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Public Speaking > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

public speaking definition

A

speech in, by, and for the public

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2
Q

public definition

A

the presence of something before or in the hands of the community, what we might think of as the people

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3
Q

public discourse definition

A

the ongoing, simultaneous conversations community members have with each other about how to maintain and remake the world

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4
Q

aspects of public speaking

A

-form of communication
-always goal oriented
-personal, professional, and public dimensions
-is cultural
-a form of free expression
-an ethical undertaking

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5
Q

communication definition

A

the exchange of symbols between people in an effort to understand or influence each other’s perception of the world

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6
Q

standard model of communication

A

a holistic attempt to account for the major attributes that are at work in most communication interactions

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7
Q

parts of the standard model of communication

A

Sender: person who initiates communication

Message: a form of symbolic representation that contains information

Channels: the diverse forms in which media messages travel

Receiver: person for which the sender prepares a message and from whom the sender expects a response

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8
Q

SMoC encoding

A

the work that a sender does to a message to put it into a format appropriate for communication in a particular situation

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9
Q

SMoC decoding

A

the work the receiver does to translate the speaker’s encoding into a format they can interpret and understand

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10
Q

SMoC feedback

A

the verbal and non-verbal signals a receiver provides a sender in the course of communicating

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11
Q

SMoC noise

A

anything that interferes with the successful transmission of a message

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12
Q

what are the 6 basic forms of communication

A

intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, organizational, mass, public

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13
Q

Intrapersonal communication

A

communication that takes place within a person’s own mind, primarily through thinking and internal dialogue

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14
Q

Interpersonal communication

A

communication that takes place between two to three people and typically concerns the creation, maintenance, or disillusion of personal relationship

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15
Q

Group communication

A

communication that takes place among a small group of people, particularly teams, and is often focused on the completion of a task

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16
Q

Organizational communication

A

communication that takes place within and between large institutions and their members

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17
Q

mass communication

A

communication that takes place through media of many kinds, including television, film, and social or print media, and is transmitted to large audiences

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18
Q

Public communication

A

communication that takes place between a speaker and an audience with the aim of engaging that audience on a topic of shared concern about the public interest
(always done in a public setting)

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19
Q

minor goals definition

A

small, targeted tasks that the speaker hopes to achieve over the course of a speech in order to improve its effectiveness

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20
Q

primary goals definition

A

the single, focused, overarching achievement the speaker hopes to attain with her audience by the end of the speech in order to be successful

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21
Q

What is the primary goal of all speeches

A

to persuade

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22
Q

What are the four primary goals of our speeches

A

to persuade the audience
- to learn important information about a new topic
- to consider perspectives other than their own
- to adopt a solution to a public problem advocated for by the speaker
- to value the life and experiences of another person

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23
Q

thesis statement

A

single, declarative sentence in which the speaker makes the central, overarching argument of their entire speech

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24
Q

oral traditions

A

earliest practices of speechmaking and storytelling by which societies shared and passed on histories, common sense, and culture

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25
Q

dominant paradigm of public speaking

A

the belied that effective public speaking should only be formal, be rational, emphasize Western values, and be practiced almost exclusively by white men

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26
Q

multicultural paradigm of public speaking

A

acknowledges that there are many speaking traditions and ways in which those traditions can be integrated or used independently in order to do effective and confident public speaking

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27
Q

cultures definition

A

socially created practices and values for understanding the world

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28
Q

free expression

A

an exercise of the human right to share ideas and opinions with others without interference from governments or other forms of authority

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29
Q

what are the free speech exceptions

A

incitement, defamation (slander and libel)

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30
Q

incitement definition

A

speech that advocates the use of force in a lawless and immediate way

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31
Q

defamation definition

A

a knowingly false statement made in public that harms the reputation of another person or entity

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32
Q

slander

A

when defamation that occurs in speech

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33
Q

libel

A

defamation that occurs in print or visual media

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34
Q

hate speech

A

speech that offends, threatens, or insults groups, based on race, color, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, disability, or other traits

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35
Q

why is hate speech protected

A

the principle matters, who decides, minorities suffer the most

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36
Q

morals

A

the personal and consistent principle that individuals use to determine what is good and bad

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37
Q

ethics

A

socially defined expectation of good and bad behavior, which are almost always variable by context

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38
Q

what values should a speaker prioritize

A

accuracy, honesty, transparency, empathy, vulnerability, accountability, authenticity, consistency

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39
Q

demagogue

A

a speaker who appeals to popular prejudices rather than reason and argument

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40
Q

post-truth society

A

a world in which people are willing to believe only their own interpretation of the world, even when there are no facts to support that the world actually exists in that way

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41
Q

difference

A

the various ways in which people’s experiences in and understanding of the world are expressed in their sense of self and others

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42
Q

pluralistic society

A

a society constituted by many different kinds of people who believe many different kinds of things yet work in common cause and tolerance for the betterment of the community as a whole

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43
Q

political correctness

A

the belief that language and behaviors that offend marginalized communities in a given society should be curtailed and replaced with statements and acts that affirm these communities place in that society

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44
Q

safe spaces

A

locations, places, and sites in the world in which individuals and communities can take refuge from opinions, expectations, and assumptions other people make about them

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45
Q

brave spaces

A

sites in which we emphasize the need for courage rather than the illusion of safety in public discourse

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46
Q

mistakes in speaking across difference

A

generalizing our experience, bias, stereotyping, ethnocentrism, speaking for others, only seeing one side of a person, defensive speaking and listening, disengagement

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47
Q

strategies for speaking across difference

A

listen to criticism, admit mistakes, and grow, use inclusive language, speak for yourself and invite others to speak, take up less time and space, be open-minded, be self-reflective, ask questions but do your work first

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48
Q

public speaking anxiety (glossophobia)

A

a common form of nervousness people feel before, during, and/or after speaking before groups of people in a public setting

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49
Q

communication apprehension

A

a broad term for the many types of anxieties people have about communication in general

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50
Q

trait anxieties

A

produce anxiousness around general categories of human experience because of our distinct personalities or experiences

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51
Q

State anxiety

A

anxiety about communication that is linked to a particular situation, circumstance, or moment

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51
Q

strategies for managing speaking anxiety

A

-pick a topic you know and care about
-prepare in advance
-practice
-give yourself flexibility
-select date and time
-know speech requirements
-get to know audience
-visit speech site in advance
-be well rested
-introduce comfort items
-be realistic

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51
Q

dimensions of a speaking situation

A

the speaker
the audience
the occasion
the time
the environment
the immediacy

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52
Q

audience analysis

A

an assessment of members of the audience’s identities, interests, and beliefs that can help the speaker shape their message

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53
Q

demographic survey

A

a written document that asks the audience to provide the speaker with information about the audience’s race, class, gender identity, sexual orientation, or other similar information

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54
Q

informant survey

A

reaching out to the speech organizer and asking that person for their assessment of the likely audience makeup

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55
Q

visual survey

A

quickly judging based on what they can see what kinds of people are in the audience

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56
Q

hand survey

A

where the speaker asks the audience to raise their hand if they fall into a particular category or have had a particular experience

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57
Q

argument

A

a well-supported and well-reasoned assertation about the world as it is or should be

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58
Q

claim

A

a statement that conveys a person’s sense of how the world is or how it should be

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59
Q

thesis statement

A

a single, declarative sentence in which the speaker makes the central, overarching argument of their entire speech

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60
Q

main points

A

the claims that undergird and support our thesis statement

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61
Q

sub-points

A

the smaller assertions we make about the world in support of our main points

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62
Q

evidence

A

credible information about the world that can be used to support a claim

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63
Q

inartistic forms of proof

A

definition, testimony, statistics, laws, contracts, oaths, narratives

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64
Q

definition

A

the establishes meaning and interpretation of a term

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65
Q

testimony

A

public statements made by a witness that describe an event, idea, or situation

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66
Q

statistics

A

scientifically significant sets of data on a subject of public concern

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67
Q

laws, contracts, and oaths

A

binding agreements and documents affirmed through the law or the word of another person

68
Q

narratives

A

a story that sheds light on an issue or exemplifies a point

69
Q

artistic forms of proof

A

ethos, pathos, logos

70
Q

logos

A

when a speaker presents their information in a clear and logical manner

71
Q

ethos

A

the credibility of a speaker, particularly their ethics, character, and experiences

72
Q

pathos

A

the use of emotional appeals by the speaker

73
Q

warrant

A

a form of reasoning that connects evidence to a claim

74
Q

types of warrants

A

induction, deduction, cause, analogy, sign

75
Q

induction

A

reasoning that uses a number of specific cases to draw a general conclusion or claim

76
Q

deduction

A

uses a general principle to reason what happened in a particular case

77
Q

cause

A

showing that a person, event, or object reasonably produced a change in the world

78
Q

analogy

A

a form of reasoning that works by identifying the same kind of relationship between multiple kinds of persons, objects, events, or items

79
Q

sign

A

pointing to something that signifies the presence of something else

80
Q

what are the secondary dimensions of argument

A

backing, qualifier, rebuttal

81
Q

backing

A

evidence that shows that the speaker’s reasoning is credible, authoritative, and makes sense

82
Q

qualifier

A

a statement of the degree to which the speaker is certain that a claim is true or valid

83
Q

rebuttal

A

a statement that acknowledges the circumstances under which the speaker’s argument would no longer be valid

84
Q

logical fallacies

A

unreasonably structures arguments that seek to make poor arguments appear to be good arguments

85
Q

what are the logical fallacies

A

ad hominem, bandwagon, slippery slope, what-about-ism, false dilemma, false cause, red herring, strawman,

86
Q

ad hominem

A

attacks a person instead of challenging the person’s argument

87
Q

bandwagon

A

claims that something should be done just because it is popular

88
Q

slippery slope

A

a claim that a small and reasonable step will inevitably lead to the most severe and outlandish outcome

89
Q

what-about-ism

A

speaker’s attempts to avoid criticism by suggesting the critic is actually just as guilty or wrong as the speaker

90
Q

false dilemma

A

present two options to the audience as their only possible choices when there are actually multiple choices

91
Q

False cause

A

just because one event happened prior to another event, the first event must have caused the second event

92
Q

hasty generalization

A

pervert the logic of induction to advance an unethical claim

93
Q

red herring

A

the speaker introduces information or ideas into an argument to confuse or distract from the information that actually matters

94
Q

strawman

A

a speaker intentionally mischaracterizes the position of their opponent and then attacks their opponent for that position

95
Q

research

A

the act of considering, finding, and collecting ideas and evidence in support of claims about the world

96
Q

ideas for brainstorming

A

randomization, free association, mindlessness, be in nature, study abstract art, check news and trending

97
Q

what should be the characteristics of a thesis?

A

short, declarative, interesting, goal-oriented, manageable

98
Q

academic sources

A

research that is produced by professional scholars and published in peer-reviewed academic outlets

99
Q

non-academic sources

A

ideas, reporting, and opinions from writers, critics, leaders, and community members that express their viewpoint or experience

100
Q

restricted research

A

online research conducted through libraries and databases that are not accessible to the general public for free

101
Q

infotainment

A

online and TV personalitites that use the news to produce content to entertain, enrage, or work up audiences for profit

102
Q

global plagiarism

A

taking another person’s complete work and attempting to pass it off as your own

103
Q

incremental plagiarism

A

the taking of a short line or small amount of information from another person’s work without proper citation

104
Q

patchwork plagiarism

A

the taking of statements or ideas from many different people’s work and combining them into your own work without proper citation

105
Q

self-plagiarism

A

the unauthorized reuse of one’s own work in multiple places or publication outlets

106
Q

organization

A

the inclusion and arrangement of key elements of a speech

107
Q

structures

A

parts of a speech that do particular tasks and work together to achieve the goal of the speech

108
Q

order

A

the manner in which the component structures of a speech are arranged to achieve a particular speech’s goal

109
Q

ephemeral

A

it is said an then it disappears immediately, out of sight out of mind unless what we say leaves an impression

110
Q

ordering principles

A

general rules about order that are shaped by human psychology and experience

111
Q

primacy principle

A

whichever point or idea in your speech is the strongest or most important should go first

112
Q

recency principle

A

whichever point or idea in your speech is the strongest or most important should go last

113
Q

ordering patterns

A

prefabricated methods of ordering points that are applied to the entirety of a speech

114
Q

chronological pattern

A

ordering main points by time, step, or process

115
Q

spatial pattern

A

ordering your main points by location, juxtaposition, or hierarchy

116
Q

circular pattern

A

ordering your main points as proceeding through a cycle or by returning to the beginning

117
Q

narrative pattern

A

ordering your main points as a story

118
Q

topoi

A

common lines of argument that a good speaker can go to that are applicable for almost any topic or subject matter

119
Q

what are the common topoi

A

possible/impossible
cause and effect
past fact/future fact

120
Q

preparation outline

A

an outline that includes a complete accounting of all the information the speaker wants to provide in their speech in full and complete sentences

121
Q

keyword outline

A

an appreviated version of the preparation outline that includes key words, phrases, ideas, and evidence that can jog the speaker’s mind

122
Q

style

A

the ways in which the speaker uses language to advance their message

123
Q

language

A

should be understood as one of the most prevalent symbolic systems human beings use to create and share meaning about their world, and ultimately to change it

124
Q

symbols

A

written, spoken, or visual representations that stand in for or represent something else

125
Q

semantic triangle of meaning

A

one person uses a word (symbol) that represents a thought about a thing that exists in the world (referent)

126
Q

speaking for clarity

A

a style of speech in which the speaker uses simple words, basic sentence structure, and ample definitions in order to teach the audience about something they do not know

127
Q

what are the aspects of speaking for clarity

A

definition, directness, simplicity

128
Q

speaking for entertainment

A

a speaking style that uses complex word play and ambiguity in order to give an audience a sense of joy

129
Q

aspects of speaking for entertainment

A

ambiguity, irony, self deprecation

130
Q

ambiguity

A

the undefined, unclear, a vague description of a problem

131
Q

irony

A

a trope in which the speaker implies a meaning different or opposite of the literal meaning

132
Q

speaking for eloquence

A

a style of speaking in which the speaker uses beautiful, poetic, and complex language in order to inspire the audience to action

133
Q

aspects of speaking for eloquence

A

metaphor, simile, alliteration, parallelism

134
Q

parallelism

A

the repetition of a particular wording across multiple, adjacent sentences

135
Q

Dimensions of delivery

A

eye contact, facial expressions, articulation, pronunciation, rate, vocal variety, posture, breathing and volume, gestures, proxemics

136
Q

proxemics

A

the ways in which speakers use space to advance their speaking situation

137
Q

emphatic gestures

A

a relatively benign use of the hand to motion or signal that a point in the speech merits the audience’s attention

138
Q

illustrative gesture

A

the form of the gesture itself has a meaning that is distinct from the speaker’s words

139
Q

speaking aid

A

a wide array of artifacts and tools at the disposal of the speaker to aid them in amplifying the message of their speech

140
Q

kinds of speaking aids

A

visual aid, audio aid, hepatic aid, olfactory aid, environmental aid, digital aid

141
Q

visual aid

A

a speaking aid that appeals to the audience in visual forms in order to convey, emphasize, or amplify the verbal message of a speech

142
Q

visual aggregation tools

A

software programs that gather, collect, and modify different kinds of visual information and mediums into a single stream for displaying to an audience

143
Q

hepatic aid

A

speaking aids that rely on touch, textures, and the ability to encounter the authentic and genuine

144
Q

environmental aid

A

speaking aids that can be pointed to or invoked in the space a speech is delivered in

145
Q

factors to use speaking aids safely and ethically

A

timely use, space and occasion appropriate, distraction-free, safe and legal

146
Q

informative speaking

A

the form of speaking that empowers others to decide or act

147
Q

objectivity

A

the belief that speakers can address a topic without allowing their personal viewpoint and beliefs to shape or interfere with the information they provide an audience

148
Q

examples of informative speaking

A

briefings, public advisories, testimony, lectures, tutorials

149
Q

deliberation

A

the mindful and thorough investigation of public problems and policy solutions through speech

150
Q

public deliberation

A

a form of communication that features open spaces for citizens to come together, good and fair information to help structure the conversation, and skilled facilitators to guide the process

151
Q

wicked problems

A

problems that have no technical solutions, primarily because they involve competing underlying values and paradoxes that require either tough choices between opposing goods or innovative ideas that can transcend the inherent tensions

152
Q

tips for facilitating a dialogue

A

prepare dialogue questions in advance
ask open-ended questions
pause for participation
encourage wide participation
encourage the audience to use the language of the speech
actively ask for opposing viewpoints
actively seek out values that you did not mention

153
Q

policy speech

A

a speech in which the speaker identifies a problem of public concern and advocates a particular course of action to resolve or minimize that problem

154
Q

confirmation bias

A

people’s tendency to take evidence that confirms their existing views at face value while being highly critical and suspicious of information that challenges their existing view of an issue

155
Q

partisanship

A

the knee-jerk belief that the best policy is whatever policy is advocated for by those who share a political affiliation

156
Q

identity-protective cognition

A

people process information about the world so that it confirms their own ideas about who they are

157
Q

authoritarian dynamic

A

people’s psychological tendency to demand strict traditionalism, security, and limitations of permissiveness and change in the face of perceived risk to themselves and their values

158
Q

backfire effect

A

correcting a person’s misperceptions about a policy actually leads them to believe that misperception more deeply

159
Q

what are successful ways to persuade?

A

relevance and engagement, repetition, empathy and perspective-taking, moral reframing, anticipating counter-arguments and disadvantages

160
Q

moral reframing

A

using the audience’s moral perspectives to persuade them to adopt a different policy position

161
Q

examples of policy speeches

A

campaign policy, legislative debate, advocacy groups

162
Q

organization of a policy speech

A

problem solution
problem-cause-solution
comparative advantage
monroe’s motivated sequence

163
Q

compatative advantage

A

speaker aims two contrasting policies against each other

164
Q

monroe’s motivated sequence

A

attention step, need step, satisfaction stem, visualization step, action step

165
Q

skills for a Q & A session

A

competence, collaboration, control, common sense

166
Q

loaded question

A

questions with assumptions already built into the question

167
Q

question types to watch out for in a Q & A session

A

loaded questions, complex questions, vague questions, non-question/open disagreement

168
Q

commemorative speech

A

a speech that praises a person or action as exemplary of a community value

169
Q

speech of value

A

an address in which the speaker sets out a particular admirable belief as meriting adoption by the audience

170
Q
A

Public Speaking (1 decks)

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