final

Question 1

Racial Gaps Narrowed In

Answer 1

High school completion
Life expectancy
Voter turnout

Question 2

Racial Illusion

Answer 2

Purely ideological construct that’s continuously changing

Question 3

Racial Essence

Answer 3

Something that is fixed, concrete, or objective

Question 4

Race

Answer 4

A concept which signifies and symbolizes social conflicts and interests by referring to different types of human bodies

Question 5

Racial Formation

Answer 5

Social and historical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed.
No biology basis, “race” is a widely held belief. Central to our identity. People act upon the idea of race, therefore “creating” races

Question 6

Racial Gaps Remain In

Answer 6

Above poverty line
Homeownership
Unemployment
Wealth 
Income
Occupation

Question 7

Bertrand & Mullainathan

Answer 7

Empirically tested whether being Black cause disadvantages in securing work/jobs
Sent resumes to job ads in Chicago and Boston with White and Black sounding names
Measured the call-back rate
Controlled the quality of resumes

Question 8

Bertrand & Mullainathan Findings

Answer 8

To receive 1 call-back…
-Applicants with White names: 10 resumes
-Applicants with Black names: 15 resumes
The value of a White name = +8 years of labor market experience

Question 9

Bertrand & Mullainathan on Black/White Inequality in Workforce

Answer 9

Having a better quality resume benefit Whites more
Having a better address benefit Whites more
Gap remains in all occupation and industry
Slight improvement when employers are located in more Black neighborhoods

Question 10

Wilson on Race Relations Over Time

Answer 10

Economic class position has become more important than race in determining the life chances of African Americans 
Wrote The Declining Significance of Race

Question 11

Wilson’s 3 Major Stages of Transformation

Answer 11

Pre-industrial period
Industrial period
Modern industrial period

Question 12

Pre-Industrial Stage of Transformation

Answer 12

Period of plantation economy and slavery.
Pre-Civil War until late 19c.
Racial stratification was overt and deliberate.
Stable and secure relationship between slave owners and the slaves, supported and legitimated by the polity.
Blacks were uniformly of low economic position, which reinforced and substantiated their low social position.
Economic racism waged by the white capitalists

Question 13

Industrial Stage of Transformation

Answer 13

Period of industrial expansion and segregation.
Late 19c until the civil rights movement of 1960s.
Racial stratification was overt and deliberate.
White privilege and supremacy was destabilized.
Black-White relations became more competitive with greater mobility of the black pop.
The efforts of white working and middle class to eliminate blacks from competition = Jim Crow segregation.
Monopolize their privileged access to the good things in life, by systematically depriving the competitors.
Economic racism waged by the white working/middle class.

Question 14

Modern Industrial Period

Answer 14

Shift from racial inequalities to class inequalities
Post-Civil Rights movement.
Racial equality was promoted in government policies.
Desegregation, equal employment, affirmative action.
Paths were cleared for the affluent blacks to enter into mainstream occupations.
New obstacle = new economic structure disproportionately affects lower class blacks
Obstacle today = black “underclass” , economic origin, racial in consequence

Question 15

Sex

Answer 15

Biological difference between male and female

Difference based on reproductive organs and hormones

Question 16

Gender

Answer 16

Socially and culturally defined interpreted differences between men and women.

Question 17

Social Construct of Gender

Answer 17

Individuals are born sexed, but not gendered.
Individuals are taught to be masculine or feminine.
Gendered practices of everyday life reproduce a society’s view of how men and women should act.

Question 18

Adapting to Time Binds Via Hochschild

Answer 18

More women wary about spending more time at home
Women feel guilty and stressed out by long hours of work, but they feel hesitant about cutting back on those hours despite companies being accommodating
Work becomes rewarding for them and home becomes work

Question 19

Adapting to Time Via Stone

Answer 19

These professional women are leaving work and becoming a stay-at-home mom.
They are being “pushed out” of work, because:
1. Work is demanding in an “all-or-nothing” fashion
2. Married with men with comparable credentials with equally demanding jobs, making them unavailable as a helping hand.

Question 20

Stone’s Time Bind
Upper-class Career Vs. Under-privileged Working Class

Answer 20

High-achieving women forced into decisions to reluctantly interrupt, and sometimes terminate their careers.
How about the less privileged women who do not enjoy the luxury to quit?
- Accommodate their family care giving needs by cycling in and out of the labor force through a series of low wage jobs.

Question 21

Allocative Discrimination

Answer 21

Discrimination in hiring (job placement and promotion)
Females are hired for particular occupations.
These “female jobs” pay less.
Hiring barriers for female job seekers.
Argues that “there’s a gender gap because women are segregated into lower paying jobs/occupations.”

Question 22

Valuative Discrimination

Answer 22

Employers assign lower wages to particular jobs because they are largely filled with women.
Jobs are equally demanding and hard, and of equal value to society, yet jobs that are filled by women are paid less than “male jobs.”
Argues that “there’s a wage gap because female jobs are devalued than male jobs.”
Results from gender bias in wage setting

Question 23

Within-job Discrimination

Answer 23

Men and women in the same job with same seniority, same work, same performance, but paid differently.
Argues that “there’s a gender gap because of sex discrimination in terms of pay.” Issue of “equal pay for equal work.”

Question 24

Social Mobility

Answer 24

Movement of people up and down in a stratified system

Question 25

Social Reproduction

Answer 25

People remaining in their classes of origin; replicating the experiences of their parents

Question 26

Intergenerational Mobility

Answer 26

A person’s class position compared to his/her parents’ position

Question 27

Petersen & Morgan’s Study

Answer 27

Test whether men and women receive equal pay within given occupations within the same establishment.
Occupational segregation & establishment segregation has a lot to do with wage difference.
Where gender inequality exists in terms of pay is not within-jobs.
When men and female work for the same company on the same occupation, their wage gap is minimal.
Thus focus should be on differential access of men and women to positions

Question 28

England on Gender Wage Gap

Devaluation Thesis

Answer 28

Devaluation of female jobs arise from gender bias.
Gender bias occurs at the point of wage setting.
Employers set lower wages when jobs are filled largely by women.
All other variables controlled, studies show that both men and women earn less when in a more female occupation.
Same person earns more when moving to a more male-dominated occupation or vice versa

Question 29

Intra-generational Mobility

Answer 29

Movement of one’s class position observed during his/her lifetime

Question 30

“Closed” Social System

Answer 30

Allows for no mobility; social reproduction; ascribed

Question 31

“Open” Social System

Answer 31

Free movement up and down; fluid society; “American Dream” is real

Question 32

Absolute Mobility

Answer 32

A kind of intergenerational mobility
Current generation achieving higher economic class position than the previous generation.
Measured as percentage of adults whose incomes are higher than their parents at the same age.

Question 33

“High” Absolute Mobility

Answer 33

Society in which economic growth is raising the entire population’s standard of living

Question 34

Relative Mobility

Answer 34

A kind of intergenerational mobility
Whether an individual has been able to move to a different economic income bracket from the one born into.
Change of position in relative terms of rank in the income distribution.

Question 35

“High” Relative Mobility

Answer 35

Parents’ income position is not a strong predictor of your own position as an adult

Question 36

Is the American Dream Real?

Answer 36

Absolute mobility: Most Americans are achieving the American dream in the sense that the majority are making more than their parents.
Relative mobility: Picture is more mixed and complicated.
More equality of chances to move up and down for the “middle income” families.
Children born at the top and bottom are likely to stay there as adults

Question 37

Bourdieu on Class Position

Answer 37

Possession of economic, social, and cultural capital. These three types of capital determine the condition of your existence

Question 38

Unequal Education

Answer 38

Access to college education is not equal across income distribution.
Over half of children born into the top quintile graduate from college.
Only 7% of those born into the bottom quintile graduate from college.
Birth contributes to the stickiness at the top and bottom of income distribution:
-Directly through class reproduction.
By restricted/privileged access to education

Question 39

Economic Capital

Answer 39

Monetary resources
Material resources directly convertible to money.
Similar to Marx’s idea of “means of production.”

Question 40

Social Capital

Answer 40

Connections with people.
Network of people that helps you gain something; give you access to resources.
Membership in a group.
Inherited social capital: a great family name.
Acquired social capital: human network you build; social circle you gain access to

Question 41

Cultural Capital

Answer 41

“Knowledge” in the broad sense helps you get ahead.
Knowledge that makes you a “cultured” person.
Field-specific knowledge.
Practical knowledge: refined ways of doing things.

Question 42

Types of Cultural Capital

Answer 42

Cultural capital in objectified form: writings; paintings; monuments; instruments.
Embodied cultural capital: capacity to appreciate and enjoy them (capacity to consume).
Institutionalized form of cultural capital: academic qualification; degree; certificate (an objective legitimation of knowledge; certification of cultural competence).

Question 43

Devah Pager Experiment

Answer 43

To study contemporary discrimination, we conducted a field experiment in the low-wage labor market of New York City, recruiting white, black, and Latino job applicants who were matched on demographic characteristics and interpersonal skills.
These applicants were given equivalent résumés and sent to apply in tandem for hundreds of entry-level jobs.
Found that a black applicant received a callback or job offer half as often as an equally qualified white applicant.
A black applicant with a clean record got a callback or job offer about as often as a white applicant with a felony conviction.
Still subtle racism in employment is apparent