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Final Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Cerebral Palsy and definitions

A
  • Spastic (most common): tense contracted muscles
  • Athetoid: constant, uncontrolled motion of limbs, head and eyes
  • Ataxic: core sense of balance, often causing falls and stumbles
  • Rigidity: tight muscles that resist efforts to make them move
  • Tremor: Uncontrolled shaking, interfering this coordination
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2
Q

Cerebral Palsy Topographic types and meanings

A
  • Hemiplegia: one side of the body is affected (arm more than leg)
  • Monoplegia: only one limb is affected (usually arm)
  • Tripleglia: three limbs are involved (usually both arms and leg)
  • Quadriplegia: all four limbs are involved
  • Diplegia: all four limbs are involved. Both legs are more severely affected than arms.
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3
Q

What causes Cerebral Palsy

A

It’s congenital
before or at birth
lack of oxygen

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4
Q

Comorbid with Cerebral Palsy

A

Epilepsy and siezure disorders

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5
Q

What is a TBI

A

Traumatic Brain Injury: a term that describes sudden and physical damage and trauma to the brain

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6
Q

Signs of a TBI

A
  • Headaches or neck pain that don’t go away
  • difficulty remembering, concentrating, or making decisions
  • slowness in thinking, speaking, acting, or reading
  • Getting lost or easily confused
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7
Q

Types of TBI

A

Penetrating brain injuries
Close head injuries

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8
Q

Hemorragic contusion

A

“brain bruise”

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9
Q

Device to reduce intracranial pressure from swelling

A

ICP monitor

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10
Q

Secondary closed head injury

A

Evolves overtime after trauma has occurred

Brain swelling
Increased pressure inside the skull
Seizures
Intracranial infection
Fever
Hematoma

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11
Q

What is Spina Bifida?

A

“Split Spine”
Caused by incomplete closure of the neural tube usually in lower back.

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12
Q

Spina Bifida Occulta

A

The boney vertebrae is open, but the spine is within the spinal canal
“hidden”

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13
Q

Spina Bifida Meningocele

A

The boney vertebrae is open part of the meninges is protruding out of the spinal canal

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14
Q

Spina Bidida Myelomeningocele

A

The boney vertebrae is open, part of the meninges and part (or all) of the spinal cord is protruding out of the spinal canal

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15
Q

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

A

Arthritis in children under 16 with inflammation lasting at least six weeks

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16
Q

JIA Etiology

A

Immune mediated disease
Complex genetic predispositions
Environmengtal triggers: infections, trauma, stress

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17
Q

What is Meningitis

A

Inflammation in the meninges
A disease caused by infection of the protective membranes, covering the spinal cord, known as the meninges

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18
Q

Usual cause of meningitis

A

An infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

Symptoms of meningitis

A

Fever, neck pain, sleepiness, vomiting, joint pain, rash, headache, seizures, light sensitivity

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20
Q

Complications of meningitis

A

Hearing loss, problems with memory and concentration, problems with coordination and balance, learning difficulties, speech problems, vision loss, epilepsy

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21
Q

Cystic fibrosis is…

A

Recessive genetic disorder
Chronic bacterial infection in the airways and sinuses and elevated concentrations of chloride in sweat

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22
Q

Lupus is…

A

Autoimmune disease where your bodys immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks normal healthy tissue

80% of children diagnosed are female

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23
Q

Lupus presentation

A

Malar (or butterfly) rash across nose and cheeks
Discoid (disc shaped) rash
Sensitivity to light
Oral ulcers

24
Q

Childhood lupus

A

Starts with fatigue and achiness
Treatable with medication

25
Q

4 parts of the brain and their responsibilities

A

Top front - Frontal Lobe: Speech
Top back - Parietal Lobe: Taste, speech, and reading
Bottom front - Temporal Lobe: Hearing and smell
Bottom Back - Occipital Lobe: Vision

26
Q

5 theories of language

A
  • Behavioural: children learn from imitation (Skinner, 1957)
  • Psycholinguistic: children are born to learn language (Chomsky, 1965)
  • Semantic/Cognitive: both nature and nurture (Bloom, 1970)
  • Sociolinguistic: both nature and nurture (Bates, 1976)
  • Interactionist: both nature and nurture (Bloom & Lahey, 1978)
27
Q

Voice is..

A

Air passing through vocal cords

28
Q

Speech is…

A

Changing the sounds to form specific sounds

29
Q

Language is…

A

Modulating your voice
Knowing rules
Forming words
Order

30
Q

Common articulation errors

A

Substitutions: th for s, k for t
Omissions: syllables or sounds
Distortions: lateral s
Additions

31
Q

Factors/skills within communication

A

Play skills
Receptive language
Nonverbal
Pragmatics (social skills)
Expressive language
Pre language skills

32
Q

Factors/skills within speech and language development

A

Prelinguistic vocalizations
Receptive/expressive
Echolalic Speech
Holophrastic (speech one word)
Telegraphic speech (speech 2 words)

33
Q

Language environment for infants

A

Is not solely auditory. Most language exposure comes from face to face interaction with adults

Naming explosion occurs at about 18 months. language builds rapidly at 50-100+ words per month

Same patterns with deaf infants and sign language (babbling still occurs)

34
Q

Speech disorders

A

Articulation: omissions, substitutions, distortion
Voice: pitch, hoarseness, loudness
Dysfluencies: stuttering

35
Q

Language problems are..

A

Receptive (comprehension)
and/or
Expressive (production)

36
Q

5 language intervention pricipals

A

Early intervention
Parental involvement
Naturalistic Environment
Social interaction
Functional outcomes

37
Q

Stages of second language acquisition

A

Use of home language
Observational/listening period
Telegraphic and formulaic speech
Fluid language use

38
Q

Causes of TBI

A

45%: motor vehicle accidents
30%: falls
10%: occupational accidents
10%: recreational accidents
5%: assault

39
Q

How do we hear

A
  1. Sound waves are funneled into ear
  2. Sound waves vibrate ear drum
  3. Ear drum moves bones in middle ear
  4. Middle ear bones move fluid in the inner ear
  5. Fluidocss hIr cells which send a signal through the auditory nerve.

Mouse Trap analogy - chain reaction

40
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

A condition in which an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid occurs within the brain.
Typically causes increased pressure inside skull

41
Q

Causes of Hydrocephalus

A
  • Spina bifida and other brain and spinal cord (neural tube) defects.
  • Pregnancy or birth complications
  • TBI
  • Stroke.
  • Brain or spinal cord tumors.
  • Meningitis or other infections of your brain or spinal cord.
42
Q

2 types of Hematomas

A

Scalp - appears as a bump on the head. Damage to external skin and muscle, will not affect brain
Epidural - blood accumulates between skull and dura mater

43
Q

2 Kinds of hearing loss

A

Conductive: problem with outer or middle ear. Blockage of sound conduction to ear
Sensorineural: problem with cochlea, cochlear nerve, central pathways

Differentiated using the Weber and Rinne Tests

44
Q

How is hearing tested?

A

Otoacoustic Emissions
Sounds are presented to the ear canal and a small microphone measures the response in the ear canal

Auditory brainstem response
Sounds are presented and surface. Electroid’s measure brain stem activity.

45
Q

Delayed hearing loss diagnosis can lead to

A

Impaired language development
A barrier to socialization
Misinterpretation of unresponsive (baby)
Social problems with peers

46
Q

Otitis Media is…

A

Fluid in the ear
Inflammation of middle ear

47
Q

Levels of Otitis Media

A

Some fluid (air fluid levels)
Effusion (full of fluid)

48
Q

What is used for chronis Otitis Media?

A

Myringotomy, or small grommets, surgically placed in the eardrum

49
Q

Leading cause of vision impairment in the world

A

Uncorrected refractive error
needing glasses or misshapen eye

50
Q

Myopia/Myopic

A

Nearsighted, eyeball is too long
Distant objects appear blurry while close objects appear normal

51
Q

Hyperopia/Hyperopic

A

Farsightedness, eyeball is too short
Distant objects are seen clearly but close objects appear blurry.

52
Q

Amblyopia

A

Lazy eye
disorder of sight in which the brain fails to fully process input from one eye and over time favours the other eye.

53
Q

Strabismus

A

Cross eye
vision disorder in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object. Eye pointed at object can alternate.

54
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

The use of short 2-3 word sentences

55
Q

The meninges are…

A

The protective membrane of the spinal cord

56
Q

Parts of eye

A

Iris: controls amount of light entering
Pupil: controls field of vision
Lens
Retina: image is projected to
Optic nerve:

Inclusive Practice (1 decks)

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