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Bio 213 Final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the multi-enzyme complex containing RNA that carries out the process of translation.

A

Ribosome

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2
Q

Underline the open reading frame in this DNA sequence. How many amino acids are in the
encoded protein?
ATGCCCGGGTTTGTACTACCCCTTACCAGGCDTCGTCTAACCGCGCGTCGGT

A

12 codons

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3
Q

Distinguish between introns and exons?

A

Introns are non-coding regions of mRNA that are spliced out during RNA processing, while exons are the coding regions.

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4
Q

What is a codon?

A

A 3 nucleotide sequence that codes for a specific amino acid.

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5
Q

What is a transcription factor?

A

A protein that binds to the DNA promoter region and either increases or decreases the rate of transcription for that particular gene.

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6
Q

Explain the process of transcription, including roles of all enzymes and molecules discussed in
class (use back of this page if necessary).

A

Transcription involves copying a gene’s DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule. This is performed by RNA polymerase, which links nucleotides together.

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7
Q

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNA’s?

A

Eukaryotic RNAs undergo RNA processing to splice out introns and splice together exons, while prokaryotic RNA does not have introns and exons.

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8
Q

What happens when the ribosome encounters a stop codon?

A

The amino acid chain being synthesized will be released and the ribosome will break into its individual subunits.

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9
Q

Which molecule contains the anticodon?

A

tRNA

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10
Q

What is RNA splicing and when does it occur?

A

RNA splicing is the process of removing introns and combining exons of the mRNA strand. It occurs in the nucleus after transcription.

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11
Q

What is meant by the term biotechnology?

A

Exploiting biological processes to benefit humans in the fields of medicine, agriculture, technology, etc.

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12
Q

What happens to this open reading frame when the first AA doublet is mutated to CC?
5’ ATGCCCGGGTTTGTACTACCCCTTACCAGGCTCGTCTAACCGCGCGTCGGTTAA 3’

A

It changes the amino acid specified by the codon, changes it into a stop codon.

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13
Q

In detail provided during lecture, explain the genetic engineering that occurred during the
development of golden rice (use back of page if necessary).

A

Golden rice is a transgenic organism created through genetically engineering a rice plant to express beta carotine. Synthetic enzymes from daffodils were inserted into the golden rice to increase its beta carotine (vitamin A) concentrations.

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14
Q

Name two genetically engineered proteins used in human medicine.

A

Factor VIII, Insulin

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15
Q

What is the function of a promoter on a plasmid expression vector?

A

The promoter allows the plasmid expression vector to be recognized by the host cell’s RNA polymerase

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16
Q

As per lecture slide, list or diagram the elements of a plasmid expression vector.

A

Promoter region, BAMHI, terminator region

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17
Q

Organisms that have been genetically engineered to express genes from unrelated organisms
are termed ________________________________________________.

A

transgenic organisms

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18
Q

What is a ‘therapeutic protein’?

A

A protein that is used to create drugs for people who lack the ability to produce that protein on their own. This is used to treat diseases.

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19
Q

How does antisense RNA influence gene expression?

A

It covers the promoter and prevents mRNA translation

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20
Q

Which bacterium is often used to produce recombinant proteins?

A

E. coli

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21
Q

What is a transcription factor?

A

A protein or molecule that binds to the promoter region of DNA and increases or decreases the expression of a certain gene.

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22
Q

How does the zygote form and what happens to the zygote shortly after it forms?

A

The zygote forms through the process of fertilization: the combination of two haploid gametes (sperm and egg) to form a diploid cell.

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23
Q

When does the process of cleavage occur?

A

Shortly after fertilization

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24
Q

Distinguish between the terms totipotent and multipotent.

A

Totipotent: a stem cell that can develop into cells of any tissue type
Multipotent: Stem cells that can only differentiate into cells of a certain lineage

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25
Q

Describe the process of fertilization in an animal.

A

Fertilization involves the fusion of two haploid gametes to forma diploid zygote.

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26
Q

Describe the mammalian blastocyst.

A

A small fluid filled sac of undifferentiated totipotent stem cells that forms during the cleavage stage of embryonic development

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26
Q

9) What is a somite?

A

Clumps of partially determined stem cells that develop into ribs and trunk muscles

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27
Q

What happens to ploidy during animal fertilization?

A

The ploidy of the gametes is 1n, during fertilization the haploid gametes going to becomes diploid 2n

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27
Q

Proteins called cyclins control entry of a cell into the cell cycle by preventing DNA replication.
How is this related to cancer?

A

The cell cycle is a highly regulated process. If the cell cycle cannot be controlled, then cells will rapidly divide, which become cancerous. Cyclins regulate the cell cycle, and do not allow cells to uncontrollably divide, thus preventing cancer from arising. Mutations that prevent cyclins from functioning would lead to cancer.

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27
Q

What is the difference between a solid tumor and a liquid tumor?

A

Solid tumors are rigid and bind to an area in the body. Liquid tumors originate from, and circulate in the blood.

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27
Q

Cells that have become the final functional cell in an adult tissue are termed
________________________________________________.

A

terminally differentiated

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27
Q

During the process of ___________________, a normal cell in the body is converted into an
cancer cell.

A

transformation

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28
Q

A _________________________ is a change in the nucleotide sequence of a chromosome.

A

mutation

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29
Q

Which germ tissue gives rise to a sarcoma?

A

Mesodermal tissue

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29
Q

List the three categories of genes that are mutated during conversion of a normal cell into a
cancer cell.

A

Cell cycle controlling genes, genes that regulate apoptosis, and body location genes.

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30
Q

Describe the process of apoptosis as outlined in the lecture slide.

A

Apoptosis is programmed cell death.
1. External signals bind to a receptor protein
2. Downstream signals activate apoptotic pathways
3. Transcription factors in the nucleus stimulate apoptosis

31
Q

Which types of cancer arise from hematopoietic cells?

A

Leukemias

32
Q

Which type of white blood cell gives rise to a lymphoma?

A

Leukocytes

33
Q

What would happen to DNA damage control in a cell if the promoter for p53 sustained
inactivating mutations?

A

The p53 wouldn’t be able to initiate apoptosis in cells with damaged DNA. The cell wouldn’t function properly, and could become cancerous

34
Q

What does the term gustation mean?

A

taste

35
Q

A _________________________ is a small flatworm that has two primitive eyes called eye spots

A

planarian

36
Q

Explain the process of chemotaxis as it relates to a bacterium in a nutrient environment.

A

Chemotaxis is the sensory mechanism for bacterium that senses nutrient gradients to move towards with their flagella.

37
Q

What is an autocrine signal?

A

A ligand signal sent from the cell to itself in a feedback loop

38
Q

The ___________________ contains the photoreceptor cells of the mammalian eye.

A

retina

39
Q

List the five types of sense receptors presented in your lecture slides.

A

Mechanoreceptors
chemo
electro
photo
thermo

40
Q

Where is the insulin receptor located?

A

Insulin receptors are integral membrane proteins in the cell membrane.

41
Q

What type of cell is a stretch receptor?

A

Mechanoreceptor

42
Q

Which hormone discussed in class has paracrine activities?

A

insulin

43
Q

Compare the eyes of insects with those of mammals?

A

Insect eyes have multiple lenses, and two photoreceptors per lens.

Mammals have a single lens per eye with photoreceptors that focus light on the retina.

44
Q

What are two examples of PR proteins?

A

Chitinases and defensins

45
Q

A _________________________ is an inactivated form of a pathogen used to generate
protective immunity against the pathogen.

A

vaccine

46
Q

Diagram and label an antibody molecule.

A

Light chain, heavy chain, antigen binding site, disulfide bond, Y shape

47
Q

What is the primary function of a neutrophil?

A

Stimulates inflammation and also phagocytosis

48
Q

Which stem cell gives rise to all of the blood cells?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

49
Q

Name the two types of T lymphocyte and briefly describe function of each.

A

T helper cells: influences B cells
Cytotoxic T cells - Kills foreign cells, virus infected cells, and cancer cells. They are activated by an antigen

50
Q

How does the T helper cell influence B cells?

A

The t helper cell influences B cells by controlling them as they differentiate into antibody producing cells or memory cells

51
Q

How is immune memory generated (use the back of this sheet if necessary)?

A

Immune memory is generated by long lasting lymphocytes (memory cells) that were present for the first encounter with a pathogen. These cells live long enough for a 2nd encounter, and remember how to fight the pathogen.

52
Q

Name the two branches (components) of the immune system.

A

Specialized cells and anatomical structures

53
Q

What is the function of xylem?

A

Transports water and ions from the roots to the rest of the plant

53
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis.

A

A cell binds to a substance and engulfs it. The plasma membrane surrounds it, then lysosomes kill it. It is excreted by exocytosis.

54
Q

_________________________ occurs in the ground tissue of a plant.

A

photosynthesis

55
Q

Diagram and label the main structures of a plant.

A

Shoot: stem, leaf, apical meristem (gorwing tip)
Root: Root hairs, apical meristem

56
Q

What is the primary function of phloem?

A

Transports water and sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

57
Q

5) Where on the plant is the periderm?

A

It is the bark of the plant, so the outer covering of dermal tissue

58
Q

Distinguish between the reproductive structures of conifers and angiosperms.

A

Angiosperms produce flowers during sexual reproduction, and conifers (gymnosperms) produce cones during sexual reproduction

59
Q

What type of cell is found in the apical meristem of a plant?

A

stem cells

60
Q

Describe the function of pollen.

A

Pollen is a gamete that functions to fertilize the eggs of other plants. Pollen leaves the plants by pollinators and travels to other plants

61
Q

What is the chemical form and source of carbon in photosynthesis?

A

CO2, which comes from the air/atmosphere, or after being exhaled by animals

62
Q

Name a clade (type) of avascular plant.

A

mosses or algae

63
Q

Define the term ethology

A

The study of animal behavior in the natural environment.

64
Q

What is meant by the term spatial learning?

A

Coding information about the environment, so that organisms are able to navigate through space.

65
Q

Discuss the genetic basis of animal behavior.

A

Offspring can inherit genes and reflexes from their parents. Because of this, animals are likely to exhibit the same, or similar behaviors of their parents.

66
Q

What is the primary function of the per gene in Drosophila?

A

It controls sleep patterns and the circadian rhythm in drosophila

67
Q

What is a conditioned reflex?

A

A learned response that is established by training an organism with a neutral stimulus

68
Q

Describe Pavlov’s basic experiment (use the back if necessary).

A

Conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell, dogs associate bell sound with food

69
Q

What kind of animal is Drosophila

A

fruit fly

70
Q

Briefly, why did Conrad Lorenz win the Nobel Prize?

A

He was able to show that animals imprint on the first organism that they see. He got goslings to imprint on humans, and learn their behaviors from them.

71
Q

Define the term imprinting.

A

Rapid-learning that occurs shortly after birth, where the organism forms a close bond with the first organism that it sees.

72
Q

10) When do goslings imprint? And why do they imprint?

A

Imprint in first 12-16 hours after birth, this is done so that they have someone to learn from.

73
Q

Define the term homozygous.

A

That both maternal and paternal loci have different alleles.

74
Q

Define the term heterozygous.

A

That both maternal and paternal loci have the same alleles.

75
Q

3) Describe the example of incomplete dominance discussed in lecture.

A

In complete dominance, only one allele in the genotype is seen in the phenotype.

76
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel?

A

Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits.

77
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

A pedigree is a diagram that uses standardized symbols to show family relationships and genetic connections.

78
Q

What are the results of a cross between a true breeding yellow pea (YY) and true breeding green
pea (yy)?

A

100% of the offspring will be heterozygous Yy.

79
Q

Explain the difference between a character and a trait?

A

A character is a genetically determined feature of an organism, and a trait is a variation of that character. IE, petals are the character, colors are the trait

80
Q

What is meant by the term co-dominance?

A

In codominance, both alleles in the genotype are seen in the phenotype. In incomplete dominance, a mixture of the alleles in the genotype is seen in the phenotype.

81
Q

What character trait is determined by recessive alleles of the MC1R gene?

A

Red hair

82
Q

With a diagram, explain the concept of independent assortment of alleles.

A

The principle that different genes separate independently during the formation of reproductive cells. This means that the allele a gamete receives for one gene does not affect the allele it receives for another gene. In other words, every possible combination of alleles for every gene is equally likely to occur.

Bio 213 Final (1 decks)

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