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international business > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of pressures

A
  1. global integration
  2. local responsiveness
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2
Q

definition global integration

A

pressure to standarize and concentrate configuration

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3
Q

definition local responsiveness

A

pressure to disperse and adapt coordination

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4
Q

what drives integration? 4

A
  • globalization –> standardie consumer preferences
  • generation of high-touch products
  • technology –> mass standardization
  • economies of scale render products cheaper to produce
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5
Q

pressures for local responsiveness 4

A
  • consumer divergence
  • cultural specificity and historical legacy
  • nationalism
  • host government policies (tax regimes, business regulations, …)
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6
Q

model of strategic forces axe

A

vertical: pressure global integration
horizontal: pressure local responsiveness

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7
Q

model of strategic forces

A
  • international
  • multidomestic
  • global
  • transnational
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8
Q

position de international strategy

A

low low

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9
Q

position multinational

A

low high

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10
Q

position global

A

high low

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11
Q

position transnational

A

high high

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12
Q

how do we enter a market

A

modes of internationalization

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13
Q

what influence the choice of an export market

A
  • vicinity
  • cultural identification
  • past experience
  • opportunity (export contract)
  • rational analysis - market research
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14
Q

4 things needed to know when selling in markets

A
  • knowing the consumer
  • knowing the competition
  • understanding distribution
  • anticipating trends
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15
Q

2 motivations to enter a market

A
  1. traditional motivations
  2. emerging motivations
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16
Q

3 traditional motivations

A
  1. need to secure key supplies
  2. market-seeking behavior
  3. access to low-cost factors
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17
Q

3 emerging motivations

A
  • scale economies
  • increasing R&D investments
  • shortening product life-cycles
  • scanning opportunities and learning on a global scale
  • competitive positioning (cross-subsidization)
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18
Q

example of exception that were international right from the start

A

Facebook, Google, Amazon, Critical Software

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19
Q

definition Born-Global Phenomenon

A

“instant international” , step onto the world immediately upon their founding or soon after.

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20
Q

5 evaluations mode of country for international operations

A
  • purpose
  • mode of entry
  • location factors
  • where to locate
  • information for decision
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21
Q

5 entry modes

A
  • greenfield
  • acquisition
  • licensing
  • startup
  • joint venture
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22
Q

where to locate 4 factors

A
  • local partner
  • cultural identification
  • geographic proximity
  • past experience
23
Q

2 techniques to have the result of some degree of systematisation and assessment

A
  • scanning
  • detailed analysis
24
Q

definition scanning

A

comparing among several countries, involves stats –> quantitative information

25
Q

definition detailed analysis

A

short list of countries and deepens the analysis. involves visits with local distributors, interview the analysts, evaluation of possible partners –> qualitative information

26
Q

definition escalation of commitment

A

the longer and more resources are invested in the analysis of a given alternative, the more probable it becomes to choose for that alternative, regardless of merits

27
Q

4 things in information for decision

A
  • opportunity for sale expansion (product obsolescence, prices, competitors, social inequality, ..)
  • need of allocation of resources (labour costs, quality of infrastructure, transport/communications)
  • risks (political risks, forez risk, operational risk, regulatory risk, legal risk)
  • costs
28
Q

4 resources allocation

A
  • human resources
  • technical resources
  • financial resources
  • company infrastructure
29
Q

2 problems for wrong application of marketing rules

A
  • neglecting differences between the different environments
  • interpret incorrectly the detected differences
30
Q

example of a global brand

A

Chanel n5

31
Q

4 factors that influences the mix push-pull

A
  • type of distribution system
  • cost and availability of media to reach target segments/markets
  • consumer attitude towards the info source
  • product price as a percentage of income
32
Q

4 advantges standardization of promotional programs + 1 example

A
  • cost reduction
  • prevents international customers of getting confused from exposure to different messages
  • usually accelerates the product’s penetration rate on target markets
    example: Persil (wash)
33
Q

4 disadvantages of standardization of promotion

A
  • difficulty of message translation ( word/phrase specificity
  • legal constraints9ex: body exposure)
  • moral standards
  • message content (ex: food advertising)
34
Q

factors against banding policy harmonization

A
  • linguistic factors
  • acquired CoO
  • generic or almost generic names
35
Q

3 concepts to revisit:

A
  • supply chain
  • global sourcing
  • contract manufacturing
36
Q

four key factors influence the success of a company’s global manufacturing

A

1 - compatibility
2 - manufacturing configuration
3 - coordination (unified system)
4 - control (measuring performance)

37
Q

5 reasons why companies practice global sourcing

A
  1. to reduce costs thought cheaper labor, more flexible work rules, and lower land and facilities costs
  2. to increase exposure to worldwide technology and improve quality
  3. to gain access to materials and other resources abroad
  4. to improve the delivery-of-supplier process
  5. to establish presence in foreign market and react to competitors foreign location strategies
38
Q

3 modes of global sourcing

A
  • vertical integration
  • industrial cluster
  • Keirestu
39
Q

def vertical integration

A

when a company owns the entire international supplier network, or at least a significant part of it

40
Q

def industrial cluster

A

when buyers and suppliers locate close to each other, somewhere in the world, to facilitate business

41
Q

def Keiretsu

A

where a group of independent companies work together to manage the flow of goods (japenese chains)

42
Q

def foreign trade zones

A

areas in which domestic and imported merchandise can be stored, inspected, and manufactured free from formal customs procedures until the goods leave the zones

43
Q

Janet Morais profil

A

founder and CEO Koket and love happens magazine

44
Q

Koket products and differentiation

A

interior and furniture business in the luxury segment
differentiation: quality, scarcity, uniqueness

45
Q

production of Koket

A

craftmanship (artists), not in mass-manufacturing. in -house production
highly skilled in digital marketing, promoting its brand and lifestyle to match its products.

46
Q

Incoterms def

A

world standard norms, relative to the obligations of sellers and buyers in international transactions

47
Q

incoterms examples

A

maritime transportation
FAS - free alongside ship
FOB free on board
CIF - cost, insurance, freight

47
Q

types of export documents 4

A
  • bill of landing
  • certificate of origin
  • commercial invoice
  • electronic export information
47
Q

4 types of countertrade

A
  • classical barter
  • counter-purchase
  • compensation arrangements
  • switch trade
48
Q

forms of countertrade

A
  • barter
  • buyback
  • offset
49
Q

cash collection 4

A
  • cash in advance
  • open account
  • consignment
  • letter of credit
50
Q

most used instrument of hedging against the risk of default

A

letter of credit

51
Q
A

international business (2 decks)

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