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Geology 101 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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0
Q

Groundwater is the largest reservoir of ______ that is readily available to humans

A

Freshwater

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1
Q

6/10 of __ percent of the hydrosphere is groundwater

A

1

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2
Q

Groundwater % out of all water

A

14.6%

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3
Q

Groundwater % out of all liquid freshwater

A

94.05%

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4
Q

Groundwater acts as an erosional agent dissolving soluble _______ such as ______.

A

bedrock

Limestone

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5
Q

Most groundwater soaks into the ground from _________.

A

Precipitation

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6
Q

Zone of soil moisture

A

Zone where water is held by molecular attraction on soil particles in the near-surface zone

Used by plants

Evaporates directly back into the atmosphere

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7
Q

Zone of saturation

A

Zone where all the pore spaces are completely filled with water

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8
Q

Water table

A

Upper limit of the zone of saturation

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9
Q

Unsaturated zone (vadose zone)

A

Area above the zone of saturation

Pore spaces include air and water

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10
Q

Capillary fringe

A

Region where groundwater is held in pore spaces by surface tension

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11
Q

Interaction between groundwater and streams constitutes a basic link in the ________ cycle.

A

Hydrological

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12
Q

Gaining streams

A

Gain water from the inflow of groundwater through the stream bed

Water table is higher than the stream surface

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13
Q

Losing streams

A

Lose water to the groundwater system by outflow through the stream bed

Water table is lower than the stream surface

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16
Q

Losing stream becomes disconnected by the ____ _____, and a bulge may form in the water table.

A

Unsaturated zone

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17
Q

Porosity

A

The percentage of pore(open) spaces in a rock or sediment

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18
Q

______ depends on the size and shape of the grains, how we’ll they are sorted, and how tightly they are packed

A

Porosity

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19
Q

_____ determines how much groundwater can be stored.

A

Porosity

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20
Q

Ability of a material to transmit a fluid

A

Permeability

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21
Q

_____ is an impermeable layer that hinders or presents water movement and is usually clay

A

Aquitard

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22
Q

______ is permeable rock strata or sediment that transmits groundwater freely

A

Aquifer

Examples: sands and gravels

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23
Q

Groundwater moves very _____.

A

Slowly ; 4 cm per day

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24
Q

A simple groundwater flow system

A

The force of gravity and pressure differences move groundwater

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25
Q

In a simple groundwater system, Groundwater is replenished in areas of _____.

A

Recharge

26
Q

In a simple groundwater flow system, groundwater flows back to the surface in a ____ ____.

A

Discharge area

27
Q

Darcy’s Law

A

Measure of the volume of Atwater that flows through an aquifer, using the hydraulic gradient, conductivity, and cross-sectional area

28
Q

______ is the water table slope

A

Hydronic gradient

29
Q

______ _____ takes into account the permeability of the aquifer and viscosity of the liquid to determine how fast water will flow through a medium

A

Hydronic conductivity

30
Q

Hydraulic gradient formula

A 
 d
31
Q

A ____ is a hole bored into the zone of saturation

A

Well

32
Q

Drawdown

A

As water is withdrawn from the well, the surrounding water table is lowered

33
Q

Cone of depression

A

Forms around a well

34
Q

An ______ well or spring is a system where groundwater under pressure rises above the level of the aquifer

A

Artesian

35
Q

Af aquifer confined by aquitards is called a _____ _____.

A

Confined aquifer

36
Q

Non flowing artesian well

A

Pressure surface is below ground level

37
Q

Flowing artesian well

A

Pressure surface is above the ground

38
Q

A natural outflow of Atwater from the intersection of the water table and the ground surface is called a _____.

A

Spring

39
Q

Water in hot springs is heated by what?

A

Cooling of igneous rock

Some by geothermal gradient

40
Q

Intermittent hot springs in which columns of water erupt with force

A

Geysers

41
Q

How do geysers work?

A

Occurs where extensive underground chambers exist within hot igneous rock

Groundwater heats, expands, changes to steam, and erupts

42
Q

Geyser deposits

A

Chemical sedimentary rock accumulates at the surface

43
Q

Type of rock reflects the ___ _____ of the bedrock

A

Chemical makeup

44
Q

Mining groundwater

A

Treating groundwater as a non renewable resource

45
Q

What is subsidence?

Example

A

The ground sinks when water is pumped from wells faster than natural recharge processes can replace it

San Joaquin valley of California

46
Q

____ ____ is the excessive groundwater withdrawal causes saltwater to be drawn into wells, thus contaminating the freshwater supply

A

Saltwater contamination

47
Q

Groundwater is often mildly _____.

A

Acidic

48
Q

_____ acid reacts with ____ in limestone to form calcium bicarbonate, a soluble material.

A

Carbonic

Calcite

49
Q

Caverns

A

Created by acidic groundwater dissolves limestone bedrock

About 17,000 caves in the US

50
Q

When calcium carbonate deposited as dripping water evaporates, it is called ______.

A

Travertine

51
Q

_____ is the general name for all dripstone features

A

Speleothem

52
Q

Stalactites

A

Hanging from ceiling

53
Q

Stalagmites

A

Form on the floor of a cavern

54
Q

___ ____ is a landscape that has been shaped mainly by the dissolving power of groundwater.

A

Karst topography

55
Q

Common features of Karst topography include:

A

Irregular terrain
Sinkholes
Striking lack of surface drainage

56
Q

Zone of Aeration

A

All pore spaces are filled with air

57
Q

Water is pulled up through ____ ____.

A

Capillary action

58
Q

Losing stream that is connected provides water to the _____ _____.

A

Groundwater system

71
Q

How can a stream be a combination of gaining and losing streams?

A

A stream can gain in some sections and lose in others

Geology 101 (1 decks)

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