final

Question 1

individualism

Answer 1

independent self, I am = personal qualities, self contained

Question 2

collectivism

Answer 2

interdependent self, self-esteem related to what others think, i am = group identity

Question 3

ingroup

Answer 3

“us,” group of people who share a sense of belonging, common identity

Question 4

outgroup

Answer 4

“them,” group perceived as different from ingroup

Question 5

ingroup bias

Answer 5

tendency to favor one’s own group

Question 6

outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 6

perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than the ingroup members. “they are alike, we are diverse”

Question 7

Ethnocentrism

Answer 7

believing in the superiority of one’s own ethnic/cultural group and distain for others

Question 8

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 8

belief/exceptation that influence our behaviors, which leads to own fulfillment

Question 9

Scapegoat theory

Answer 9

cause of frustration is unknown, so it is displaced

Question 10

Just world phenomenon

Answer 10

tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Question 11

Illusory correlation

Answer 11

perception of a relationship where none exists or thinks it is stronger than it is

Question 12

Prejudice

Answer 12

preconceived negative judgment of a group & its individual members

Question 13

discrimination

Answer 13

unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members

Question 14

racism

Answer 14

individual’s prejudicial attitudes/behaviors toward people of a given race or institutional practices that subordinate

Question 15

sexism

Answer 15

individual’s prejudicial attitudes/behaviors toward people of a given gender or institutional practices that subordinate

Question 16

aggression

Answer 16

instrumental - achieve awards
hostile - from inner emotions

behavior intended to hurt someone

Question 17

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 17

blocking of goal-oriented behavior - leads to aggression

Question 18

displacement

Answer 18

redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration (new target is safer or more socially acceptable target)

Question 19

social learning theory

Answer 19

we learn social behavior by observing & imitating and by reward/punish

Question 20

Overconfidence phenomenon

Answer 20

tendency to be more confident than correct- overestimate accuracy of beliefs

Question 21

Availability heuristic

Answer 21

cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory; readily in memory = presume them as commonplace

Question 22

illusion of control

Answer 22

perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one’s control or as more controllable than they are

Question 23

Behavioral confirmation

Answer 23

type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to conform their expectations

Question 24

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 24

tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences & overestimate dispositional influences upon others’ behavior

Question 25

Cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 25

tension arises when one is simultaneously aware of 2 inconsistent cognitions- 2 of our thoughts are inconsistent

Question 26

Central-route persuasion

Answer 26

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments & respond with favorable thoughts

Question 26

Self-perception theory

Answer 26

when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us

Question 27

peripheral-route persuasion

Answer 27

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as attractiveness

Question 28

sleeper effect

Answer 28

delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective (remember message but forget the reason for discounting it)

Question 29

Psychological reactance

Answer 29

motive to protect one’s sense of freedom, arises when feeling threatened

Question 30

Attitude inoculation

Answer 30

exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they have refutations available

Question 31

sex vs gender

Answer 31

sex- 2 biological categories
gender- characteristics whether bio or social influenced