and have cones.
  3. Gymnosperms do not make seeds but do have cones.
  4. Angiosperms do not make seeds and do not have cones.
A
  1. Gymnosperms make seeds and have cones.
145
Q

What makes CRISPR-Cas9 different from Recombinant DNA Technology?

  1. Recombinant DNA Technology lacks a guide molecule.
  2. Recombinant DNA Technology can add or remove DNA.
  3. CRISPR-Cas9 does not require cutting of the DNA.
  4. Recombinant DNA Technology can target the modification to a specific part of the DNA.
A
  1. Recombinant DNA Technology lacks a guide molecule.
146
Q

What makes CRISPR-Cas9 different from Recombinant DNA Technology?

  1. Recombinant DNA Technology lacks a guide molecule.
  2. Recombinant DNA Technology can add or remove DNA.
  3. CRISPR-Cas9 does not require cutting of the DNA.
  4. Recombinant DNA Technology can target the modification to a specific part of the DNA.
A
  1. Recombinant DNA Technology lacks a guide molecule.
147
Q

What do we call a protein that causes a gene to be transcribed?

  1. Activator
  2. Histone
  3. Promoter
  4. Restriction enzyme
148
Q

Many of the helpful ingredients in plant-based medications are secondary metabolites. Secondary
metabolites are…

  1. Waste products of the metabolism.
  2. The precursor (the compound before) the primary metabolites.
  3. The second step in a metabolic pathway.
  4. Part of the plant’s secondary defense against disease.
A
  1. Waste products of the metabolism.
149
Q

Which shrub is the most fit?

  1. The shrub that is best able to resist pathogens and other diseases.
  2. The shrub that is the fastest growing.
  3. The shrub that makes the most pollen.
  4. The shrub that makes the most successful seeds.
A
  1. The shrub that makes the most successful seeds.
150
Q

Nematodes are…

  1. Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms that live inside plants.
  2. Herbivores that eat plants.
  3. Eukaryotic, multicellular animals that live inside plants.
  4. Eukaryotic, single-celled organisms that live inside plants
A
  1. Eukaryotic, multicellular animals that live inside plants.
151
Q

Nematodes are…

  1. Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms that live inside plants.
  2. Herbivores that eat plants.
  3. Eukaryotic, multicellular animals that live inside plants.
  4. Eukaryotic, single-celled organisms that live inside plants
A
  1. Eukaryotic, multicellular animals that live inside plants.
152
Q

The change of allele frequency in a population is generally called…

  1. Evolution
  2. Speciation
  3. Mutation
  4. Macroevolution
153
Q

Which plant enemy is made of prokaryotic cells?

  1. Protozoans
  2. Fungi
  3. Bacteria
  4. Nematodes
154
Q

What is the plant defense mechanism that grows from the epidermis?

  1. Prickle
  2. Spine
  3. Thorn
  4. Spike
155
Q

Which is the correct definition of “speciation”?

  1. Use of the constant decay of radioactive atoms to stable atoms to measure the age of a material.
  2. Introduction of new alleles from a different species.
  3. When so much evolution has happened that two populations are now genetically
    incompatible.
  4. When individuals struggle for resources and to avoid predators, allowing only some to survive.
A
  1. When so much evolution has happened that two populations are now genetically
    incompatible.
156
Q

hich of these plant enemies does NOT have a cell wall?

  1. Parasitic plants
  2. Nematodes
  3. Fungi
  4. Bacteria
157
Q

What is genetic drift?

  1. Survival of the fittest
  2. Mixing of alleles between two usually separated populations.
  3. Creation of a whole new species
  4. Random loss in diversity
A
  1. Random loss in diversity
158
Q

A population is defined as…

  1. Individuals of the same species.
  2. Individuals of the same species that regularly interbreed.
  3. Individuals of the same species that live in the same area.
  4. Individuals of the same or different species that regularly interbreed.
A
  1. Individuals of the same species that regularly interbreed.

botany (1 decks)

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