Final Flashcards
Advocacy
Promoting an idea or cause through public relations
Counselling
The skilled and principled use of relationship to facilitate self-knowledge, emotional acceptance and growth, and the optimal development of personal resources
Guidance
The process of helping people make important choices that affect their lives
Social work
A profession concerned with helping individuals, families, groups and communities to enhance their individual and collective well being
Wellness
A way of life oriented toward optimal health and well being in which body, mind, and spirit are integrated
Compensatory model
Where clients are held responsible only for solving their problems but not for causing them
Effective counselors
Ability to adapt to change, losses, and gains, and to remain relatively free from destructive family patterns
Enlightenment model
Clients are held responsible for causing their problems but not for solving them
Medical model
Clients are not held responsible for either the cause of their problem or its solution
Moral model
Clients are seen as responsible for both causing and solving their problems
Paraprofessionals
Human service workers who have received some formal training in human relational skills but who work as part of a team
Professional helpers
Educated to provide assistance on both a preventative and remedial level such as counselors
STIPS
Signs and symptoms
Topics
Interventions
Progress of client
Special issues of clients
Autonomy
Respecting freedom of choice and self-determination
Beneficence
Doing good and preventing harm
Civil liability
One can be sued for acting wrongly toward another or failing to act when there’s a recognized duty to do so
Confidentiality
The ethical duty to fulfill a promise to clients that information revealed in therapy will be protected from unauthorized disclosure
Criminal liability
A counsellor working with a client in a way that law does not allow
Dual relationships
One cannot counsel someone if there is a conflict of interest due to any past or current relationship
Ethical codes
Codes designed to ensure protection of client rights and identify expectations of practitioners
Fidelity
Faithfulness or honoring of commitments
Explicit rights
Focus on procedural due process which are the steps necessary to initiate an action when an explicit rule is broken
Implied rights
When a rule is made that arbitrarily limits an individual they have been denied substantive due process
Informed consent
Keeping the client informed of important details regarding the service you intend to provide before it is provided so client knows potential consequences
Non-malficence
Not inflicting harm and prevention of future harm
Privacy
A legal concept that recognizes individuals right to choose the extent to which they wish to share or withhold personal information
Privileged communication
A clients legal right that confidences originating in a therapeutic relations will be safeguarded
Tort
A wrong that legal action is designed to set right
Acculturation
The process by which a group of people give up old ways and adopt new ones
Demographic variables
Age, gender, place of residence
Emic perspective
Assumes counselling approaches must be designed to be culturally specific
Ethnocentrism
People judge other cultures as less than or inferior to their own
Ethnographic variables
Ethnicity, nationality, religion, and language
Etic perspective
Universal qualities exist in counseling that are culturally generalizable
Melting pot
Singular cultural identity
Over-culturalizing
Mistaking people’s reactions to poverty and discrimination for their cultural pattern
Status variables
Social, economic, and educational background
Accent
Highlighting the last few words of the client
Acknowledgment of non-verbal behavior
States the nonverbal behavior without interpreting the meaning of it
Advanced empathy
A process of helping a client explore themes, issues, and emotions new to their awareness
Advice giving
Non-helpful counsellor behavior except in emergencies
Attentiveness
The amount of verbal and nonverbal behavior shown to the client
Attractiveness
A function of perceived similarity between a client and counsellor as well as physical features
Closed ended question
A question that requires a specific and limited response such as yes or no
Confrontation
When the counsellor points out to the client exactly what the client is doing.
Culturally sensitive empathy
Sensitivity which bridges the cultural gap between the counsellor and client
Door closers
Judgmental or evaluative responses
Door openers
Non-coercive invitations to talk
Empathy
The counselors ability to enter the clients phenomenal world and experience it without losing “as if” quality
Equilibrium theory
Assumes there is an appropriate amount of intimacy within individuals and if transgressed the individual will compensate for it in some non verbal way
Expertness
The degree to which a counsellor is perceived as knowledgeable and informed about his or her speciality
Initiative
The motivation to change
Information-oriented first interview
Where counsellors wish to obtain identifying data and information on presenting problems
Lecturing or preaching
A disguised form of advice giving that sets up a power struggle
Mattering
The perception that as human beings we are important and significant to the world around us and to others in our lives
Multimodal
Visual, auditory, written, or spoken and descriptive
4 non-helpful interview behaviors
Advice giving
Lecturing
Excessive questioning
Storytelling
Open question
Questions which typically begin with what, how, or could
Primary empathy
Communicating a basic understanding of what the client is feeling, along with the experiences and behaviors underlying these feelings
Probe
A question that usually begins with who, what, where, or how and requires a longer response
Proxemics
The spatial feature of the environment
Rapport
Listening to the clients story and presenting issue with genuine interest and acceptance
Real relationship
A relationship that is reality oriented, appropriate, and undistorted
Relationship-oriented first interview
Concentrates on clients attitudes and emotions
Reluctant client
A client who had been referred by a third party and is unmotivated to seek help
Request for clarification
A response the counsellor uses to be sure they understand what the client is saying
Resistant client
A client who is unwilling, unready, or opposed to change
SOLER
Squarely face client
Open posture
Lean towards
Eye contact
Relax
Structure
A joint understanding between the counsellor and client regarding the characteristics, conditions, procedure, and parameters of counselling
Summary of feelings
Act of paraphrasing a number of feelings the client has expressed
Trustworthiness
Related to the sincerity and consistency of the counsellor
Uncoordinated goals
Goals that may be incompatible with one another or the client
Examples of Unrealistic goals
Happiness, perfection, self-actualisation
Achievement test
A measure of an individuals degree of accomplishment or learning in a subject
Aptitude
Capability for a task or type of skill
Aptitude test
Measures a persons ability to profit from further training or experience in an occupation or skill
Assessment
The procedures and processes of collecting information and measures of human behavior outside of test data
Diagnosis
The interpretation derived from assessment information translated in the form of some classification system
Interest inventory
A test or checklist that assesses a persons preferences for activities and topics
Norms in testing
Average performance scores for specified groups
Personality test
Any of several methods of analyzing personality, such as checklists, personality inventories, and projective techniques
Psychological test
An objective and standardized measure of behavior
Psychometrics
The discipline of comparing the test scores of a person to a norm referenced group
Psychometrist
Those employed as testing and appraisal specialists
Reliability
A measure of the degree to which a test produces consistency of test scores when people are retested by the same or an equivalent instrument
Standardization
Refers to the uniform conditions under which a test is administered and scored
Structure clinical interview
Collecting biographical and behavioral measures
Test battery
Tests used as part of a group of tests
Validity
The degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure and permits appropriate interpretation of scores
Advanced empathy
Reflects not only what clients state overtly but also what they imply
Affective responses
A speech response focusing on a clients feelings
Behavioral responses
A speech response focusing on clients actions
Contracting
Provides a written record of goals the counsellor and client have agreed on
Disidentification
When the counsellor becomes emotionally removed from the client
Dyadic effect
Reciprocal self disclosure
Functional fixity
Seeing things from only one perspective and being fixated on the idea that a particular situation is the issue
Homework
Between sessions tasks to help practice skills learned in counselling and generalize skills to relevant areas of life
Humour
Giving an incongruent or unexpected response to a question or situation
Immediacy
Focuses on the here and now and the therapeutic relationship from the perspective of how both the client and counsellor feel about what is going on between them
Interpersonal empathy
Feeling the client’s experience from their perspective
Leading
Changing a clients perceptions by using persuasiveness and direction from the counsellor
Objective empathy
Results from having knowledge about the clients problem from reputable sources
Overidentification
When the counsellor loses their ability to remain emotionally distant from the client
Reframing
A technique that offers the client another probable and positive viewpoint or perspective on a situation
Rehearsal
A counsellor skill that requires the client to verbalize or act out what they are going to do
Covert rehearsal
Having the client imagine or reflect on the desired goal
Self-disclosure
A intentional technique where clinicians share information about their lives outside the counselling relationship
Transference
The clients projection of past or present feelings, attitudes, or desires onto the counsellor
Client résistance can take the form of
Asking for more session time, asking for more appointments after a goal has been reached, or development of new problems
Counsellor resistance
When counsellors are reluctant to terminate the counselling relationship
Fading
A gradual decrease in the unnatural structures developed to create desired changes. Clients gradually stop receiving reinforcement from counsellors and appointments are spread out
Functions of termination are?
Signals the end of something
Motivator
Premature termination
When clients request early termination, which is measured by whether the client has achieved goals
Recycling
When the counsellor thinks the counselling process has not yet worked but can be fixed by re-examining all phases of the therapeutic process
Referral
Arranging other assistance for a client when the initial arrangement cannot be helpful
Timing of termination must be figured out in accordance with
The uniqueness of the situation and overall ethical and professional guidelines
Archetypes
The images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious
Collective unconscious
An ancestral warehouse of archetypes, myths, and symbols that are inborn and represent universal ways of seeing the world
Eclecticism
Using various theories and techniques to match the clients needs
Oedipal complex
Occurs during the phallic stage and is represented by fear for father and lust for mother
Preconscious mind contains
Hidden memories or forgotten experiences that can be remembered
Psychodynamic
Emphasizes the dynamics of personality and expands past psychoanalytic theories
Psychosexual development stages
Each stage focuses on a zone of pleasure that is dominant at a particular time
Syncretism
First level of eclecticism, a sloppy unsystematic process of putting unrelated clinical concepts together
Social interest
A feeling of being connected to society and an active interest in empathy, and a willingness to contribute to the general social good
Superiority complex
A person who overcompensates for feelings of inferiority
Synchronicity
Occurs when two related events that are not linked causally occur at about the same time
Technical eclecticism
Fourth level of eclecticism, where procedures from different theories are selected and used in treatment without subscribing to the theories that spawned them
Theoretical integrationism
Third level of eclecticism which requires that counsellors master at least two theories before trying to make any combinations
Theory
A model that counsellors use as a guide to hypothesize possible solutions to a problem
Traditional eclecticism
Second level of eclecticism, which incorporates an orderly combination of compatible features from diverse sources into a harmonious whole
Transtheoretical model (TTM)
Final eclectic approach which is developmentally based and proposes 5 stages of change: symptoms, maladaptive cognitions, interpersonal conflict, family conflict, and intrapersonal conflict
The unconscious mind contains
Instinctual, repressed, and powerful forces
Alfred Adler is the founder of what?
Individual psychology
Carl Jung is the founder of what?
Analytical psychology
Assertiveness training
A specific behavioral technique of counter-conditioning anxiety and reinforcing assertiveness
Behavioral disputation
Technique used in rational emotive behavioral therapy, involves behaving in a way that is opposite of the clients usual way by using role playing and homework assignments previously thought impossible by the client
Behavioral therapy is based on
Operant conditioning
Cognitions
Thoughts, beliefs, and internal images that people have about events in their lives
Cognitive disputation
Used in rational emotive behavioral therapy, it involves the use of direct questions, logical reasoning, and persuasion to identify and challenge irrational thinking patterns.
Contingency contracts
A specific behavioral technique that Spells out the behaviors to be performed, changed, or discontinued along with rewards and conditions for rewards
Covert sensitization
A specific behavioral technique in which undesired behavior is eliminated by associating it with unpleasantness
Extinction
General behavioral technique, is The elimination of behavior because of withdrawal of reinforcement
Generalization
General behavioral technique, Involves the display of behaviors in environments outside of where they were originally learned
Identity
The development of psychologically healthy sense of self
Imaginal disputation
A technique used in Rational Émotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) to challenge irrational thoughts and change responses to difficult situations
Implosion and flooding
A specific behavioral advanced technique that involves desensitizing a client to a situation by having them imagine an anxiety producing situation that may have dire consequences
Irrational beliefs/thinking
The invention of upsetting and disturbing thoughts
Maintenance
General behavioral technique, involves Being consistent in performing the actions desired without depending on anyone else for support
Overcorrection
A specific behavioral technique in which a client first restores the environment to its natural state and then makes it better than normal
Punishment
General behavioral technique, Involves presenting an aversive stimulus to a situation to suppress or eliminate a behavior
Rational émotive behavioral therapy (REBT)
Correcting cognitions and creating goals to change maladaptive behaviors, identify emotional reactions, and dispute irrational thoughts to replace them with effective ones
Reinforcers
General behavioral technique, which are Events that, when they follow a behavior, increase the probability of the behavior repeating
Shaping
General behavioral technique where Behavior is learned gradually in steps through successive approximation
Systematic desensitization
A specific behavioral technique, where a client is asked to describe the situation that caused anxiety and to rank it on a hierarchical scale which is reviewed starting with the lowest item
Time-out
A mild aversive technique that where a client is separated from the opportunity to receive positive reinforcement
WDEP
Technique in reality therapy
Wants of client
Direction of clients life
Evaluation of behaviors
Plan for changing behaviors
Albert Ellis
REBT
Conditional regard
Feelings of worth develop if the person behaves in certain ways and teaches the person to feel valued only when conforming to others wishes
Congruence
Technique of person centered counselling, is the condition of being transparent in the therapeutic relationship by giving up roles and facades
Exercises
Ready-made techniques in Gestalt therapy including role playing and psycho drama
Existential counseling
A humanistic theory that focuses on free will and believes that psychopathology stems from a failure to make meaningful choices and build relationships
Experiments
Unplanned activities that grow out of the interaction between counsellor and client
Gestalt therapy
A humanistic theory that stresses the perception of completeness and wholeness
Person-centered counselling
The view that humans are good and motivated by self-actualisation, use of empathy and unconditional positive regard
Phenomenological perspective
What is important is the persons perception of reality rather than an event itself
Positive regard refers to what attributes?
Love, warmth, care, respect, and acceptance
Unconditional positive regard
A technique of person centered counselling, involving a deep and genuine caring for the client as a person who is prized for being human
Crisis counseling
Use of various action oriented approaches to help individuals find resources within themselves or externally to deal with crises
Existential crisis
Inner conflicts and anxieties that accompany important human issues of purpose, responsibility, independence, freedom, and commitment
Meta-narrative
The view of reality that is most believed or acted upon
Narrative counselling
A postmodern and social constructionist approach to therapy who’s goal is to develop an alternate life story
Narrative reasoning
Using meaningfulness and liveliness in an effort to help clients redefine their lives and relationships through new narratives
Nihilistic
Nothing is accepted as truth and values become baseless constructs
Raising dilemmas
A technique of narrative counselling, When a client examines possible aspects of a problem before the need arises
Re-authoring
Refining one’s life and relationships through a new narrative so change is possible
Situational crises
Uncommon and extraordinary events which occur that an individual has no way of predicting or controlling
Social constructionism
The view that human meaning is created through language and interaction with others
Solution-focused counselling
A post modern view of counselling that sees clients as having the solutions to their own problems now or in the future
Subjugated knowledge
View of reality that is less privileged than meta-narrative
Closed-ended groups
Groups that do not admit members after they have started
Encounter groups
Emerged from T-groups in an attempt to focus on the growth of individual group members and recognition of affect
Feedback in groups
A multidimensional process that consists of group members responding to the verbal and nonverbal messages of one another
Define group
Two or more people interacting together to achieve a goal for their mutual benefit
Group marathons
An extended one session group experience that breaks down defensive barriers that individuals may use
3 myths about groups
Second raté structures for dealing with problems
Loss of identity
People are too emotional
Group process
How group member interactions influence the development of the group
Open-ended groups
Groups that admit new members after they have started
Group Psychodrama
When members enact unrehearsed role plays with the group leader as director
Self-help/support groups
Groups that develop spontaneously and centre on a single topic led by a layperson
T-groups
Training groups that focus on interpersonal relationships and learning how one influences the group
Career data
A collection of facts about occupational and educational opportunities
Career guidance
Involves all activities that look to give information about present or future vocations so that individuals know better who they are in relation to the world of work
Career information
Information related to the world of work that can be useful in the process of career development
Career plus life counselling
Useful for women to focus on personal and relationship issues in addition to career issues
Developmental approach
The idea that experiences people have with events, situations, and other people play a large part in determining their identities
Differential approach
Stressed that the typology of persons and environments is more useful than any life stage strategies for coping with career problems
Nontraditional careers
Careers in which people of one gender are not usually employed
RAISEC
Holland identifies six categories in which personality types and occupational environments can be classified: Realistic, Artistic, Investigative, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional
Trait-and-factor theory
Stressed that the traits of clients should first be assessed and then systematically matched with factors inherent in various occupations
Acquired culture
Learned habits
Battle for initiative
Motivation to make needed changes
Battle for structure
Establishing the parameters under which counseling is conducted
Circular causality
A main concept of systems theory, that events are related through a series of interacting feedback loops
Circular questions
Questions that focus attention on couple or family connections and highlight differences among members
Coalitions
Alliances between specific members against a third member
Cross-generational alliances
Alliances between family members of two different generations
Cutoff
Physical or psychological avoidance
Detriangulation
The process of being in contact and emotionally separate
Differentiation
Distinguishing one’s thoughts from emotions and oneself from others
Differentiation of self
The ability of a person to distinguish between subjective feelings and objective thinking
Double bind
When a person receives two contradictory messages and so they develop symptoms as a way to lesson tension and escape
Enmeshment
Family environments in which members are overly dependent on each other or are undifferentiated
Equifinality
The same origin may lead to different outcomes, and the same outcome may result from different origins
Family adaptability
Ability to be flexible and change
Family cohesion
Emotional bonding
Family dance
The way a couple or family typically interacts on a verbal or nonverbal level
Family life cycle
Refers to the stages a family goes through as it evolves over the years
Family rules
A family’s functioning is based on explicit and implicit rules
First-order change
Continuing to do more of the same things that have worked before
Follow-up
A part of termination that involves checking up on the clients following treatment after a period of time
Frame
Gaining a perspective on how individuals view the presenting problem, person, or situation
Fusion
Undifferentiated emotional togetherness
Genogram
A three generational visual representation of a family tree depicted in geometric figures
Homeostasis
Refers to the tendency of families to remain in a stable state of equilibrium unless otherwise forced to change
Identified patient (IP)
An individual who is seen as the cause of trouble within the family, whom families use as their ticket of entry
Inherited culture
Ethnicity, nationality, religion, or groupings such as baby boomers
Linear causality
When one action is seen as the cause of another
Long-term goals
Part of termination, a projective process which gives clients something to think about and plan about
Morphogenesis
The ability of the family to modify its functioning to meet the changing demands of internal and external factors
Non-summativity
The family is greater than the sum of its parts
Paradoxing
Insisting on just the opposite of what one wants
Predicting setbacks
A part of termination sessions so that clients don’t become too upset when they fail to achieve goals, and a technique of narrative counselling so the client will think of what to do in the face of adversity
Psychoeducational assessments examples
Reading a book or viewing a video
Relabelling
Giving a new perspective to a behavior
Second-order change
The ability to make an entirely new response
Spill-over effect
Results will help individuals make other behavior changes as well
Triangulation
The drawing in of a third person into a dyadic conflict
Working alliance
Occurs in initial counseling sessions where trust, a working relationship, and shared agenda are created
What does an assessment service cluster do?
Provides testing and evaluation services
At-risk children
Children most likely to develop problems because of their backgrounds or present behaviors
Bibliography
The use of books or media as aids to help children gain insight into their problems and find appropriate solutions
Bullying
One person threatening or physically assaulting another person for no apparent reason, includes name calling, teasing, intentional exclusion, stealing, and graffiti
Career resource cluster focuses on
A students future goals and vocation
Communication service cluster is concerned with
Public relations and communicating information to the general public about what the school counselling program is doing
Community contact cluster focuses on
Working with parents and others to open the lines of communication between the school and other agencies
Coping skills
An ability to adapt to stress and adversity
Crisis person
An individual who deals with emergencies and with the help of the counsellor, finds ways to help the child
Curriculum service focuses on
Facilitating course placements and academic adjustment
Effectiveness
Means the treatment has been shown in real life settings to reduce symptoms
Efficacy
Means the treatment has been shown in experimental studies to reduce symptoms
Individualized education programs (IEPs)
Educational programs tailored to the specialized needs of certain children
Information administrator
When the counsellor coordinates a plan in which external agencies deliver student services
Information receiver
When the counsellor collects information about complex situations
In loco parentis
Gives faculty and staff the parental role of teaching moral values
Multiple concurrent actions
A way of combating destructiveness where counsellors access more than one set of services within the community at a time
Needs assessment
Structured surveys that focus on the types, depths, and scope of problems in particular populations
Peer mentoring
An younger student is paired with an older student who both accepts and teaches the younger student through a cooperative learning arrangement
Play therapy
A specialized way of working with children that requires skill and training to help facilitate self-understanding
Primary prevention
Means stopping problems from ever developing by modifying the environment and addressing causes and providing training to create awareness and change values
Professional growth cluster provides
Programs for school staff and paraprofessionals
Remediation
The act of trying to make a situation right
Resilience
An adaptive process whereby the individual makes use of internal and external resources to overcome adversity or threats to development
Secondary prevention
Geared toward problems already in existence and is aimed at increasing awareness among potential victims and perpetrators
Self-concept
How a person perceives themselves in a variety of areas including academic, physically, and socially
Self-counselling
When a person reacts to their own ideas with logical emotional and physical reactions
Self-esteem results from
The comparison of oneself to others in a peer group
Service coordination
When the counsellor determines whether they have the expertise to meet a particular students needs
Student assistance programs (SAPs)
Set up by counsellors are teams composed of school personnel from a variety of backgrounds aimed at helping students cope
Student development focuses on
Creating research based environments that help students learn and develop
Student services
A model which emphasizes students as consumers and mandates services that facilitate development
Type A, B, and C stress situations
A - situation that is foreseeable and avoidable
B - situation is neither foreseeable or avoidable
C - foreseeable but not avoidable
Wraparound programs
Programs which have multiple services provided by a team of mental health professionals who assist the youth at risk of violence and help other people in contact with the youth
culturally encapsulated
A counsellor who disregards cultural differences
Dimirsky and Brandes maintain that
Cultural blindness is a problem that will effect counselling
Guidance deals with process of ___ and counselling deals with __
Choice
Change
Counsellors might be justified in breaking confidentiality in what three circumstances?
Suicidal threats
Threats of violence
Abuse of children
Who was the founder of the Boston Vocational Bureau and sometimes referred to as the father of guidance?
Frank Parsons
5 differences between psychology and psychiatry
Psychiatry functions from a bio psychological standpoint
Psychiatrists prescribe medicine
Psychiatrist test patients, psychologists clients
Psychiatrist treat severe disorders
Psychiatrists have a medical degree
What are the four principles in the Canadian code of ethics for psychologists?
1) respect for dignity
2) responsible caring
3) integrity in relationships
4) responsibility to society
Having a high level of integrity means the counsellor is
Honest, objective, and avoids conflicts of interest
Three minimal leads
Silence
Acceptance
Paraphrasing
Name one maximal lead
Confrontation
Why is “why” not used in counselling? 2 reasons
It puts clients on the defensive
It connotes disapproval
A test that must be completed within a specific period of time is called a
Speed test
Difference between objective and subjective tests
Objective test require the scorer not to make a judgement, subjective tests require the scorer to make a judgement
Difference between standardized and non-standardized tests
Standardized tests are administered and scored according to specific directions, non-standardized tests do not have specific directions
Circular counselling
Where the same ground is covered over and over again
Direct transference
When a client redirects their feelings or desires from an important figure in their life onto the counsellor
Indirect transference
Is usually revealed in client statements or actions that are not obviously related to the counsellor such as “talk is cheap” and “counselling is the experience I’ve always wanted”
The most successful clients in counselling are referred to by which acronym?
YAVIS
What acronym is used for a less preferred client than YAVIS?
HOUND
Homely, old, unintelligent, non verbal, disadvantaged
Shulman suggests that about __ of the time spent should focus on termination
One-sixth of
Describe the 6 key purposes of an assessment
Obtain information about presenting problems, identify contributing variables of the problem, figure out clients goals and expectations, gather baseline data for comparison to assess treatment, share the counsellors view to educate and motivate the client, create treatment plan
Displacement
A defense mechanism where someone redirects their negative feelings to a less threatening target
Adler says a healthy style of life focuses on what three main areas?
Society, work, and sexuality
Reality therapy emphasizes the elimination of
Blame/punishment
10 techniques of solution-focused counselling
- Introductory questions
- exceptions
- Miracle question
- Scaling
- externalizing
- Compliments
- Clues
- Skeleton keys
- Not-knowing stance
- Reframing
According to Gestalt theory of human nature, a person may experience difficulty in what three ways?
Lose contact with the environment and its resources
Become over-involved in the environment and lose contact with self
Become fragmented or scattered
Reality therapy uses the __ system as a way of helping counsellors and clients make progress and employ techniques
WDEP
Two limitations of person-centered counselling
Overly optimistic about human nature
Ignores developmental theories, diagnosis, and drives
Two limitations of existential counseling
Does not provide specific techniques
Requires the counsellor to have already developed insight and wisdom
Two exercise oriented techniques used in the Gestalt approach
Dream analysis for getting in touch with self
Empty chair technique for managing self dichotomies
View of human nature collaborative counselling
Positive view which sees people as naturally striving for health and success, and sees clients as capable of solving their own problems
View of human nature for narrative counselling
Meaning or knowledge is constructed through social interaction where people judge themselves through the stories they create about their lives
In Tuckman’s stage process for group counselling, what is forming?
Sets the stage for what is to come and Deals with expressing anxiety and dependency due to the groups infancy
In Tuckman’s stage process for group counseling, what does norming refer to?
Characterized by individual sense of belonging and where Goals and ways of working together are decided on
Mimesis
The process where a counsellor adopts a family’s style of communication
Systems theory
A generic term for conceptualizing a group of related elements that interact as a whole entity
According to Super the ___ stage is where a person becomes stabilized in a career
Establishment
Family systems counsellors emphasize which two functions of communication?
Content and relationships
The redundancy principle refers to the fact that families
Operate on a small set of predictable rules
General systems theory introduced the idea of
Circular causality
Two reasons why it’s important to know the family life cycle?
When families achieve stage critical tasks a better sense of well-being is achieved.
Being aware of the stage of development helps realize when individual manifestations are actually related to family
Tuckman’s storming stage
Characterized by a time of conflict, forcing members to make decisions about degree of independence and interdependence, group members look to establish themselves in a hierarchy and deal with power issues
Tuckman’s mourning/termination stage
Characterized by groups new self awareness and a reflection on what was learned resulting in sense of achievement or bitterness. Closure ceremony usually included
What happens when the glass ceiling myth is accepted?
Girls and women fail to develop their abilities since they are not challenged to explore them
View of human nature psychoanalysis
People have a conscious mind, preconscious mind, and unconscious mind and the personality consists of the Id, ego, and superego.
Role of counsellor in psychoanalysis
To let clients gain insight by reliving and working through unresolved past experiences. Transference is encouraged and the counsellor interprets for the client
Goals of psychoanalysis
Focus mainly on personal adjustment and helping the client become more aware of the unconscious aspects of their personality, to work through a developmental stage not previously resolved, and to help clients cope with with the demands of society
5 Techniques of psychoanalytic theory
Free association
Dream analysis
Analysis of transference
Analysis of resistance
Interpretation
Strengths of psychoanalysis
Emphasizes the importance of sexuality and the unconscious in human behavior, and is effective for those who suffer from a wide variety of disorders
Limitations of psychoanalysis
Time consuming and expensive and not suited for a large variety of clients
Adlerian/individual psychology view of human nature
People are primarily motivated by social interest, and that conscious aspects of behavior are central to the development of personality. He believed people could develop inferiority and superiority complexes. Birth order is important. Believes there are three main life tasks: society, work, and sexuality. Believed we need courage.
Role of the counsellor Adlerian/individual psychology
Alderian counsellors function as diagnosticians, teachers, and models in the egalitarian relationships they establish with clients. The client is encouraged to examine and change a faulty life style by developing social interest.
8 Techniques of Adlerian/individual psychology
Confrontation
Asking “the question”
Encouragement
Acting “as if”
Spitting in the clients soup
Catching oneself
Task setting
Push button
Asking “the question”
A Adlerian/individual psychology technique which involves asking the client “what would be different if you were well?”
Encouragement
An Adlerian/individual psychology technique is which implies faith in the client that behavior change is possible for them
Acting “as if”
An Adlerian/individual psychology technique is where clients are instructed to act as if they are the person they want to be
Spitting in the clients soup
An Adlerian/individual psychology technique where the counsellor points out certain behaviors to clients and thus ruins payoff for the behavior
Catching oneself
An Adlerian/individual psychology technique where clients learn to become aware of self-destructive behaviors or thoughts
Task setting
An Adlerian/individual psychology technique where clients initially set short range, attainable goals and eventually work up to long term realistic goals
Push button
An Adlerian/individual psychology technique where clients are encouraged to realize they have choices about what stimuli they pay attention to so they can create the feelings they want by concentrating on their thoughts
Strengths of Adlerian/individual psychology
Versatile over the lifespan and useful in the treatment of a variety of disorders
Limitations of Adlerian/individual psychology
Lacks a supportive research base, may be too optimistic about human nature, and may not be applicable to less intelligent individuals
Jungian view of human nature
Positive view that emphasizes unconscious determinants of personality, including the personal and collective unconscious. Described introverted and extroverted personalities.
Counselors role in Jungian psychology
To help clients uncover their archetypes and other important symbols through dream work, free association, and active imagination. Clients then learn to integrate and accept these aspects of the self that come up.
Goals of Jungian psychology
To bring conscious and unconscious aspects of one’s psyche into balance to facilitate the process of individuation
Techniques of Jungian psychology
Three techniques to bring forward images, explication, amplification, and active imagination. Four stages of analytic treatment are confession, explanation, education, and transformation
Explication
A technique of Jungian therapy which is the interpretative process of understanding the meaning behind uncovered unconscious material
Amplification
A technique of Jungian psychology which is the second interpretative process of looking beyond the uncovered unconscious material by comparing it to similar objects, myths, art, literature, and culture.
Active imagination
A technique of Jungian psychology for experiencing the unconscious by deliberately bringing images forward and then engaging in conversation with these images
Strengths of Jungian psychology
Useful for dream interpretation and inspired the MBTI
Limitations of Jungian psychology
Unattractive to scientists and archetypes are sexist
Behavioral therapy view of human nature
Focuses on behavioral processes and the here and now, assumes all behavior is learned, and learning can be effective in changing maladaptive behavior, and a rejection of the idea that human personality is composed of traits
Role of the counselor behavioral therapy
The counsellor functions as a teacher, reinforcer, and facilitator, and helps the client learn or unlearn specific ways of behaving
Goals of behavioral therapy
Focus on modifying or eliminating maladaptive behavior and help them acquire healthy, constructive ways of acting and to create mutually agreed upon goals
7 General Techniques of behavioral therapy
Reinforcers
Schedules of reinforcement
Shaping
Generalizations
Maintenance
Extinction
Punishment
9 Specific techniques of behavioral therapy
Behavioral rehearsal
Environmental planning
Systematic desensitization
Assertiveness training
Contingency contracts
Implosion and flooding
Time-out
Overcorrection
Covert sensitization
Behavioral rehearsal
A specific behavioral technique which consists of practicing a desired behavior until it is performed the way a client wishes
Environmental planning
A specific behavioral technique which involves a clients setting up part of the environment to promote or limit certain behaviors
Time-out
A specific behavioral technique which is a mild aversive technique where the client is separated from the opportunity to receive positive reinforcement
Strengths of behavioral therapy
Deals directly with symptoms and is based on learning theory
Limitations of behavioral therapy
Does not deal with the total person and ignores past history, unconscious forces, and developmental stages
View of human nature rational emotive behavioral therapy
Believed people have both self-interest and social interest, and that people have the means to control their thoughts, feelings, and actions, but must first realize what they are telling themselves to gain command of their lives. Did not believe in unconscious, and that everyone is fallible.
Founder of rational emotive behavioral therapy
Albert Ellis
Role of the counsellor in rational emotive behavioral therapy
Correct client cognitions, challenge beliefs, and be empathetic, genuine, persistent, and users of REBT
Goals of rational emotive behavioral therapy
To help clients stop catastrophizing and help them avoid having more of an emotional response to an event than is warranted, and to help change self defeating habits of thought or behavior by using the ABCDE model
Strengths of rational emotive behavioral therapy
Clear, easily learned, effective, and can easily be combined with other behavioral techniques
Limitations of rational emotive behavioral therapy
Can not be used for people with thought disorders and deemphasizes the importance of the working alliance
Founder of reality therapy
William Glasser
View of human nature reality therapy
Human beings operate on a conscious level, and everyone has a health/growth force with four needs: love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun. There is also the need for identity, and believes learning can occur at any stage
Role of the counselor in reality therapy
Counselor serves as a teacher and model, and focuses on what the client would like to change and emphasizes positive constructive actions, special attention is paid to metaphors and themes from the client
Goals of reality therapy
Primary goal is to help clients become strong, rational, and realize they have choices in the ways they treat themselves and others. Also to help clients clarify what they want in life, and help clients formulate a realistic plan to achieve personal needs and wishes. To eliminate punishment and excuses from the clients life
Strengths of reality therapy
Versatile and can be applied to many populations, emphasizes short term treatment, and promotes responsibility and freedom without blame or criticism
Reality therapy limitations
Ignores unconscious and personal history, and clients are viewed as causing their own mental disorder through irresponsibility
Founder of cognitive therapy
Aaron Beck
View of human nature cognitive therapy
Dysfunctional behavior is caused by dysfunctional thinking and that if beliefs don’t change, there is no improvement in a persons behavior or symptoms
Role of counsellor in cognitive psychology
Counsellors work with the client to make covert thoughts more overt which is important for examining automatic cognitions
6 Techniques of cognitive therapy
Challenge information processing
Counter mistaken belief systems
Do self monitoring exercises to stop negative automatic thoughts
Improve communication skills
Increase positive self statements
Homework including disputing irrational thoughts
Strengths of cognitive therapy
Treats a wide range of disorders and applicable in a number of cultural settings
Limitations of cognitive therapy
Not suited for intellectually limited individuals and can be demanding
Who founded person-centered counselling?
Carl Rogers
View of human nature person-centered counselling
People are essentially good, and moving toward self-actualization. What’s important is a persons perception of reality, and for a healthy self to emerge, a person needs positive regard, even though they usually get conditional regard. Also the further the ideal self is from the real self, the more alienated and maladjusted a person becomes
Role of the counsellor person-centered therapy
Counsellor encourages the client to explore aspects of the self, client directs therapy, and counsellor acts as facilitator and learner of the client
Goals of person centered therapy
To focus on the client as a person, not on their problem, and to assist in learning how to cope and how to become a fully functioning person who is engaged in self exploration and evaluation.
3 Techniques of person centered counselling
Empathy
Unconditional positive regard
Congruence
Strengths of person centered counselling
Revolutionized the counseling profession by linking counselling with psychotherapy, and has generated extensive research
Limitations of person centered therapy
Approach may be too simplistic and optimistic, and depends on bright, insightful, hard working clients for best results. Also ignores diagnosis and only deals with surface issues.
Founders of existential counseling
Rollo May and Viktor Frankl
View of human nature existential counselling
Emphasizes human freedom and that people form their lives by the choices they make. Psychopathology is believed to be due to a failure to make meaningful choices and maximize one’s potential
Role of the counsellor in existential therapy
Counsellors concentrate on being authentic and entering into deep personal relationships with the client. May share personal experiences and serve as a model of how to achieve potential and make decisions. The focus is on living productively in the present.
Goals of existential counseling
Helping clients realize the importance of meaning, responsibility, and freedom, and hope clients will take more responsibility for their lives and embrace personal values that lead to a meaningful life style
Techniques of existential counselling
The strength of relationship with the client, and for the counsellor to be authentic, honest, and spontaneous. Use of confrontation.
Strengths of existential counseling
Emphasizes the uniqueness of individuals, offers hope, and stresses the importance of the thérapeutic relationship
Limitations of existential counselling
Has not produced a fully developed lack of techniques and requires counsellors to develop wisdom
Founder of Gestalt therapy
Fredrick Perls
View of human nature gestalt
Believe that humans work for wholeness and completeness in life. Each person has a self actualizing tendency, and strives to coordinate their various parts into a healthy unified whole. Antideterministic. People overdepend on intellectual experience
Role of the counsellor gestalt
To create an atmosphere that promotes a clients exploration of what is needed to grow. Being in the now means using energy in positive and adaptive ways and recognizing patterns in life
Goals of gestalt
Mentally growing up and acceptance of polarities within the person
5 Techniques of gestalt
Exercises
Experiments
Dream work
Empty chair
Confrontation
The new postmodern paradigm suggests
That there are multiple truths and consequently, reality becomes whatever you make or perceive it to be
Founders of narrative counselling
Micheal White and David Epston
Role of the counsellor narrative counselling
Sees counsellors as collaborators and masters of asking questions. Uses narrative reasoning.
9 Techniques of narrative counseling
Working collaboratively
Externalizing the problem
Searching for unique outcomes
Focusing on the unique outcomes
Linking and extending the outcomes
Inviting witnesses
Encouraging remembering practices
Using positive written materials
Helping others
Working collaboratively
Technique of narrative counselling, where counsellor questions about multiple viewpoints instead of searching for objective facts
Externalizing the problem
A technique of narrative counselling and solution focused counselling which helps clients see themselves as separate from their problem
Searching for unique outcomes
Technique of narrative counselling, involves helping clients find times in their lives when they were not affected by their problems
Focusing on the unique outcomes
Technique in narrative counselling, where the client is asked to focus on valued experiences
Linking and extending the outcomes
Technique of narrative counselling, focusing on the preferred self narrative that the client wants to embrace
Inviting witnesses
Technique of narrative counselling, involves inviting outsiders to witness the preferred self narrative
Encouraging remembering practices
A narrative technique that involves having the client focus on the supportive people in their lives who have been part of their preferred self narratives
Using positive written materials
Technique of narrative counselling, where clients bring in certificates and awards, letters of reference, journals, and other written documents that speak to their preferred self narrative
Helping others
Technique of narrative counselling, where counsellors encourage clients to write what they have learned in counselling for other clients with similar problems
Strengths of narrative counselling
Blame is alleviated and clients create a new story
Limitations of narrative counselling
Not suited for intellectually limited individuals and no norms regarding who clients should become
View of human nature solution focused counselling
Sees people as being constructivist in nature, meaning reality is a reflection of observations and experience. Believes people really want to change and that change is inevitable
Role of the counsellor in solution focused therapy
Determine if the client is a visitor, complainant, or customer. Counsellors act as facilitators of change to help clients access the resources they already have but are not aware of. They are not interested in how a problem arose but with working with the client to find a solution, letting clients be experts of their own lives
Goals of solution focused counselling
To help clients tap inner resources and notice exceptions to the times they are distressed and direct them to solutions that already exist in these exceptions
Introductory questions
A technique of solution focused counselling that helps clients focus on solutions instead of problems
Looking for exceptions
A technique of solution focused counselling which is when the counsellor asks the client to describe times when the problem didn’t exist
The miracle question
A technique of solution focused counselling which focuses on a hypothetical situation in which the problem has disappeared
Scaling questions
A technique of solution focused counselling, where a client is asked to use a scale from 1 to 10 to evaluate how severe a problem is to help clients understand where they are in regard to a problem and where they need to go to achieve their goals
Compliments
A technique of solution focused counselling, meaning giving compliments for successes
Clues
A technique of solution focused counselling which are intended to alert clients to the idea that some behaviors they are doing now are likely to continue and they should not worry about them
Skeleton keys
A technique of solution focused counselling, which are procedures that have worked before and have universal applications in regard to unlocking a variety of problems
Not-knowing stance (solution)
A technique of solution focused counseling, where the counselor acts in a manner that suggests they are not knowledgeable about the clients problem or its resolution
Strengths of solution focused counselling
Emphasizes brevity and empowerment of client families and has flexibility
Limitations of solution focused counselling
Pays no attention to client history, has a lack of focus on insight, is simplistic
View of human nature collaborative counselling
A postmodern approach which sees clients as having the resources to solve their own problems and as striving to become better individuals
Role of the counsellor collaborative counselling
Views the counselor as a consultant who is transparent and maintains a not knowing stance, where the client directs counselling
Goals of collaborative counseling
To help clients develop self-agency, which is the ability to move in a desired direction, and to use language to create knowledge
7 techniques of collaborative counseling
Not-knowing stance
Problem organized system
Respectful listening
Conditional questioning
Collaborative conversations
Possibility conversations
Dissolving
Not-knowing stance (collaborative)
A collaborative counseling technique where the counselor is there to learn from the client without making presuppositions
Problem organized system
A collaborative counseling technique where those who communicate about the problem should be included in treatment
Respectful listening
A collaborative counseling technique which involves listening in a responsive way so clients feel they are worth listening to
Conditional questioning
A collaborative counseling technique that involves tentative questions and comments such as “I wonder what this might mean to you”
Collaborative conversations
A collaborative counseling technique where the counsellor and client work together in an egalitarian fashion to understand what the other person means
Possibility conversations
A collaborative counseling technique to have conversations that create change
Dissolving
A collaborative counseling technique where as the client develops self-agency the problem dissolves
Strengths of collaborative counselling
Egalitarian approach that is customized to fit each client
Limitations of collaborative counseling
Relies extensively on techniques from other approaches and effectiveness is unknown
Founders of crisis counselling
Erich Lindemann and Gerald Caplan
View of human nature crisis counselling
Loss is an inevitable part of life, and there are 4 common types of crisis: developmental, situational, existential, and ecosystemic
Developmental crisis takes place in
The normal flow of human growth and development
Goal of crisis counselling
Providing immediate help by first using basic crisis theory to correct temporary affective, behavioral, and cognitive distortions
Role of the counsellor
Counsellors need to be mature individuals with a variety of life experiences, who have basic helping skills, high energy, and quick mental reflexes
What are the 5 essential aspects of crisis intervention?
Establish safety
Enhance calming
Build self and other efficacy
Reconnect to social networks
Instill hope
Three essential listening activities/techniques of crisis counselling
Defining the problem
Ensuring client safety
Providing support
Three acting strategies of crisis counselling techniques
Examining alternatives
Making plans
Obtaining commitment
Strengths of crisis counselling
Has brevity and uses modest goals
Limitations of crisis counselling
Deals with immediate issues and does not go into depth
Pluralism
A system where two or more groups, principles, or authorities coexist
Racism
Prejudice displayed in blatant or subtle ways due to recognized or perceived differences in the physical and psychological backgrounds of others
Countertransference
Refers to the counsellors projected emotional or behavioral reaction toward the client
5 requirements of a good theory
1) clear, easily understood, and communicable
2) comprehensive
3) explicit and heuristic
4) specific in relating means to desired outcomes
5) useful to its intended practitioners
What are the four types of groups?
Psychoeducational groups
Counselling groups
Psychotherapy groups
Task/work groups
Psychoeducational groups
Preventive and instructional, where the purpose is to teach group participants how to deal with a potential threat, a developmental life event, or an immediate life crisis
Counselling groups
Look to help participants resolve problems of living through interpersonal support and problem solving
Psychotherapy groups
Focus on helping individual group members remediate in-depth psychological problems
Task/work groups
Look to help members apply the principles and processes of group dynamics to improve practices and accomplish identified work goals
9 stages of family life cycle
- Unattached adult
- Newly married
- Childbearing
- Preschool age child
- School age child
- Teenage child
- Launching centre
- Middle age adult
- Retirement
6 concepts that are important to working with families
Non-summativity
Equifinality
Communication
Family rules
Morphogenesis
Homeostasis
To gather information from the client, the counsellor will respond to the client through the use of
Probes, accents, closed questions, open questions, and requests for clarification
What are the five factors in establishing a positive counseling relationship?
Seriousness of presenting problem
Structure
Initiative
Physical setting
Client and counsellor qualities
4 Relationship building techniques in a first interview
Restatement
Reflection of feeling
Summary of feelings
Acknowledgment of non verbal behavior
