Final Flashcards
Any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and tax one’s coping abilities
Stress
Is the event irrelevant to you, relevant but not threatening, stressful
Primary appraisals of stress
Coping resources and options for dealing with stress
Secondary appraisals of stress
Type of stress: Pursuit of some goal is thwarted?
Frustration
Example of frustration
Traffic jam
Type of stress: 2 or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression?
Conflict
Choice between 2 attractive goals?
Approach-Approach
Choice between 2 unattractive goals?
Avoidance-Avoidance
Choice to purse a single goal that has both unattractive and attractive aspects?
Approach-Avoidance
Noticeable alterations in one’s living circumstances that require readjustment ?
Life Chances
Example of Life changes
Getting married/ divorced
Demands that one behave in a certain way?
Pressure
Example of pressure
Peer pressure, conform to others expectations
Open the mindset and promotes creativity, flexibility in problem solving, undo negative emotions, promotes rewarding social interactions, social support and coping strategies
role of positive emotions in response to stress
What are the three levels we use to analyze a person’s reaction to stress ?
Emotional response, Physiological response, Behavioral response
Performance should improve with increased emotional arousal up to a point after which further increases in arousal become disruptive and performance deteriorates. As the task becomes more complex the optimal level of arousal tends to decrease.
How stress can alter performance and how task complexity is involved in this.
three stages of general adaptation syndrome?
alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion
behavioral responses: efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress?
Coping
behavioral response: unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt
defensive coping
behavioral responses: Healthy efforts that people make to deal with stressful events
Constructive coping
behavioral responses: passive behavior by unavoidable aversive events?
Learned helplessness
behavioral responses: intended to hurt someone, either physically of verbally
Aggression
behavioral responses: the release of emotional tension
Catharsis
which psychological disorder are linked to stress
Depression, Schizophrenia, Anxiety disorder
Personality types: (self-imposed stress and intense reactions to stress) strong competitive impatient time urgency and anger hostility
Type A personality
Personality types: relatively relaxed patient easygoing amicable behavior
Type B personality
The immune system can be suppressed by ?
Stress
Factors that moderate the impact of stress?
Social support and Optimism
positive stress promotes resilience personal growth self-improvement new skills
examples of how stress may have positive effects
The two unifying themes highlighted in chapter 13?
Multifactorial causation, subjectivity of experience
Distinguishing one illness from another
Diagnosis
Causation and development history of illness
Etiology
Forecast about the probable course of illness
Prognosis
key criteria for abnormality: violate norms
Deviance
Key criteria of abnormality: everyday adaptive behavior is impaired
Maladaptive behavior
Key criteria of abnormality: individual reports of great distress
Personal distress
four main anxiety disorders: Chronic high level anxiety not tied to any threat
Generalized anxiety disorder
four main anxiety disorders: Persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Phobic disorder
four main anxiety disorders: recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly
Panic disorder
four main anxiety disorders: Persistent uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts urges to engage in senseless rituals
OCD
development of anxiety disorders: There is a moderate genetic predisposition to anxiety?
Biological
development of anxiety disorders: Many anxiety responses may be acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning?
Conditioning
development of anxiety disorders: Certain styles of thinking contribute to anxiety disorders for example; misinterpret harmless situations, focus excessively on perceived threats and selectively recall information that seems threatening?
Cognitive
development of anxiety disorders: High stress helps precipitate the onset of anxiety
Stress
______Disorder: Persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure
Depressive disorder
______Disorder: experience of both depressed and manic periods
Bipolar disorder
development of mood disorders: genetic factors influence the probability od developing either disorder but genetics are stronger for bipolar disorder?
Genetic
development of mood disorders: life stress causes neurochemical reactions that suppress neurogenesis resulting in a smaller hippocampal volume?
Neural
development of mood disorders: learned helplessness
Cognitive
development of mood disorders: poor social skills
social
development of mood disorders: personal stress
stress
Encompasses a class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and deterioration of adaptive behavior?
Schizophrenia
symptoms: false beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality?
Delusions
symptoms: everyday behavior impaired?
Deterioration
symptoms: Hallucinations sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real, external stimulus or are gross distortions of perceptual input?
Distorted perception
symptoms: little, no or inappropriate emotion show?
Disturbed emotion
How biological factors may contribute to the development of schizophrenia?
People can inherit a vulnerability to schizophrenia
prenatal viral infection, prenatal malnutrition, obstetrical complications, other brain insults cause disruption of normal maturational processes before or at birth and subtle neurological damage which leads to increased vulnerability to schizophrenia?
neurochemical theories of schizophrenia
Therapy: talk therapy
Insight therapies
Therapy: principles of learning and conditioning to direct efforts to change clients’ maladaptive behaviors
Behavior therapies
Therapy: drug therapy and electro shock therapy
Biomedical therapies
mental health professionals: psychological testing, diagnosis, treatment with insight or behavior therapy
Clinical psychologist (PhD, PsyD)
mental health professionals: similar to clinical psychologist, focuses on work, career and adjustment problems
Counseling psychologist (PhD, PsyD, EdD)
mental health professionals: diagnosis and treatment with biomedical therapy sometimes insight too
Psychiatrist (MD)
mental health professionals: insight behavioral therapy
Clinical social worker (MSW, DSW)
mental health professionals: inpatient care, insight and behavior therapy
Psychiatric nurse (RN, MA, PhD)
mental health professionals: marital and family therapy
Marriage and family therapist (MA, PhD)
Recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives and defenses
psychoanalysis therapy
The goal of psychoanalysis therapy
To abandon defense mechanisms and resolve conflicts
Techniques of psychoanalysis: client expresses thought/ feelings
Free association
Techniques of psychoanalysis: therapist interprets meanings
Dream analysis
Techniques of psychoanalysis: clients defense mechanisms hinder therapy
Resistance
Techniques of psychoanalysis: client relates to therapist that mimics important relationships
Transference
Focuses on providing a supportive, emotional climate.
Client centered therapy
What is the goal of client center therapy?
Develop self-acceptance through becoming comfortable with genuine self
Client centered therapy process: communicating with honesty
Genuineness
Client centered therapy process: nonjudgmental acceptance
unconditional positive regard
Client centered therapy process: understand clients view point, not sympathy
Empathy
Simultaneous treatment of several clients. providing acceptance, emotional support, trade coping strategies, feedback and social skills
Group therapy
Treatment of two focus on relationship issues
Couple therapy
Treatment as a unit, focus on dynamics and communication
Family therapy
Efficacy of insight therapies
Treatment is superior to no treatment or placebo treatment
Behavioral therapies: exposure therapy
Systematic desensitization
Behavioral therapies: Create a negative response to a stimulus that has elicited problematic behavior
Aversion therapy
Behavioral therapies: improve social skills that emphasizes modeling, behavioral rehearsal and shaping
Social skills training
Behavioral therapies: combination of verbal interventions and behavior modification techniques to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking
Cognitive behavioral treatments
Correction of habitual thinking errors that underlie various types of disorders
Cognitive therapy
The goal of cognitive therapy is to ?
Change clients’ negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs.
Techniques used for cognitive therapy are?
Modeling, systematic monitoring of one’s behavior and behavioral rehearsal.
The efficacy of behavioral therapies
works well on the problems that it can treat
psychiatric drugs: reduced tension, apprehension, nervousness.
Antianxiety drugs
Psychiatric drugs: Side effects drowsiness, lightheadedness, cottonmouth, depression, nausea, constipation
Antianxiety drugs
psychiatric drugs: reduces psychotic symptoms, hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations and delusions
Antipsychotic drugs
psychiatric drugs: side effects drowsiness, constipation and cottonmouth, tremors, muscular rigidity and impaired coordination
Antipsychotic drugs
psychiatric drugs: gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of depression
Antidepressant drugs
psychiatric drugs: control mood swings
Mood stabilizers
Psychiatric drugs: lithium level in blood can be toxic and fatal
Mood stabilizers
Efficacy of drug treatments
Drug therapy is effective for several disorders
Controversies of drug treatments
They produce superficial short lived effects, overprescribed and patients over medicated, side effects are underestimated
Why people grew disenchanted with mental hospitals
The mental hospitals were underfunded with undertrained understaffed overworked employment and overcrowded deemed untherapeutical
disenchanted alternative
Community mental health movement; local community based care, reduced dependence on hospitalization, prevention of psychological disorders
