Final Flashcards
Types of Cerebral Palsy and definitions
- Spastic (most common): tense contracted muscles
- Athetoid: constant, uncontrolled motion of limbs, head and eyes
- Ataxic: core sense of balance, often causing falls and stumbles
- Rigidity: tight muscles that resist efforts to make them move
- Tremor: Uncontrolled shaking, interfering this coordination
Cerebral Palsy Topographic types and meanings
- Hemiplegia: one side of the body is affected (arm more than leg)
- Monoplegia: only one limb is affected (usually arm)
- Tripleglia: three limbs are involved (usually both arms and leg)
- Quadriplegia: all four limbs are involved
- Diplegia: all four limbs are involved. Both legs are more severely affected than arms.
What causes Cerebral Palsy
It’s congenital
before or at birth
lack of oxygen
Comorbid with Cerebral Palsy
Epilepsy and siezure disorders
What is a TBI
Traumatic Brain Injury: a term that describes sudden and physical damage and trauma to the brain
Signs of a TBI
- Headaches or neck pain that don’t go away
- difficulty remembering, concentrating, or making decisions
- slowness in thinking, speaking, acting, or reading
- Getting lost or easily confused
Types of TBI
Penetrating brain injuries
Close head injuries
Hemorragic contusion
“brain bruise”
Device to reduce intracranial pressure from swelling
ICP monitor
Secondary closed head injury
Evolves overtime after trauma has occurred
Brain swelling
Increased pressure inside the skull
Seizures
Intracranial infection
Fever
Hematoma
What is Spina Bifida?
“Split Spine”
Caused by incomplete closure of the neural tube usually in lower back.
Spina Bifida Occulta
The boney vertebrae is open, but the spine is within the spinal canal
“hidden”
Spina Bifida Meningocele
The boney vertebrae is open part of the meninges is protruding out of the spinal canal
Spina Bidida Myelomeningocele
The boney vertebrae is open, part of the meninges and part (or all) of the spinal cord is protruding out of the spinal canal
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Arthritis in children under 16 with inflammation lasting at least six weeks
JIA Etiology
Immune mediated disease
Complex genetic predispositions
Environmengtal triggers: infections, trauma, stress
What is Meningitis
Inflammation in the meninges
A disease caused by infection of the protective membranes, covering the spinal cord, known as the meninges
Usual cause of meningitis
An infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Symptoms of meningitis
Fever, neck pain, sleepiness, vomiting, joint pain, rash, headache, seizures, light sensitivity
Complications of meningitis
Hearing loss, problems with memory and concentration, problems with coordination and balance, learning difficulties, speech problems, vision loss, epilepsy
Cystic fibrosis is…
Recessive genetic disorder
Chronic bacterial infection in the airways and sinuses and elevated concentrations of chloride in sweat
Lupus is…
Autoimmune disease where your bodys immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks normal healthy tissue
80% of children diagnosed are female
Lupus presentation
Malar (or butterfly) rash across nose and cheeks
Discoid (disc shaped) rash
Sensitivity to light
Oral ulcers
Childhood lupus
Starts with fatigue and achiness
Treatable with medication
4 parts of the brain and their responsibilities
Top front - Frontal Lobe: Speech
Top back - Parietal Lobe: Taste, speech, and reading
Bottom front - Temporal Lobe: Hearing and smell
Bottom Back - Occipital Lobe: Vision
5 theories of language
- Behavioural: children learn from imitation (Skinner, 1957)
- Psycholinguistic: children are born to learn language (Chomsky, 1965)
- Semantic/Cognitive: both nature and nurture (Bloom, 1970)
- Sociolinguistic: both nature and nurture (Bates, 1976)
- Interactionist: both nature and nurture (Bloom & Lahey, 1978)
Voice is..
Air passing through vocal cords
Speech is…
Changing the sounds to form specific sounds
Language is…
Modulating your voice
Knowing rules
Forming words
Order
Common articulation errors
Substitutions: th for s, k for t
Omissions: syllables or sounds
Distortions: lateral s
Additions
Factors/skills within communication
Play skills
Receptive language
Nonverbal
Pragmatics (social skills)
Expressive language
Pre language skills
Factors/skills within speech and language development
Prelinguistic vocalizations
Receptive/expressive
Echolalic Speech
Holophrastic (speech one word)
Telegraphic speech (speech 2 words)
Language environment for infants
Is not solely auditory. Most language exposure comes from face to face interaction with adults
Naming explosion occurs at about 18 months. language builds rapidly at 50-100+ words per month
Same patterns with deaf infants and sign language (babbling still occurs)
Speech disorders
Articulation: omissions, substitutions, distortion
Voice: pitch, hoarseness, loudness
Dysfluencies: stuttering
Language problems are..
Receptive (comprehension)
and/or
Expressive (production)
5 language intervention pricipals
Early intervention
Parental involvement
Naturalistic Environment
Social interaction
Functional outcomes
Stages of second language acquisition
Use of home language
Observational/listening period
Telegraphic and formulaic speech
Fluid language use
Causes of TBI
45%: motor vehicle accidents
30%: falls
10%: occupational accidents
10%: recreational accidents
5%: assault
How do we hear
- Sound waves are funneled into ear
- Sound waves vibrate ear drum
- Ear drum moves bones in middle ear
- Middle ear bones move fluid in the inner ear
- Fluidocss hIr cells which send a signal through the auditory nerve.
Mouse Trap analogy - chain reaction
Hydrocephalus
A condition in which an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid occurs within the brain.
Typically causes increased pressure inside skull
Causes of Hydrocephalus
- Spina bifida and other brain and spinal cord (neural tube) defects.
- Pregnancy or birth complications
- TBI
- Stroke.
- Brain or spinal cord tumors.
- Meningitis or other infections of your brain or spinal cord.
2 types of Hematomas
Scalp - appears as a bump on the head. Damage to external skin and muscle, will not affect brain
Epidural - blood accumulates between skull and dura mater
2 Kinds of hearing loss
Conductive: problem with outer or middle ear. Blockage of sound conduction to ear
Sensorineural: problem with cochlea, cochlear nerve, central pathways
Differentiated using the Weber and Rinne Tests
How is hearing tested?
Otoacoustic Emissions
Sounds are presented to the ear canal and a small microphone measures the response in the ear canal
Auditory brainstem response
Sounds are presented and surface. Electroid’s measure brain stem activity.
Delayed hearing loss diagnosis can lead to
Impaired language development
A barrier to socialization
Misinterpretation of unresponsive (baby)
Social problems with peers
Otitis Media is…
Fluid in the ear
Inflammation of middle ear
Levels of Otitis Media
Some fluid (air fluid levels)
Effusion (full of fluid)
What is used for chronis Otitis Media?
Myringotomy, or small grommets, surgically placed in the eardrum
Leading cause of vision impairment in the world
Uncorrected refractive error
needing glasses or misshapen eye
Myopia/Myopic
Nearsighted, eyeball is too long
Distant objects appear blurry while close objects appear normal
Hyperopia/Hyperopic
Farsightedness, eyeball is too short
Distant objects are seen clearly but close objects appear blurry.
Amblyopia
Lazy eye
disorder of sight in which the brain fails to fully process input from one eye and over time favours the other eye.
Strabismus
Cross eye
vision disorder in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object. Eye pointed at object can alternate.
Telegraphic speech
The use of short 2-3 word sentences
The meninges are…
The protective membrane of the spinal cord
Parts of eye
Iris: controls amount of light entering
Pupil: controls field of vision
Lens
Retina: image is projected to
Optic nerve:
