final Flashcards by marin m

in a population of lions which is the evolutionary fittest?
A) the line having the largest number of mutations
B) the strongest, fierce lion
C) the lion that blends in with its environment, the best
D) the lion that leaves the most descendants

The lion that leaves the most descendants

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true or false: natural selection will still occur if individuals are exactly the same

false

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what scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover?
A) use and disuse
B) gradualism
C) natural selection
D) over breeding

Natural selection

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where did Charles Darwin study the beak of finches?

galapagos islands

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what should an adaptation do?

increase the fitness of the organism and be a trait acquired during an individual’s lifetime

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True or false: Lamarck and Darwin came up with the same conclusions about the mechanisms evolutionary processes

true

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true or false: natural selection is a random process

true

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how might we estimate evolutionary (Darwinian) fitness

Count the number of offspring that different individuals produce in a population

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The colonization of Darwin’s finches by a few individuals in the Galapagos islands is an example of what?

founder effect

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Galapagos medium ground finches are found on Santa Cruz in San Cristobal Islands, which are separated by about 100 km of ocean. Occasionally individuals from either island fly to the other island to stay. This can alter the frequencies of population through which of the following mechanism.?

gene flow

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True or false: diversifying selection can drive speciation

true

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True or false: the case of Florida panther that be disgusting classes is an example of destructive selection

false

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A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in her fields. For the first few years. The triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies, but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed despite the continued use of triazine, which of these explanations best describes this observation.

only triazine– persistent weeded, survived, and reproduced so each year more pigweed was triazine resistant

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True or false: mutation is raw material of genetic variation

true

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currently, the only predators of Galapagos marine iguanas are Galapagos hawks iguana body size is not correlated with risk of predation, although small iguanas consent, faster than large iguanas if predators such as cats that prefer, preferably catch and eat slower, iguanas are introduced to the island by marine, iguanas thrive, iguana body size is likely to _____ in the absence of other factors the iguanas would then be under _____ selection

decrease; directional

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in Crowly snails the allele for yellow shell color is completely dominant over the white shell. If this population conforms to Hardy Weinberg equilibrium for this gene and 25% of the population of snails are white. What is the expected illegal frequency for the dominant yellow population

50% or 0.5

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A population in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium experiences all of the following conditions except…
A) large population size
B) moderate gene flow
C) random mating
D) equal reproductive success
E) no genetic mutations

moderate gene flow

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in which of the following pairs do both evolutionary processes introduce new genetic variation into a population?
A) natural selection and genetic drift
B) directional selection and gene flow
C) mutation and gene flow
D) gene flow, and genetic drift

Mutation and gene flow

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A volcano greatly reduces the size of a snail population. The surviving population happens to have broader stripes on the average than the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined what effect has this population of snails experience during this volcanic eruption?

genetic bottleneck

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which of the following would seem to be an example of neutral variation?
A) founder effect
B) homozygosity, and some elephant seal population
C) humans hair coloration
D) lions mane
E) moth coloration

Humans hair coloration

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male elk have antlers used to ritual male to male combat to control a harem of females for breeding. Male elk antlers likely evolved by _____.

intrasexual selection

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continuous gene flow between populations ____ the genetic differences between the populations.
A) increase
B) decreases
C) determines
D) has no effect on
E) none of the above

Determines

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True or false: it is generally fairly easy for most scientists to recognize whether their speciation is occurring within a population

false

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when does speciation occur?

When sexually reproducing members of a population can no longer produce fertile offspring with each other

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Why is the adaptive radiation of anole lizards in the Caribbean coin replicated adaptive radiation?

because the anole lizards evolved independently into different morphs on each island separately

surface proteins on eggs and sperm must match in order for the sperm to be able to penetrate the eggs outer layers to fertilize them. These proteins are a ____ mechanism to prevent different species from being able to interbreed

Pre-zygotic

New plant species, conform by nondisjunction and self fertilization of sterile hybrids via Saint Patrick speciation through

Allopolyploidy

in _____, ranges of two populations, overlap, but there’s little gene flow between the two populations

sympatric speciation

True or false: the different anole lizard ecomorphs found in the Caribbean islands are unique to each island because the anoles evolved completely different adapter traits on different islands due to the environment being different on each island

false

allopatric speciation occurs when _____.

Populations of the same species become geographically isolated and can no longer interbreed

Weak or infertile offspring are likely the outcome of ____ isolation due to the mating of two closely related species

post zygotic reproductive

two populations exhibit ____ isolation when they have different mating seasons

Temporal

The vascular came being produces ______ to the internal side and ______ to the external side

Xylem; Phloem

True or false: homologous traits are similar because they resulted from convergent evolution and not through common ancestry

False

During their early stages of development, the embryos of reptiles birds and mammals look very similar. This suggests that reptile birds and mammals ______.

Have a common ancestor

what angiosperm adaptation is used for paper and textile production

Fibers

which of these plant structures evolved first? A) vascular tissue B) flowers C) seeds D) fruits E) pollen

Vascular tissue

when distantly related organisms that do not share recent common ancestry look very similar to each other due to common selection pressures, the shared anatomical similarities are known as _____

analogous structures

secondary plant growth results from division of which meristems? A) apical meristems B) vascular cambium C) axiliary buds D) cork cambium E) both B and D

which of the following is not alive at maturity? A) parenchyma B) collenchyma C) sieve tube members D) schlerenchyma E) companion cells

schlerenchyma

Which tissue is responsible for primary growth of the main stem of the shoot?

terminal bud apical meristem

True or false: the theory of evolution is considered to be a well established scientific fact due to the overwhelming amount of evidence supporting it from various fields like genetics, paleontology, and comparative anatomy, making it one of the most robust theories in biology

true

The vascular cambium forms between which tissues?

Xylem and phloem

all vascular plants have which types of tissue

traechids and sieve tube elements or sieve cells

which is not a role of the root systems?

Photosynthesis

True or false: the phloem is a one-way system, that transports sugars, nutrients, and other molecules from the leaves to the roots

False

if a plant closes it stomata, it means

It cannot take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis

which of the following features of plant cells allows for symplastic water movement

plasmodesmata

transpiration implants requires everything except

Active transport through xylem cells

True or false: transpiration occurs through the stomata

True

True or false: phloem carries sugars and nutrients to growing regions of the plant

True

True or false: during translocation water from xylem enters phloem by osmosis

True

The barrier inside the root that blocks, the apoplastic pathway from the vascular tissue is the

casparian strip

which of the following is not ever likely to be a “sink“ for a plant sugar transport? A) a mature leaf during active photosynthetic summer months B) a growing shoot tip, undergoing primary growth in length C) a nearly emerging and not yet photosynthetic leaf and early spring D) a starch storage organ during active photosynthetic summer months

A mature leaf during active photosynthetic summer months

what is the main cause of guttatian in plants?

Root pressure

how does water enter a plant?

By osmosis in root hair cells

nitrogen fixation is a process that ____

Convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to ammonia

A decrease in the level of which hormone releases seeds from dormancy?

abscisic acid

Venus flytrap plants have evolved mechanisms that trap and digest small animals. The products of this digestion are used to supplement the plant supply of?

Nitrogen

True or false: phytochrome confirmation is the inactive form of phytochrome that can absorb red light

True

True or false: soil salinization comes from an irrigation practice that uses salt to kill unwanted pests

False

mycohorrhizae enhance plant nutrition, mainly by

Absorbing water and minerals through the fungal hyphae

curving away from light is called

Negative phototropism

asymmetrical cell elongation due to higher auxin concentrations in root cells on the side of the growing root towards the pool of gravity, causing cell growth inhibition causes

Plant roots to bend towards gravity

an upright plant is placed on its side the ____

Stem bends and grows upwards

What elements are most often the limiting mineral ingredients for plant growth?

Nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus

True or false: lagoons are the only plants that have nitrogen fixing bacteria within nodules in their roots

False

The right lung has ____ lobes, and the left lung has ____ lobes.

Three; two

blood flowing from the heart goes through vessels in the following sequence

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

what portions of the loop of Henle are impermeable to water?

Thin and thick ascending limb

where does the filtration step occur in the human kidney?

Glomerulus

True or false: humans use positive pressure, ventilation thanks to the diaphragm

False

Blockage of an artery in the lungs due to the movement of a blood clot can cause?

Pulmonary embolism

Which of the following statements about gas exchange in the long is correct

there is a higher concentration of oxygen in an alveolus than a capillary surrounding and Alveolus

The eastern hellbender salamander lives in fast, flying streams of Appalachia and what situation with the normal breathing of this animal be impaired

If the water is polluted, as toxins can enter through the skin

Total cross-sectional area in the vertebrae circulatory system is the highest in the?

Capillaries

Blood in the pulmonary artery is

Low and oxygen and high in CO2

The correct sequence of organs through which air passes in the body is

nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs

reptiles excrete nitrogenous waste as uric acid instead of urea as an adaptation to

Conserving water, and being able to live in arid environments

where in the nephron does the vast majority of water and solute reabsorption occur

proximal convoluted tubule

A 34-year-old male patient comes into the emergency room with paralysis on the right side of his body. The attending physician also notices that the patient is having trouble with language assuming there’s a head injury on which part of the patient’s head did the injury occur. A) the left B) the back C) the front D) the right

The left

for a neuron with an initial membrane potential of -70 MV, and increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron cytoplasm would result in

Hyperpolarization of the neuron

During the contraction of a vertebrate, skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions

bind with a troponin changing its shape so that the myosin binding sites on the actin filaments are exposed

Muscle cells are stimulated by neurotransmitters released from the synaptic terminals of

modern neuron axons

Most of the neurons in the human brain (part of the CNS) are

Interneurons

afferent neurons (such as sensory neurons) carry nerve impulses from

Receptors to CNS

in the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, the filament slide over each other, resulting in an overlapping of acting and ____

Myosin

How does myelination affect the propagation of an action potential?

it speeds propagation by preventing carry-ons like NA plus from leaking out across the membrane as they spread down the action into propagate the action potential at the gaps in the myelin(nodes of Ranvier)

True or false: ventilation is primarily regulated by the diencephalon

False

what physiological change would not be considered part of the sympathetic fight or flight response?

Increased stomach motility

The sodium potassium ATP-ase pump moves

Three sodium ions out and two potassium ions in

what activity does your cerebrum control?

Remembering equations that you’re learned in class while you were taking a math test later

and then you’re on what creates the electro mechanical gradient for the favor the outflow of potassium ions when the cell is at rest

Sodium potassium ATP-ase pumps

Neurotransmitters characterized as inhibitory are expected to

Hyperpolarize the membrane