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Clin lab 1 FINAL > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

0
Q

Visible only with a microscope

A

Microscopic

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1
Q

Visible to the naked eye

A

Macroscopic

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2
Q

Distance between the specimen and outer objective lens

A

Working distance

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3
Q

The ability of a lens system to show fine details of the object being observed

A

Resolution

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4
Q

Area visible when you look through microscope

A

Field

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5
Q

Enlarging the size of something

A

Magnification

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6
Q

Used to separate liquid from solid using a high speed spinning process

A

Centrifuge

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7
Q

Liquid portion of blood

A

Supernatant

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8
Q

Solid component of a sample such as blood cells

A

Sediment

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9
Q

2 types of centrifuges

A

Horizontal (swing arm) and angled

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10
Q

Turns off centrifuge at preset time

A

Timer

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11
Q

Sets the speed of centrifuge

A

Tachometer

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12
Q

If sample is spun too long or fast

A

It will rupture cells and morphology

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13
Q

If ran too slow or not long enough

A

Will not separate sample

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14
Q

Used to count cells

A

Cell counter

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15
Q

Measure the concentration of solids in a liquid

A

Refractometer

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16
Q

When using a refractometer with urine, it measures

A

Specific gravity (SG)

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17
Q

If using a refractometer, you measure

A

Total protein (TP)

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18
Q

SG and TP are directly proportional to it’s

A

Conentration

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19
Q

Readings on the refractometer will always be

A

Greater than 0 (water is 0)

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20
Q

Specialized slide with etched grids is used to count white and red blood cells and platelets

A

Hemacytometer

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21
Q

Used to heat slides or samples

A

Bunsen burner

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22
Q

Keeps blood tubes at an even distribution

A

Blood rocker

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23
Q

Use liquid and dry reagents or slides that contain dry reagents

A

Blood chemistry machines

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24
Q

Reagent impregnated slides, pads, or cartilage

A

Dry system blood chemistry

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25
Q

Used lypholized reagent or already prepared liquid reagent

A

Liquid system blood chemistry

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26
Q

Use a bulk reagent and is most expensive

A

Unitized systems (vet test)

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27
Q

Used only if a single test is needed or emergency situations

A

Dedicated use analyzes

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28
Q

Available for use in the field

A

Handheld analyzer

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29
Q

Generates hematologist data for the CBC

Counts cells and determines hematocrit, HGB conc, and MCHC

A

Whole Blood Machines aka hematology machines

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30
Q

The temperature an incubator should be kept at

A

37 degrees Celsius

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31
Q

Platelets are also called

A

Thrombocytes

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32
Q

WBC

A

White blood cells

Fight infection

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33
Q

RBC

A

Red blood cells

Carry oxygen

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34
Q

HCT

A

Hematocrit

% of blood cells in a whole blood sample

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35
Q

MCHC

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

Amount of HGB in blood

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36
Q

RDW

A

Red cell distribution width

How wide a RBC is

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37
Q

Size of a canine blood cell

A

7 microns

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38
Q

Do not measure exact volumes

A

General glassware

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39
Q

Examples of general glassware

A

Blood tubes, Petri dish, culture tubes, Erlenmeyer flask, centrifuge tubes, beaker

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40
Q

Transfers, delivers, and stores exact amounts by permanently etched calibration marks

A

Volumetric glassware

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41
Q

Examples of volumetric glassware

A

Graduated cylinder , volumetric pipette, Pasteur pipette, volumetric flask

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42
Q

When testing blood, patients should fast for

A

12 hrs

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43
Q

If patient doesn’t fast the blood sample will be

A

Lipemic

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44
Q

Samples not used within an hour should be

A

Refrigerated

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45
Q

After a sample is refrigerated, it needs to be brought to _________ and mixed again

A

Room temperature

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46
Q

Collect enough blood to complete a test

A

3 times

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47
Q

Should never be frozen
Use of anticoagulant tubes is recommended
Mixed by gentle inversion

A

Whole blood

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48
Q

Fluid portion of whole blood

A

Plasma

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49
Q

Plasma is made of

A

90% water and 10% dissolved substances

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50
Q

Located between plasma and RBCs

A

Buffy coat

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51
Q

Contains WBCs and platelets

A

Buffy coat

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52
Q

Fluid portion of clotted blood

A

Serum

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53
Q

Chemicals that when added to whole blood prevent clotting

A

Anticoagulants

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54
Q

Purple top tube

A

EDTA
Choice anticoagulant for hematology
Used for hematologic studies because it doesn’t alter cell morphology

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55
Q

Blue top tube

A

Sodium citrate

Used in transfusion medicine and coagulation studies

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56
Q

Green top tube

A

Heparin

Used for blood pH and ammonia levels for blood chemistries

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57
Q

Gray top tube

A

Sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate

Glucose testing

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58
Q

Yellow top tube

A

Acid citrate

Used for transfusion medicines and blood cultures

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59
Q

Marble and red top tube

A

No anticoagulant

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60
Q

Blood transports

A 
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Waste products
Nutrients
Enzymes
Hormones
Plasma proteins
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61
Q

Blood controls

A

Water and pH range

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62
Q

Blood regulates

A

Electrolytes

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63
Q

Blood is made up of

A 
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
Plasma
Serum
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64
Q

Erythrocytes are produced in

A

Bone marrow

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65
Q

Iron containing protein attached to RBCs

A

Hemoglobin

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66
Q

The body’s army

A

Leukocytes

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67
Q

5 types of Leukocytes

A 
Basophils 
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
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68
Q

Fragment cells produced by megakaryocytes

A

Platelets

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69
Q

What allows platelets to stick together?

A

Jagged edges

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70
Q

Straw colored fluid in which blood cells are suspended and helps maintain body temp, transporting BCs, and maintaining pH

A

Plasma

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71
Q

Plasma is made of

A

90-92% water

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72
Q

Plasma without fibrinogen that helps platelets clot

A

Serum

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73
Q

Measures the percent of RBCs in a whole blood

A

PCV

Aka hematocrit

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74
Q

Curved portion of plasma

A

Meniscus

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75
Q

Yellow plasma

A

Icterus

Seen in animals with kidney dz

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76
Q

Red plasma

A

Hemolysis

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77
Q

White plasma

A

Cloudy, lipemic

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78
Q

Red Buffy coat

A

Immature RBCs or hemolysis

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79
Q

If Buffy coat is thick or large it could indicate

A

Infection or inflammation

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80
Q

To seal a hematocrit tube you must use

A

Clay

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81
Q

Normal canine PCV

A

37-55%

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82
Q

Normal feline PCV

A

30-45%

83
Q

Total plasma solids

A

Measures protein concentration in the blood

84
Q

Normal canine and feline TP

A

6-7.5 g/dL

85
Q

Produced by the liver and immune system

A

Common proteins

86
Q

A protein that is measured to diagnose liver dz

Maintains osmotic pressure of plasma and binds and transports protein in blood

A

Albumin

Big Al

87
Q

Synthesized in the liver

Transports and binds proteins

A

Globulin

88
Q

Synthesized in the liver

Precursor to fibrin

A

Fibrinogen

89
Q

Main component of RBCs that carries oxygen

A

Hemoglobin

90
Q

Hemoglobin is made of __ parts iron and __ part protein

A

4:1

91
Q

HGB =

A

PCV/3 g/dL

92
Q

RBC ct=

A

PCV/6 x10^6/microliter

93
Q

Used to help classify anemia

A

RBC indices

94
Q

measures average size of RBCs

A

MCV

95
Q

MCV=

A

PCV/RBC ct x 10 fl

96
Q

Measures average weight of hemoglobin in an average RBC

A

MCH

97
Q

MCH=

A

HGB/RBC ct x 10 pg

98
Q

Measures the concentration of hemoglobin in the average RBC

A

MCHC

99
Q

MCHC=

A

HGB/PCV x 100 g/dL

*should be 33.3 or 1/3

100
Q

Normal cells

A

Normocytic

101
Q

Large cells

A

Macrocytic

102
Q

Small cells

A

Microcytic

103
Q

Least accurate of RBC indices

A

MCH

104
Q

Normal colored

A

Normochromatic

105
Q

Lack of color

A

Hypochromic

106
Q

Excessively red cells

A

Hyperchromic

108
Q

Disc shaped cells

A

Discocytes

109
Q

Average life span of blood cells

A

120 days

110
Q

Average size of canine RBCs

A

7 microns

111
Q

Relatively large, biconcave discs with a distinct central pallor
Occasional nRBC and Howell-jolly bodies

A

Canine RBCs

112
Q

Round with less distinctive central pallor

Smaller and more variable in size and shape

A

Feline RBCs

113
Q

Smaller than dog RBCs with less distinct central pallor

No reticulocytes

A

Equine RBCs

114
Q

Variation in size as compared to canine RBCs

Slight variation in shape and size

A

Ovine (sheep)

115
Q

Slight variation in size and have less distinct central pallor

A

Bovine

116
Q

Extremely small in size and less distinct central pallor

Common to have slight variations in size and shape

A

Caprine

117
Q

Cells are elliptical and lack central pallor

A

Llamas

118
Q

Oval and have a nucleus

A

Parrot RBCs

119
Q

Bridging/clumping of RBCs

Seen in animals with immune mediated disorders

A

Agglutination

120
Q

Grouping of erythrocytes in chains or stacks

Seen regularly in horses and animals with inflammatory dz

A

Rouleaux

121
Q

Rouleaux vs Agglutination

A

Rouleaux can be seperated with saline, agglutination cannot

122
Q

Erythrocytes with abnormal shapes for the species at hand

A

Poikilocytes

123
Q

Sphere shaped with little to no central pallor
Smaller and more dense than normal RBCs
Could indicate IMHA

A

Spherocytes

124
Q

IMHA

A

Immune mediated hemolytic anemia

125
Q

Ruptured RBCs that lose their hemoglobin that results in an empty shell
Pale in color
Indicates intravascular hemolysis

A

Ghost cells

126
Q

RBCs with peripheral clear area and displaced hemoglobin

Formed when there is excessive oxidant stress in association with Heinz bodies, keratocytes, and schistocytes

A

Eccentrocytes

127
Q

Crenation
Evenly spaced surface projections that are sharp and blunt
Uniform in size that differentiate them from acanthocytes
Seen in association with renal dz

A

Echinocytes

128
Q

Similar to echinocytes in canines but they are elongated in felines
Multiple blunt surface projections
Renal dz may be present

A

Burr cells

129
Q

Spur cells
2-10 irregularly shaped blunt surface projections
Due to changes in cholesterol and phospholipids in cell membrane
Liver dz and hemangiosarcoma

A

Acanthocytes

130
Q

Rupture to form keratocytes

A

Blister cell

131
Q

2 uniform hornlike projections due to areas of damage
Arise from a blister cell
Seen with schistocytes and acanthocytes

A

Keratocytes

132
Q

Occurs with iron-deficiency anemia

A

Hypochromasia

133
Q

Pronounced central pallor with faint staining membranes

A

Hypochromic cells

134
Q

Punched out cells

Abnormal spreading of cells on slide

A

Torocytes

135
Q

Elongated mouth like area of central pallor

Regenerative anemia, liver dz, and lead poisoning

A

Stomatocytes

136
Q

Elliptocytes/ pencil cells
Poor technique or plasma viscosity
Normal in camels, goats, and sheep

A

Ovalocytes

137
Q

Target cells

Extra round membrane in the middle of the cell

A

Codocytes

138
Q

Bar cells

Central bar shapes out folding of the membrane

A

Knizocytes

139
Q

Fragments of RBCs
Result from mechanical damage in circulation, microvascular abnormalities, or shearing of RBCs due to intravascular trauma
Associated with DIC

A

Schistocytes

140
Q

Tear shaped

Seen in animals with myelofibrosis

A

Dacrocytes

141
Q

Most accurate of RBC indices

A

MCHC

142
Q

The formation of blood cells

A

Hematopoiesis

143
Q

In the fetus, hematopoiesis takes place in

A

liver and spleen

144
Q

____________ takes over making blood cells as it develops

A

Bone marrow

145
Q

Active bone marrow

A

Red

146
Q

Inactive bone marrow

A

yellow

147
Q

All blood cells are produced from the

A

PPSC
Pluripotent stem cell
AKA common ancestor cell

148
Q

Hormone responsible for RBC production and stimulates the stem cell to divide and produce RBCs

A

Erythroprotein (EPO)

149
Q

What does hypoxia have to do with EPO?

A

When the body lacks oxygen, it needs to produce more RBCs to carry oxygen.

150
Q

Production of RBCs

A

Erythropoiesis

151
Q

Maturing RBCs get ________ as they mature

A

smaller

152
Q

Cytoplasmic color goes from ____________ to __________ in maturing RBCs

A

Basophilic blue

Red

153
Q

The __________ shrinks in size as RBC matures until it eventually disappears altogether

A

nucleus

154
Q

How many days does it take for an RBC to mature?

A

4

155
Q 
Most immature RBC
Lg roung cell with lg. nucleus
Coarsely granular chromatin (freckled)
Basophilic blue cytoplasm
\_\_\_ % in bone marrow
Nucleus to cytoplasm ratio is 7:1
A

Rubriblast

1%

156
Q

Smaller than rubriblast
Prominent perinuclear zone (white ring around the nucleus)
Cytoplasm and nucleus stain
___% in bone marrow

A

Prorubricyte

3-4%

157
Q 
Centrally located round nucleus
Smaller than prorubricyte
Irregular clear areas between chromatin clumps
Early stages: stains blue
Later stages: stains red
Hemoglobin is starting to be produced
\_\_\_% in bone marrow
A

Rubricyte

35%

158
Q 
AKA Nucleated RBC
Smaller than rubricyte
Nucleus contains dense chromatin
May be seen circulating in blood when sudden blood loss or destruction of RBCs occurs
\_\_\_% in bone marrow
A

Metarubricyte

57%

159
Q 
Don't have a nucleus
Still immature but can carry oxygen
Could indicate regenerative anemia
Not good to see in horses
Once they sit too long in marrow, they are kicked out and the spleen removes the nucleus
A

Polychromatophil/Reticulocytes

160
Q

No nucleus
Reddish orange color
Biconcave discs
Central pallor

A

RBCs

161
Q

RBCs should contain _____% hemoglobin

A

33.3%

162
Q

Blue pieces of nucleus left behind by the spleen

A

Basophilic nuclear remnants

163
Q

basophilic nuclear remnants
Dark blue and perfectly round inclusion
Found in patients with splenic disorders, regenerative anemia, and spelenectomized pts
One per cell usually

A

Howell Jolly Bodies

164
Q

In mammals, indicates early release of immature cells when anemia is present

A

nRBCs

165
Q

Presence of small, round, dark blue granules
Observed with Wright’s Stain or Diff quik
Found in immature RBCs in ruminants, anemic pts, lead poisoning, certain drugs, and septicemia

A

Basophilic stippling

166
Q

Present in the acute phase of infection with canine distemper
Large cluster of virus particles that goes away when the animal is not in acute phase

A

Distemper viral inclusion bodies

167
Q

Round structures often projecting from the surface of the RBC
Caused by certain oxidant drugs or chemicals
Form when hemoglobin denatures
Normal healthy cats can have 5% of these
In cats it could mean: lymphosarcoma, hyperthyroidism, Diabetes Mellitus
In dogs: Ingestion of onions, ingestion of toxic drugs, ingestion of acetaminophine

A

Heinz Bodies

168
Q

Platelets are also known as

A

thrombocytes

169
Q

Platelets are derived from

A

megakaryocytes in bone marrow

170
Q

4 clotting functions of platelets

A
  1. Maintain vascular integrity (seals off minor deficiencies)
  2. Help arrest bleeding (form a platelet plug)
  3. Contribute to fibrin formation (forms a scab)
  4. Promote vascular healing through PDGF
171
Q

PDGF

A

Platelet derived growth factor

172
Q

What is PDGF

A

Mitogenic substance that causes endothelial proliferation

173
Q

Small, round to oval, light blue
Anucleated with pink to purple cytoplasmic granules
Macroplatelets can occur

A

Canine platelets

174
Q

Small, round to oval, light blue
Anucleated with pink/purple cytoplasmic granules
Tend to clump easily at feathered edge

A

Feline platelets

175
Q 
Small, round to oval
very light blue
Anucleated
Indistinct cytoplasmic granules
Don't stain intensely
A

Equine platelets

176
Q

Small, round to oval, light blue
Anucleated with pink/purple cytoplasmic granules
Higher tendency to clump

A

Bovine platelets

177
Q

VERY small
Round to oval shape, light blue
Anucleated with pink/purple cytoplasmic granules

A

Llama platelets

178
Q

Average platelet count per HPF

A

7-21

179
Q

HPF

A

high power field

180
Q

Manual platelet counts utilize

A

unopette system and hemocytometer

181
Q

Impendance based platelet counts utilize

A

clinical blood machines

182
Q

Flow cytometry based platelet counts utilize

A

Principles of light scattering

183
Q

If platelet clumps are observed, you should assume

A

the animal has an adequate number of platelets

184
Q

Normal canine platelet values

A

200-500,000/microliters

185
Q

Normal feline platelet values

A

300-800,000/microliter

186
Q

Increase in thrombocytes

Caused by primary bone marrow disorders, secondary to dz, or physiological issues

A

Thrombocytosis

187
Q

Decrease in platelets

Caused by abnormal platelet production, accelerated platelet removal, and abnormal distribution

A

Thrombocytopenia

188
Q

3 Reasons pts are anemic

A
  1. Increase in RBC destruction (auto-immune dz)
  2. Hemorrhage/blood loss
  3. Decrease in production in marrow
189
Q

Indicates the body is responding to the decreased level of RBCs in the body
Typically good, except in horses

A

Regenerative anemia

190
Q

Indicates the body is not responding to the decreased levels of RBCs in the body
Typically bad

A

Nonregenerative anemia

191
Q

Signs of anemia

A
  1. Pale MMs
  2. Pt. is weak or lethargic
  3. RR and HR increases
  4. Pt. collapse
192
Q

Young, anucleated RBCs released in blood in response to anemia

A

Reticulocytes

193
Q

Increase in reticulocytes

A

Reticulocytosis

194
Q

Normal CRP for dogs

A

45%

195
Q

Normal CRP for cats

A

35%

196
Q

ARC =

A

retic %/100 x RBC ct

197
Q

CRP =

A

retic % x ptPCV/Normal PCV

198
Q

RPI =

A

CRP/lifespan

199
Q

More granules

A

Aggregates

200
Q

Less granules

A

Punctate

201
Q

_____ platelets turn into ________ platelets

A

aggregate, punctate

202
Q

How long does it take for aggregate platelet to turn to punctate?

A

12-24 hrs

203
Q

Punctate platelets can float in blood for

A

7-10 days

204
Q

Reasons for nonregenerative anemia

A
  1. chronic renal dz
  2. hypothyroidism
  3. hypoadrenocorticism
205
Q

Increased number of nRBCs

A

Erythroblastosis

206
Q

3 reasons for erythroblastosis in non anemic pts

A
  1. Bone marrow injury
  2. Lead poisoning
  3. abnormal splenic function

Clin lab 1 FINAL (1 decks)

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