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final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

valance electrons and reactivity

A

the closer the outer shell of valence electrons is to full (but not full) the more attractive of electrons the atom is; also called electronegativity

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2
Q

covalent bond (and double covalent bond) vs. ionic bond vs. hydrogen bond

A

sharing of electrons, polar is unequal sharing and more electronegativity + hydrophilic vs.
non-polar is equal sharing and hydrophobic; transfer of electrons between opposite charged bois (atoms?); a (weak) bond between slightly (+) charged hydrogen atoms and slightly (-) charged atoms in other molecules

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3
Q

electronegativity

A

attractiveness of electrons

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4
Q

cation vs. anion

A

ionic bond types-
cation: + charge, gives up an electron
anion: - charge, accepts an electron

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5
Q

hydrocarbon

A

the simplest organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen; can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy; non-polar and therefore hydrophobic

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6
Q

how do water molecules interact with polar compounds and charged (ionic) compounds?

A

the polar compounds and charged (ionic) compounds DISSOLVE in water

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7
Q

how does water dissolve polar substances

A

the partially positive hydrogen latches onto the negatively charged atoms; the partially negative oxygen latches onto the positively charged atoms

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8
Q

bonds within and between water molecules

A

h-bonds (max four H2O can bond at a time, weak enough bond that they break and bond again easily and often)

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9
Q

why is understanding carbon chemistry important for biologists

A

life is carbon-dependent, the basis for health and disease

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10
Q

why is it important to know the shapes biological molecules

A

it helps to understand the job they serve within the body

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11
Q

how are the shapes of biological molecules determined

A

???

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12
Q

what is the shape of a carbon bonded to four atoms

A

tetrahedral

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13
Q

isomers (identify whether two molecules are isomers based on their molecular formula and/or structural formula)

A

compounds with the same number of atoms but diff structures in covalent arrangement and therefore diff properties

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14
Q

enantiomer

A

isomers that are mirror images of each other

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15
Q

functional groups (practice identifying them when you see them on a diagram)

A

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, phosphate, methyl, sulfhydryl, amino

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16
Q

what property do all of the following functional groups share that make them water soluble

A

???

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17
Q

hydroxyl functional group

A

-OH, polar and therefore hydrophilic; alcohols typically have hydroxyl functional groups

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18
Q

carbonyl

A

double bonded carbon and oxygen

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19
Q

ketone v. aldehyde

A

carbonyl functional group of just double bonded carbon and oxygen with two other atoms; double bonded carbon and oxygen w/ the carbon bonded to a hydrogen atom as well

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20
Q

carboxyl

A

carbon and oxygen double bonded w/ the carbon single bonded to a hydroxyl group; carboxylic acids, negative charge

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21
Q

phosphate

A

-OPO3^2- (an oxygen, phosphorous, and three more oxygens, two of which are negative; when attached it confers on a molecule the ability to react w/ water, thus releasing energy

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22
Q

methyl

A

-CH3 or -CH2; affects the expression of diff genes, affects the shape and function of sex hormones; compound name: methylated compound

23
Q

sulfhydryl

A

-SH, sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen

24
Q

amino

A

only functional group with nitrogen; nitrogen bonded to three hydrogens, and another atom, is positively charged + ionized; just two is non-ionized and negatively charged; compound name: amines; act like bases, basic

25
Q

what are the macromolecules and their monomers

A

carbs- simple sugars
proteins- amino acids
nucleic acids- nucleotides

26
Q

dehydration

A

the bonding of monomers to build up polymers; PRACTICE

27
Q

hydrolysis

A

the breaking apart of polymers to revert them back down to smaller monomers; PRACTICE

28
Q

monosaccharides + aldoses v. ketoses

A

have 3-7 carbons in their ring; aldoses = aldehydes v. ketoses = ketones

29
Q

how many carbons in/for (??) pentoses; how many for hexoses

A

???

30
Q

disaccharides

A

two monosaccharides bonded together by a glycosidic bond

31
Q

polysaccharides

A

more than two monosaccharides bonded together by glycosidic bonds

32
Q

cellulose; glycogen; glucose

A

simple sugar that works as short-term energy for plants + structure; sugar that serves as long-term energy for animals/humans; short-term energy for animals/humans

33
Q

alpha v. beta carbs difference

A

cis carbon ring structures v. trans ring structures

34
Q

how does the location of the hydroxyl group in alpha v. beta forms of glucose affect the glucose polymer that is formed

A

???

35
Q

compare and contrast the structures of starch and cellulose

A

starch has cis ring structures (alpha) v. cellulose has trans ring structures (beta)

36
Q

lipids

A

fats (animal), oils (plants), steroids, phospholipids; hydrophobic

37
Q

fatty acids; saturated v. unsaturated

A

hydrocarbon tail with a carboxyl group at one end; saturated = trans double bonding + single bonded carbons v. unsaturated = cis double bonding + double bonded carbons

38
Q

steroids

A

fused carbon rings; double bonds rearranged from heat; have four ring backbone; many are hormones; functional groups define characteristics !!!

39
Q

phospholipids make up _? called _? look like _?

A

cell membranes called phospholipids biolayers; polar or charged “head” with hydrophobic hydrocarbon “tails”

40
Q

what is the anion in table salt

A

chloride

41
Q

what causes hydrogen bonds to have a slight + charge

A

polarity

42
Q

what characteristics of water makes it unique and vital to life

A

waters polarity, bonding, high heat capacity, heat of vaporation, ability to dissolve polar molecules, cohesive/adhesive properties, dissociation into ions

43
Q

cis-trans (geometric isomers)

A

differ in spatial arrangements around double bonds:
cis- same side
trans- opposite sides

44
Q

compound

A

a substance made up of molecules of atoms consisting of different elements

45
Q

what two biomolecular functional groups can be found in amino acids

A

carboxyl and amino

46
Q

testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. in what ways do these molecules differ from each other

A

different structural formulas, different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton

47
Q

four organic molecules

A

nucleic acids, carbs, proteins, lipids

48
Q

macromolecules + the three macromolecules

A

are made up of small subunits sometimes called monomers; carbs, proteins, nucleic acids (DIFFERENT then macroNUTRIENTS)

49
Q

monomer

A

smaller molecules that serve as building blocks of a polymer

50
Q

polymer

A

long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds, an interchangeable word for macromolecule

51
Q

what are the benefits of polymer’s molecular design

A

strength due to covalent bonds, diversity leads to easily altering structure, similarity among organisms = adaptation and interdependency among species

52
Q

dehydration reactions

A

build polymers from monomers by removing H2O and covalently bonding monomers, requires energy, highly regulated: build when needed not because you have the materials at hand

53
Q

STILL NEED TO ADD EXAM TWO AND THREE; CAN PROBLY LEAVE FOUR AS IS

A

bio 111 (5 decks)

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