Final Flashcards
The ____ _____ _____ ____ regulates the underground disposal of wastes in deep wells.
The Safe Drinking Water Act regulates the underground disposal of wastes in deep wells.
Powder or tablets of ____ ____ are usually used to disinfect gravel packing.
Powder or tablets of calcium hypochlorite are usually used to disinfect gravel packing.
A chlorine concentration of ___ mg/L is typically used to disinfect a well prior to bringing it online.
A chlorine concentration of 50 mg/L is typically used to disinfect a well prior to bringing it online.
In general, every __ units of EC represents 6 to 7 mg/L of dissolved solids.
In general, every 10 units of EC represents 6 to 7 mg/L of dissolved solids.
____ ____ getting plugged is the most common operational problem of wells.
Well screens getting plugged is the most common operational problem of wells.
Testing the well’s capacity is the ____ step in well construction.
Testing the well’s capacity is the last step in well construction.
For a well drilled into an unconfined aquifer, the capacity test normally runs for ____ hours.
For a well drilled into an unconfined aquifer, the capacity test normally runs for 72 hours.
Reducing the demand on the water supply will help to ensure it is ____.
Reducing the demand on the water supply will help to ensure it is sustainable.
Water ____ increasing will make tastes and odors more noticeable to the customers.
Water temperature increasing will make tastes and odors more noticeable to the customers.
25 to 30% is the conservation goal in a Stage ____ drought or emergency.
25 to 30% is the conservation goal in a Stage III drought or emergency.
A Stage IV drought or emergency goal for water conservation is more than ____%
A Stage IV drought or emergency goal for water conservation is more than 50%
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulates the ____, ____, ____, and ____ of hazardous wastes.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulates the storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal of hazardous wastes.
The normal pH range of ground water is ___ to ___.
The normal pH range of ground water is 6.0 to 8.5.
The normal pH range of surface water is ___ to ___.
The normal pH range of surface water is 6.5 to 8.5.
____ is when water moves from leaves, grasses, and other plants to the atmosphere.
Transpiration is when water moves from leaves, grasses, and other plants to the atmosphere.
____ is the term used to describe cloud formation.
Condensation is the term used to describe cloud formation.
____ is a radioactive gas.
Radon is a radioactive gas.
Blue-green algae is the most ____ form of algae.
Blue-green algae is the most toxic form of algae.
The water table is at the top of the ____ zone.
The water table is at the top of the saturation zone.
A ____ well is most commonly used near the shore of lakes and rivers.
A Radial well is most commonly used near the shore of lakes and rivers.
Groundwater ____ of surface water will keep a stream flowing without any surface runoff.
Groundwater augmentation of surface water will keep a stream flowing without any surface runoff.
Water channels from flowing water are more likely to form in ____ than sand or gravel.
Water channels from flowing water are more likely to form in limestone than sand or gravel.
Agricultural activities are most likely to contaminate a water source with ____, ____, and ____.
Agricultural activities are most likely to contaminate a water source with pesticides, herbicides, and nitrates.
Reservoir ____ has the largest impact on the effectiveness of copper sulfate.
Reservoir Alkalinity has the largest impact on the effectiveness of copper sulfate.
< __ mg/L is the optimum alkalinity range for copper sulfate control of algae.
< 50 mg/L is the optimum alkalinity range for copper sulfate control of algae.
____ is where the water which has evaporated moves through the air.
Advection is where the water which has evaporated moves through the air.
The ____ will be the first zone of a reservoir to become anaerobic.
The Hypolimnion will be the first zone of a reservoir to become anaerobic.
____ streams flow only occasionally.
Ephemeral streams flow only occasionally.
Radium is the most common ____ in water.
Radium is the most common radionuclide in water.
The ____ of an aquifer material determines how much water it can hold.
The porosity of an aquifer material determines how much water it can hold.
____ ____ and ____ ____ are most likely to contaminate a water source with nitrates, sulfates, organic compounds (solvents), sodium, and microbiological contaminants.
Septic tanks and leach fields are most likely to contaminate a water source with nitrates, sulfates, organic compounds (solvents), sodium, and microbiological contaminants.
A bored well can range in depth between ___ and ___ feet under acceptable ground conditions.
A bored well can range in depth between 25 and 60 feet under acceptable ground conditions.
The ____ ____ should be held constant while performing a pumping test of a new water supply well.
The pumping rate should be held constant while performing a pumping test of a new water supply well.
Destratifying a reservoir will help control ____.
Destratifying a reservoir will help control algae.
The ____ mussel attaches to boats which spreads them around.
The Zebra mussel attaches to boats which spreads them around.
Sand and Gravel are considered ____. Limestone and Fractured rock are ____ materials.
Sand and Gravel are considered unconsolidated. Limestone and Fractured rock are consolidated materials.
____ radiation consists of flying electrons.
Beta radiation consists of flying electrons.
____ radiation is considered a ray that is made up of photons.
Gamma radiation is considered a ray that is made up of photons.
____ is a gas that is released from the water supply as a vapor. It can then enter the lungs and cause lung cancer.
Radon is a gas that is released from the water supply as a vapor. It can then enter the lungs and cause lung cancer.
The most common solution feeder used for liquid coagulants and coagulant aids is the _______ pump.
The most common solution feeder used for liquid coagulants and coagulant aids is the metering pump.
Chemical metering pumps are positive displacement pumps. Common types include: ________, ________, and _____.
Chemical metering pumps are positive displacement pumps. Common types include: peristaltic, diaphragm, and piston.
Alum works best in a pH range of __ to ___
Alum works best in a pH range of 5.8 to 8.5
______ ______ is often used with lime softening.
Ferric sulfate is often used with lime softening.
The major advantage for using activated silica is that it will ________ the floc.
The major advantage for using activated silica is that it will strengthen the floc.
Sodium aluminate _______ coagulation when used with alum.
Sodium aluminate improves coagulation when used with alum.
Settleable solids will settle unaided to the bottom of a sedimentation basin within __ hours.
Settleable solids will settle unaided to the bottom of a sedimentation basin within 4 hours.
The _____ ________ measures the number of excess electrons found on the surface of all particulate matter in a water solution.
The zeta potential measures the number of excess electrons found on the surface of all particulate matter in a water solution.
A disadvantage of ________ pumps is that they require periodic flexible tubing replacement.
A disadvantage of peristaltic pumps is that they require periodic flexible tubing replacement.
Currently, the most frequently diagnosed waterborne diseases in the United States are ____________ and ___________.
Currently, the most frequently diagnosed waterborne diseases in the United States are Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis.
The Giardia disease is most likely to be transmitted by ______-__-______ contact.
The Giardia disease is most likely to be transmitted by person-to-person contact.
All suspended matter in water is called ______.
All suspended matter in water is called Turbidity.
When using copper sulfate to control algae, ___ mg/L is the safe dosage for most species of fish.
When using copper sulfate to control algae, 0.5 mg/L is the safe dosage for most species of fish.
Addition of ____, ______ ____, or _______ __________ may be required to aid the coagulation and flocculation of waters low in Alkalinity.
Addition of lime, caustic soda, or sodium bicarbonate may be required to aid the coagulation and flocculation of waters low in Alkalinity.
Zeta potential is the natural electrical force which keeps _______ particles apart in water treatment.
Zeta potential is the natural electrical force which keeps colloidal particles apart in water treatment.
There are 4 zones in all conventional sedimentation basins. 1 _______ zone; 2 _______ zone; 3 _______ zone; and 4 ______ zone.
There are 4 zones in all conventional sedimentation basins. 1 Influent zone; 2 Settling zone; 3 Effluent zone; and 4 Sludge zone.
Mechanical sludge removal equipment in sedimentation basins should be drained and inspected ____ a year.
Mechanical sludge removal equipment in sedimentation basins should be drained and inspected once a year.
The turbidity of settled water before it is applied to the filters (post sedimentation process) be kept below _ to _ ntu.
The turbidity of settled water before it is applied to the filters (post sedimentation process) be kept below 1 to 2 ntu.
The _________ _____ is particularly affected by the other zones in a sedimentation basin.
The settling zone is particularly affected by the other zones in a sedimentation basin.
The material that accumulates on the surface of a dissolved air flotation unit is called _____.
The material that accumulates on the surface of a dissolved air flotation unit is called float.
The solids concentration in solid-contact basins with fairly constant water quality parameters should be determined at least _____ per day.
The solids concentration in solid-contact basins with fairly constant water quality parameters should be determined at least twice per day.
The ______ ______ collects the settled water as it leaves the sedimentation basin.
The effluent launder collects the settled water as it leaves the sedimentation basin.
The typical filter run time for a high-rate filter system is between __ and __ hours. 24 hours is an average high-rate filter run time.
The typical filter run time for a high-rate filter system is between 12 and 36 hours. 24 hours is an average high-rate filter run time.
The action of straining suspended particles plays a ______ role during filtration. Filtration depends on a combination of physical and chemical mechanisms, ________ being the most important.
The action of straining suspended particles plays a minor role during filtration. Filtration depends on a combination of physical and chemical mechanisms, adsorption being the most important.
A diatomaceous earth filter uses _________ for filtration.
A diatomaceous earth filter uses pressure for filtration.
Coating the sides of uncovered sedimentation basins with ______ ______ and _____ can eliminate slime growths.
Coating the sides of uncovered sedimentation basins with copper sulfate and lime can eliminate slime growths.
Operators that run a _________ ____ _________ process have as their objective the production of pinfloc for easier floatation and removal.
Operators that run a dissolved air floatation process have as their objective the production of pinfloc for easier floatation and removal.
The filtration media in a slow sand filter is _________.
The filtration media in a slow sand filter is unstratified.
_ to _% of the water produced by a conventional rapid sand filter is used for backwashing.
2 to 4% of the water produced by a conventional rapid sand filter is used for backwashing.
______ plates are usually inclined 45 degrees.
Lamella plates are usually inclined 45 degrees.
The ___________ process is eliminated by direct filtration.
The sedimentation process is eliminated by direct filtration.
A backwash rate that is too ____ can cause gravel displacement which can lead to a ____ ____.
A backwash rate that is too high can cause gravel displacement which can lead to a sand boil.
When treating low turbidity water and operating a filter for one week between backwashes, _____ __________ may still occur even though the water quality is high.
When treating low turbidity water and operating a filter for one week between backwashes, floc breakthrough may still occur even though the water quality is high.
High-rate filters operate in the range of __ to __ gpm/ft2
High-rate filters operate in the range of 3.0 to 8.0 gpm/ft2
A difference in _______ between anthracite and sand causes the anthracite to remain on top of the sand following a backwash. Sand has a higher _______ than anthracite.
A difference in density between anthracite and sand causes the anthracite to remain on top of the sand following a backwash. Sand has a higher density than anthracite.
_________ tube settlers are inclined about 5 degrees
Horizontal tube settlers are inclined about 5 degrees
Biological methods of treating drinking water may introduce _________ _________ and other _______ by-products into the finished water if not designed and operated properly.
Biological methods of treating drinking water may introduce pathogenic organisms and other harmful by-products into the finished water if not designed and operated properly.
Direct filtration is used to treat raw water that has average turbidities ≤ __ ntu
Direct filtration is used to treat raw water that has average turbidities ≤ 25 ntu
Diatomaceous earth filters are used only for water with ____ turbidity levels.
Diatomaceous earth filters are used only for water with low turbidity levels.
The _______ ________ adsorptive effect of granular activated carbon (GAC) is limited when used above a layer of sand in a high rate filter because the water being filtered has limited contact time with the GAC.
The organic compound adsorptive effect of granular activated carbon (GAC) is limited when used above a layer of sand in a high rate filter because the water being filtered has limited contact time with the GAC.
An advantage of controlling a filter based on a “_______ _______-_____” is that it doesn’t require a rate-of-flow controller.
An advantage of controlling a filter based on a “variable declining-rate” is that it doesn’t require a rate-of-flow controller.
Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) units are fitted with a ___-___-_____ alarm that alerts the wearer to leave the contaminated site.
Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) units are fitted with a low-air-pressure alarm that alerts the wearer to leave the contaminated site.
The purpose of the ______ _____ valve in the line going to the chlorine injector is to shut off chlorine gas flow in case of a leak.
The purpose of the vacuum relief valve in the line going to the chlorine injector is to shut off chlorine gas flow in case of a leak.
The _______ creates the vacuum that is required to operate the chlorinator.
The Injector creates the vacuum that is required to operate the chlorinator.
The maximum chlorine gas withdrawal rate from a one-ton container at 70°F is ____ lb/d.
The maximum chlorine gas withdrawal rate from a one-ton container at 70°F is 400 lb/d.
To permit maximum withdrawal rate when opening a chlorine cylinder valve, open only ____ ____.
To permit maximum withdrawal rate when opening a chlorine cylinder valve, open only one turn.
________ _______ are the organisms used to indicate the likelihood that pathogenic bacteria may be present.
Coliform bacteria are the organisms used to indicate the likelihood that pathogenic bacteria may be present.
_________ ___________ should be fed as early as possible in the treatment process to allow for complete reaction before it enters the distribution system.
Potassium permanganate should be fed as early as possible in the treatment process to allow for complete reaction before it enters the distribution system.Potassium permanganate should be fed as early as possible in the treatment process to allow for comp
The two most important factors impacting the effectiveness of chlorination are ___________ of chlorine and _______ _____.
The two most important factors impacting the effectiveness of chlorination are concentration of chlorine and contact time.
The flexible copper tubing that connects a 150-lb chlorine cylinder to a manifold should be rated at ___ psi.
The flexible copper tubing that connects a 150-lb chlorine cylinder to a manifold should be rated at 500 psi.
The most common water quality complaint for most utilities is _____ and _____.
The most common water quality complaint for most utilities is taste and odors.
_________ ___________ could cause pink water problems.
Potassium permanganate could cause pink water problems.
Infectious hepatitis is caused by a type of _____.
Infectious hepatitis is caused by a type of virus.
Chlorine supply lines be replaced ______ _____.
Chlorine supply lines be replaced every year.
Potassium permanganate should be fed ______ chlorine.
Potassium permanganate should be fed before chlorine.
Ozone generally lasts a few ______ to a few ______ when it is dissolved in water for disinfection purposes.
Ozone generally lasts a few seconds to a few minutes when it is dissolved in water for disinfection purposes.
One-ton chlorine containers are equipped with two valves, one for _____ and one for ___.
One-ton chlorine containers are equipped with two valves, one for liquid and one for gas.
Chlorine cylinders stored outside should be stored on ______ ____ to help prevent corrosion.
Chlorine cylinders stored outside should be stored on elevated racks to help prevent corrosion.
______ _______ (__) is applied to the electrodes used for cathodic protection of a water storage tank.
Direct current (DC) is applied to the electrodes used for cathodic protection of a water storage tank.
Following maintenance on a water storage tank, the tank must be disinfected and a ________ test must be performed. The bacteriological test must be negative before the tank is placed in service.
Following maintenance on a water storage tank, the tank must be disinfected and a Coliform test must be performed. The bacteriological test must be negative before the tank is placed in service.
Water age in the distribution system is the lowest in the ____ _______.
Water age in the distribution system is the lowest in the late evening.
The pressure at the bottom of a tank is solely due to the height of the water level above the bottom of the tank. Tank diameter does not impact the _______ at the bottom of the tank.
The pressure at the bottom of a tank is solely due to the height of the water level above the bottom of the tank. Tank diameter does not impact the pressure at the bottom of the tank.
Stored water age in the distribution system is the highest during ____ _______.
Stored water age in the distribution system is the highest during early morning.
