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CONTEMPORARY EUROPE > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Which treaty established the office of the High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy?

A. Treaty of Maastricht
B. Treaty of Amsterdam
C. Treaty of Lisbon
D. Treaty of Rome

A

B

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2
Q

What is the primary focus of the European Green Deal?

A. Military expansion
B. Economic integration
C. Achieving net-zero emissions
D. Diplomatic relations with Asia

A

C

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3
Q

Which EU institution was put in charge of the High Representative in 2009?
A. Council of Foreign Affairs
B. European Commission
C. European External Affairs Service
D. European Political Community

A

C

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4
Q

Which summit preceded the European Political Cooperation?

A. The Hague summit
B. Paris summit
C. Geneva summit
D. London summit

A

A

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5
Q

Which of the following is NOT a key issue discussed under Europe’s Strategic Autonomy?

A. European defence after Brexit
B. European nuclear defence
C. NATO, EU & the US
D. Rearranging the framework of the European Single Market

A

D

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6
Q

What is the primary objective of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)?

A. Establishing a European military force
B. Leading autonomous peace-keeping and crisis management operations
C. Economic development in member states
D. Ensuring demilitarised civilian zones in the European Neighbourhood

A

B

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7
Q

The European Political Cooperation (EPC) was succeeded by which of the following in 1993?

A. CFSP
B. NATO
C. OSCE
D. EULEX

A

A

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8
Q

Which report codified the European Political Cooperation (EPC) with the Single European Act in 1986?

A. London Report
B. Copenhagen Report
C. Brussels Report
D. Berlin Report

A

B

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9
Q

Josep Borrell, who is the current High Representative of the CSDP is also the Vice President of which of the following EU Institutions?
A. Council of Europe
B. Council of Ministers
C. European Parliament
D. European Commission

A

D

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10
Q

Which area is NOT mentioned as part of the EU’s comprehensive approach towards crisis management?

A. Military operations
B. Cultural diversity strengthening
C. Humanitarian aid
D. Conflict prevention

A

B

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11
Q

Which treaty integrated the three pillars including CFSP into one framework?

A. Treaty of Rome
B. Treaty of Nice
C. Treaty of Lisbon
D. Treaty of Amsterdam

A

C

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12
Q

What does the European Union support in the Middle East peace process?

A. One-state solution
B. Two-state solution
C. Three-state solution
D. No involvement

A

B

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13
Q

The Treaty of Lisbon established the three pillar system in the EU.

A

F - Maastricht

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14
Q

The Fouchet Plan (1961), Hague Summit (1969) and the Davingnon Report (1971) were preceding events to the formation of the European Defence Community in 1970

A

F - European Political Cooperation

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15
Q

The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) was established by the Maastricht Treaty.

A

F - TFEU

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16
Q

The European Political Cooperation was formalized by the Treaty of Rome

A

F - Single European Act

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17
Q

The European Green Deal aims to achieve net-zero emissions.

A

T

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18
Q

The EU has a standing army for its common security and defence policy.

A

F

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19
Q

The EU’s High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy also oversees the EEAS.

A

T

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20
Q

The EU’s foreign policy requires unanimity among member states in the Council of the European Union.

A

T

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21
Q

The EU’s neighbourhood policy was re-launched after the 2011 Arab Spring

A

T

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22
Q

Which of the following countries did NOT join PESCO?
A. United Kingdom
B. Iceland
C. Ireland
D. Denmark

A

D

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23
Q

The EU is losing its global economic power.

A

T

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24
Q

As a response to the Euromaidan movement in Ukraine in 2013 which was a pro-European movement by the country’s youth, Russia stopped the supply of fuel to Europe through Ukraine.

A

F

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25
Q

The Budapest Memorandum provided a protection clause for Ukraine as a former Soviet nuclear base.

A

T

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26
Q

The Minsk Agreement was signed to decrease tensions in the Donbass region.

A

T

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27
Q

Switzerland forwent its neutrality law and imposed sanctions against Russia for its annexation of Crimea in 2014.

A

F

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28
Q

Switzerland did not impose sanctions against Russia after its invasion of Ukraine in 2022 according to its neutrality laws.

A

F

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29
Q

Russia’s failure in the Russo-Ukrainian War will pave the way for China to obtain the G2 status.

A

T

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30
Q

China has a long term advantage in rare earth materials and strategic resources.

A

T

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31
Q

NATO’s Article 5 of collective security was invoked in 2001 after the attack on the Twin Towers on September 11 and after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022.

A

F

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32
Q

Article 5 of the NATO Charter calls for collective security action for all willing and capable member states in the event that one member is attacked by a third party.

A

F

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33
Q

In which of the following countries has NATO NOT had an operation?
A. Afghanistan
B. Cyprus
C. Kosovo
D. Iraq

A

B

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34
Q

NATO member states must spend at least 2% of their GDP on NATO defence spending. In Europe, the Balkan countries fulfill this criteria.

A

F

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35
Q

NATO’s 2010 Strategic Concept called for Nuclear Proliferation and Nuclear Deterrence, while its 2022 New Strategic Concept called for resilience building and bolstering nuclear deterrence.

A

T

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36
Q

NATO’s 2010 Strategic Concept outlined that Russia is the most “significant and direct threat” to the security of the NATO member states and proclaimed that China is a strategic challenge in Indo-Pacific security.

A

F

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37
Q

Select all the countries where nuclear weapons are found as a result of the NATO-EU Nuclear Sharing mechanism
A. Netherlands
B. Turkey
C. Belgium
D. Germany
E. Italy
F. Greece

A

All except F

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38
Q

Turkey continues to be a certain ally of NATO.

A

F - “Uncertain Ally”

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39
Q

European strategic autonomy remains overly focused on US criticism
of the EU

A

T

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40
Q

EU member states agree on the geographical and functional level of
ambition they should adopt in pursuing strategic autonomy.

A

F

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41
Q

To fulfil its true potential, the EU needs to end its strategic cacophony and focus on
capability building.

A

T

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42
Q

Which of the following is NOT a dimension of strategic autonomy?
A. Political autonomy
B. Operational Autonomy
C. Economic Autonomy
D. Industrial Autonomy

A

C

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43
Q

France and Germany, as the “twin engines” of the EU, called for the formation of a Franco-German White Paper in 2018 that would find a common definition of strategic autonomy while also accounting for political autonomy.

A

T

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44
Q

France and Germany suggested a “top-down” approach to bilateral agreement and cooperation.

A

F - Bottom-up

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45
Q

The Franco-German position on political autonomy is one of joint mapping of key technologies.

A

F - industrial autonomy

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46
Q

The EU has a trade deficit with the United States of 153 billion Euro

A

F - Surplus worth 153 billion Euro

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47
Q

Which of the following is NOT a part of the EU Energy Mix?
A. Crude oil and petroleum
B. Natural gas
C. Renewable energy
D. Solid fossil fuels
E. Carbon-capture
F. Nuclear energy

A

E

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48
Q

Which of the following countries have the largest share of renewables in the EU? Select all that apply.
A. Sweden
B. Denmark
C. Estonia
D. Poland
E. Malta

A

A, B

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49
Q

Solid fossil fuels are most prominent in Estonia and Poland.

A

T

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50
Q

The Netherlands is the only oil producing country in the EU.

A

F - Germany, Spain (EUCom 2022 data: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Oil_and_petroleum_products_-_a_statistical_overview&oldid=315177)

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51
Q

Renewable energy was the exclusive source of energy production in which of the following countries?
A. Luxembourg
B. Latvia
C. Cyprus
D. Malta

A

D

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52
Q

Natural gas has the largest share in the Energy Mix in which of the following countries? Select all that apply.
A. Netherlands
B. Ireland
C. Denmark
D. Romania

A

A, B, D

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53
Q

Which of the following countries has the largest share of crude oil in its energy production mix?
A. Finland
B. Poland
C. Germany
D. Denmark

A

D

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54
Q

As of 2022, the EU’s main energy import product category was which of the following?
A. Natural gas
B. Solid fossil fuels
C. Oil and petroleum/ crude oil
D. Renewable

A

C

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55
Q

The highest shares of oil and petroleum product imports are by Cyprus and Malta

A

T

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56
Q

Italy and Hungary account for the largest share of natural gas imports in the EU.

A

T

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57
Q

Solid fossil fuels are the biggest share of energy product imports in Poland, Slovakia, and Czechia.

A

T

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58
Q

The EU’s energy import dependency rate for 2022 was 63%. Which means that Less than 40% of EU’s energy needs were met by its own energy production.

A

T

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59
Q

Energy import dependency rates are highest in which of the following countries?
A. Luxembourg
B. Poland
C. Malta
D. Slovakia

A

C

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60
Q

In 2022, more than half of extra-EU oil and petroleum imports originated from five countries. Which of the following is NOT a country that exports oil to the EU?
A. US
B. KSA
C. Russia
D. China
E. Norway
F. UK

A

D

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61
Q

64% of EU’s imports of natural gas came from 4 countries. Which of the following is NOT included?
A. Norway
B. UK
C. US
D. Russia
E. Algeria

A

B

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62
Q

South Africa is one of the biggest source of imports for solid fossil fuels to the EU.

A

T

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63
Q

In 2022, of the total energy available, 33% was used for industrial purposes and by the citizens.

A

F - 67

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64
Q

Petroleum products account for 37% of the final energy consumption, followed by solid fossil fuels.

A

F - electricity-23, natural and manufactured gas-21

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65
Q

Petroleum products made up 55% of final energy consumption in Cyprus, Luxembourg and Malta.

A

T

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66
Q

Direct use of renewable energy was highest in Sweden, Finland, and Denmark

A

F - (x) Denmark

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67
Q

Private households and industry accounted for the largest share of energy consumption in the EU.

A

F - transport

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68
Q

Electricity consumption accounts for 23% of all energy consumption in the EU, coming from different sources including solid fossil fuels, renewable, natural gas, and nuclear

A

T

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69
Q

Which of the following sources of energy production were responsible for the largest share? Select all that apply.
A. Solid fossil fuels
B. Renewable
C. Natural gas
D. Nuclear power plants

A

A, B, D

70
Q

Which of the following is NOT a source of renewable electricity production in the EU?
A. Renewable carbon capture
B. Wind turbines
C. Solar power
D. Biofuels
E. Hydropower plans

A

A

71
Q

The highest shares of biofuels and solar power in the production of electricity was in Luxembourg

A

T

72
Q

The lowest electricity and gas prices in the EU are in Bulgaria and the highest prices are in Germany

A

T / F - Netherlands

73
Q

The largest reductions in green house gas emissions in the EU where in the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

A

T

74
Q

Which of the following countries had the largest reduction in green house gas emissions in the EU?
A. Portugal
B. Luxembourg
C. Netherlands
D. Romania

A

D

75
Q

Since 1990, green house gas emissions in the EU have reduced by over 50%

A

F - 28

76
Q

Which of the following is NOT an objective of the EU Energy Policy?
A. Sustainable development
B. Competitiveness
C. Strategic autonomy
D. Secure supply

A

C

77
Q

The Energy Union Strategy’s climate action aims are to decarbonise the environment through research, innovation and competitiveness

A

F - economy (/environment)

78
Q

The EU continues to depend on Russian oil and gas as imports of Russian petroleum oil and natural gas account for the largest shares of energy imports.

A

F - petroleum (Norway, US, Kazakh, Saudi, Libya, Nigeria)
F - natural gas (Norway, UK, Algeria, RUS)

79
Q

The US is the biggest supplier of natural gas in gaseous state to the EU.

A

F - LNG

80
Q

EU’s imports of crude oil from Russia saw the steepest decline in the 1st quarter of 2022.

A

F - 3rd

81
Q

Major routes of gas pipelines connecting natural gas fields in Western Siberia to export markets in Western Europe run via Ukraine.

A

T

82
Q

US LNG exports to Europe rose after sanction against Russia in early 2022. This shift in export destinations reduced exports to regions such as Asia-Pacific and the Caribbean. This pushed some countries to buy subsidised Russian oil and gas although it had no major impact on the effectivity of Western sanctions against Russia.

A

F

83
Q

Which of the following countries is NOT a nuclear power?
A. Lithuania
B. Germany
C. Switzerland
D. Ukraine

A

A

84
Q

Renewable energy sources are highest in the Baltic countries due to the high number of off-shore wind turbines in the Baltic Sea.

A

F - Nordic, Sweden

85
Q

Which of the following is NOT a key point of the European Green Deal?
A. Climate Netrual and Circular Economy
B. Zero Pollution and Ecosystem Biodiversity
C. Farm to Fork strategy
D. Foreign and Security policy
E. R&D

A

D

86
Q

Renewable energy installations are highest in which of the following countries? Select all
A. Germany
B. Netherlands
C. Denmark
D. Spain
E. Sweden
F. Finland

A

A, C, D, E

87
Q

EU’s Fit for 55 package includes 3 categories. Which of the following is NOT a category?
A. Security of supply
B. Energy
C. Transport
D. Emission reductions

A

A

88
Q

The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism applies to Cement, Iron & Steel, Aluminium, Fertiliser, and Electricity.

A

T

89
Q

RePowerEU is a plan to reduce dependence on Russian fossil fuels and fast forward to a green transition through CBAM.

A

T / F - energy savings, diversification of energy supplies, ^renewable energy roll-outs

90
Q

Long-standing democracies such as Austria, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Portugal faced democratic declines in recent years.

A

T

91
Q

EU has a traditionally proactive democracy support mechanism.

A

F - defensive

92
Q

Which of the following Central European countries saw improvements in the democratic system, especially in its absence of corruption index?
A. Poland
B. Slovenia
C. Slovakia
D. Hungary

A

B

93
Q

There are several challenges to European democracy today. Select all those that apply.
A. Ukrainian refugees
B. Migration crisis
C. Energy crisis
D. Inflation
E. Recessions

A

ALL

94
Q

Countries are polarized between high-performing Northern and Western Europe and established non democracies.

A

T

95
Q

EU initiatives focus on civic participation, media freedom, and election integrity, and promoting gender equality and democratic values.

A

T

96
Q

Azerbaijan, Belarus, and Türkiye show improvements across most indicators of democracy in the European average.

A

F

97
Q

In 2022, Europe is the highest-scoring
region on average in Representation, and the Baltic states are beginning to approach levels seen in the Nordic countries.

A

T

98
Q

Central Europe shows improvement in Representation.

A

T

99
Q

Freedom of the Press sees more declines than advances.

A

T

100
Q

Rule of Law has improved in Central Europe, especially in Hungary and Austria.

A

F

101
Q

Credible Elections was the factor of Representation with the most changes over the last five years

A

T

102
Q

Credible elections-representation declined in which of the following countries?
A. Iceland
B. Moldova
C. Ukraine
D. Kosovo

A

A

103
Q

Slovakia has experienced remarkable rebounds in democratic performance over the past year (2021–2022).

A

F - Slovenia

104
Q

There have been more declines than advances in Freedom of the Press in Europe over the last five years

A

T

105
Q

There have been more declines than advances in Rule of Law in Europe over the last five years, including in high and mid-range performers (2017–2022), especially in Estonia, Latvia and the Netherlands.

A

T / F (^ +), - Belarus, Armenia, Hungary, Moldova, Austria

106
Q

Illiberal tactics such as suppressing rights, targeting academic freedoms, and tightening abortion policies have seen a rise in Poland and Hungary.

A

T

107
Q

The 2023 Rule of Law Report demanded more comprehensive reforms from Hungary and Poland.

A

T

108
Q

The EU’s new approach to illiberal-leaning countries includes calls for international election observation in Poland and questioning Hungary’s fitness to hold the EU presidency in 2024.

A

T

109
Q

The EU has introduced tax incentives to combat energy shortages and rising prices caused by the economic repercussions of the sanctions against Russia since its invasion of Ukraine.

A

T

110
Q

Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, and Ukraine achieved candidate status for EU membership, while Georgia’s application
was reviewed.

A

T

111
Q

Accession talks were launched for Albania and North Macedonia in 2022, and Kosovo citizens will have visa-free travel within the EU in 2024.

A

T

112
Q

The European Parliament has proposed reforms to give European voters more control which were approved in the most recent European Parliamentary election.

A

T / F - no yet approved

113
Q

The Brexit corruption scandal exposed weaknesses in the EU’s ethics system and highlighted the need for stricter
transparency and accountability rules.

A

F - Qatargate

114
Q

Rise in illiberal and authoritarian regimes has resulted in democracies shifting focus to realpolitik priorities.

A

T

115
Q

There is increasing skepticism about Western democracies’ credibility due to internal political issues.

A

T

116
Q

The new EU demoracy support approach is focussed on safeguarding democracy in hostile environments through a traditional support mechanism.

A

F - proactive > defensive

117
Q

The traditional approach to democratic support is effective in adapting to geopolitical trends, providing immediate protection for democracy activists, and reducing reliance on exporting norms.

A

F - defensive

118
Q

The defensive support mechanism for democracy faces the challenges of passivity and overcorrection as well as the need for strategic design and balance in democracy support.

A

T

119
Q

Populism is a political ideology combining right-wing policies with populist rhetoric and emphasises on nationalism, anti-elitism, and skepticism towards immigration and globalization.

A

T

120
Q

Populism includes a strong emphasis on national identity, sovereignty, opposition to supranational entities such as the EU and portrayal of foreigners and immigrants as threats to national security and cultural identity.

A

T

121
Q

Left-wing populism in Europe is anti-elitist and frames elites as out of touch with the ‘common people’.

A

F - right-wing

122
Q

Right-wing populists in Europe have criticised the EU bureaucracy and loss of national sovereignty, and have also advocated for reducing EU influence on national laws and agendas.

A

T

123
Q

European right-wing populism is characterised by protecting domestic industries and wanting more free trade agreements.

A

T / F - opposed to FTAs

124
Q

Welfare chauvinism is the process where centrist-populist members prioritise the welfare benefits for native citizens and frame welfare policies a protection for the ‘deserving’

A

T / F - right-wing populist

125
Q

In Hungary, the right-wing populist party Fidesz has pushed for policies on immigration, media control and EU relations.

A

T

126
Q

Euroscepticism and negative stances on immigration as well economic policies are a characteristic seen in Lega Nord and Matteo Salvini in Italy.

A

T

127
Q

In Italy, the National Rally and Marine Le Pen focusses on national identity, stricter immigration and law order rules.

A

F - France

128
Q

The three grands periods since 1871 according to Ulrich Krotz do NOT include which of the following?
A. Hereditary enmity
B. Reconciliation
C. Special Relationship
D. Friendship and Cooperation

A

D

129
Q

Petain’s Vichy government was scored for being Nazi collaborators who formed the Franco-German reconciliation committee which was Pro-European, Pro-German, anti-British and anti-liberal.

A

T

130
Q

The New European Order was justified as a mechanism to maintain French unity, and achieved much of its aims through pro-European and pro-British propoganda.

A

T / F - pro-European, pro-German

131
Q

The term ‘European Community’ was first used in the ‘Group Collaboration’ or the ‘Collaboration Policy’ of the Petain government in 1944.

A

T / F - 1941

132
Q

Most German coal mines were found in which of the following regions? Select all that apply.
A. Ruhr
B. Saar
C. Sudetenland
D. Rhineland

A

A, B

133
Q

French FM Charles de Gaulle was opposed to a supranational European entity and wanted to exclude US influence in Europe

A

T

134
Q

German Chancellor Adenauer’s view of Europe was open to integration and bringing Germany into the Western world.

A

T

135
Q

The period of 1945 to 1963 was marked by cooperation and strong personal alliances of the German and Soviet leaders.

A

F - German and French

136
Q

Adenauer’s visit to Colombey-les-deux-églises on September 14, 1958 marked willingness to improve the relationship between Germany and France.

A

T

137
Q

The Summit of Bad Kreuznach on November 26, 1958 discussed the European Common Market Agenda.

A

T

138
Q

During Adenauer’s visit to Paris
on March & December 1959, de Gaulle opposed the Soviet policy of Berlin.

A

T

139
Q

The term ‘treaty’ was first used at the Second Paris summit in December 1959 by Adenauer to propose the strengthening of relations between Germany and France.

A

T

140
Q

The Summit Conflicts of 1960 occurred against the background of France’s nuclear weapons test in February and Khrushchev’s visit to France in March.

A

T

141
Q

de Gaulle’s Fouchet Plan aimed to center European integration on transnational organisations, three-power directorates of France-UK-US and the establishment of the Council of Europe as well as the European Parliament.

A

T

142
Q

The meeting of Reims Cathedral that occured on July 6th, 1962 showed the will of reconciliation of both parties based on a common religious affiliation.

A

T

143
Q

The Battle of Verdun took place from February 21, 1916 to December 16, 1916 and was the longest battle in human history.

A

T

144
Q

French President Mitterrand and German Chancellor Kohl met at the Douaumont Cemetery in Verdun to commemorate the Battle of the Eastern Front on September 26, 1984.

A

T / F - Battle of Verdun

145
Q

Which of the following treaties was signed in Paris on January 22, 1963?
A. Treaty of Paris
B. Treaty of Rome
C. Elysee Treaty
D. Treaty of Nice

A

C

146
Q

Which treaty focused on diplomatic consultation, joint military cooperation, and youth exchange education?
A. Treaty of Rome
B. Elysee Treaty
C. Treaty of Maastricht
D. Treaty of Amsterdam

A

B

147
Q

The Golden Age of Franco-German relations was in the late 1950s.

A

F - 1970s

148
Q

The Treaty of Rome faced opposition from NATO, lack of popular consent in the process of reconciliation and the lack of open integration to other European countries such as the UK.

A

F - Elysee Treaty

149
Q

Which of the following is NOT an implication of the Elysee Treaty?
A. Twice yearly meetings for heads of state
B. Thrice yearly meetings for foreign ministers
C. Defence, education and youth meetings
D. Foreign Policy synchronising meetings

A

D

150
Q

The goal of the 1963 Elysee Treaty was reconciliation.

A

T

151
Q

The goal of the 2019 Treaty of Aachen was the expansion of the European integration and convergence of Franco-German interests.

A

T

152
Q

The Elysee Treaty of 1963 led to the creation of the following institutions between France and Germany: Franco-German Defense and Security Council, Franco- German Council of Economic Experts, Cross-border cooperation, Joint Citizens’ Fund

A

F - Aachen treaty

153
Q

The Elysee Treaty consists of 28 articles and 6 chapters that include peace, security, development; culture, education, research, cooperation, and climate change among others.

A

F - Aachen Treaty

154
Q

Aachen Treaty Article 1: Promote an effective and strong common foreign and security policy and shall strengthen and
deepen the Economic and Monetary Union.

A

T

155
Q

Aachen Treaty Article 2: Regular consultations at all levels prior to major European meetings

A

T

156
Q

Aachen Treaty Article 4: Increasingly converge their security and defense objectives and strategies.

A

T

157
Q

The German and French governments concluded the Treaty of Aachen without conflict compared to 1963.

A

T

158
Q

Areas of Franco-German Cooperation do NOT include which of the following?
A. Economic
B. Political
C. Cultural
D. Military

A

B

159
Q

The relationship between the EU forces and NATO is
“separable, but not separate”.

A

T

160
Q

The European Council defines the principles and guidelines for the CFSP, and on the basis of those guidelines, the Council of Ministers adopts joint actions or common positions.

A

T

161
Q

Which of the following is NOT a CFSP Body?
A. Foreign Affairs Council (FAC)
B. Political and Security Committee (PSC)
C. European Defence Agency (EDA)
D. European Political Cooperation (EPC)

A

D

162
Q

The Treaty of Amsterdam resulted in the de facto merging the post of High Representative for the CFSP and European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy.

A

F - Lisbon

163
Q

The EPC was codified by the Single European Act of 1986.

A

T

164
Q

The Petersberg Declaration (1992) & Petersberg Tasks were created to cope with the destabilizing of Eastern Europe and defined the type of military action that the EU can undertake in crisis management operations.

A

T

165
Q

Which of the following provided for the UK to join and provide the EU with autonomous defence structures?
A. Davingnon Agreement
B. Berlin Agreement
C. St. Malo Declaration
D. Petersburg Tasks

A

C

166
Q

The European Security and Defence Identity (ESDI) was created as a European pillar within NATO by which of the following institutions?
A. Treaty of Amsterdam
B. St. Malo Declaration
C. Berlin Agreement
D. Berlin Plus Agreement

A

C

167
Q

The WEU Petersburg Tasks were incorporated into the EU by which treaty of the EU?
A. Treaty of Rome
B. Treaty of Maastricht
C. Treaty of Amsterdam
D. Treaty of Lisbon

A

C

168
Q

The Cologne European Council resulted in the agreement of EU’s military capacity to respond to international crises autonomously.

A

T

169
Q

The Treaty of Lisbon includes a mutual assistance and solidarity clause for the CFSP.

A

F - CSDP

170
Q

The EU’s 2016 New Security Strategy focusses on which of the following issues? Select all that apply.
A. Russian annexation of Crimea
B. Brexit
C. Russian invasion of Ukraine
D. Trump Administration

A

A, B, D

CONTEMPORARY EUROPE (2 decks)

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