final Flashcards
DNA replication
double stranded DNA molecule is copied. First by splitting the molecule in half up the middle of the helix. New nucleotides added to each side of original parent molecule maintaining a to t and g to c base pairings. results in 2 daughter molecules. DNA polymerase moves along unwound helix and helps bind incoming nucleotides. nucleotides that bind to each other are complimentary
mutation
change in the sequence of DNA. alters the protein that the gene encodes. Do not perform required cell functions in same way that normal proteins do.
mutation at cell cycle checkpoint
if mutation occurs in gene that encodes proteins for regulating cell cycle, cell can no longer properly regulate division. Can cause tumor or cancer growth
cell cycle checkpoints
G1 checkpoint: is division necessary, are growth factors present, is cell large enough, are sufficient nutrients available, G2: was DNA replicated correctly, is the cell large enough. Metaphase checkpoint: are all the chromosomes attached to the microtubules
normal vs. cancer cells
cell division is overstimulated in cancer cells. DNA is not repaired leading to potential malignancy or metastasis. When more and more mutations occur the chances increase the cell will become cancerous.
cancer cells
cancer cells stimulate growth of surrounding blood vesels (angiogenesis), no contact inhibition they will divide even if they pile up on each other, no anchorage dependence they don’t secrete adhesion molecules that glue cells together, reactivate enzyme telomerase allowing chromosomes and cells to divide even after degradation with age
sex linked genes
XY male XX female. Males always inherit X gene from their mother. Males more likely to suffer from diseases caused by recessive alleles on the x chromosome because they only have one copy of any x linked gene
protein synthesis
Copy of DNA is made of RNA. When a cell requires a protein a strand of RNA is produced with help of RNA polymerase starting at promoter using DNA as a guide. RNA pairs C with G and A with U In the ribosome sections of nucleotides of mrna are exposed called codons. tRNA has set matching set of 3 nucleotides (anticodon) that bind to codon and calls for incorporation of specific amino acid. peptide bond forms with mRNA and tRNA ribosomes add amino acid that tRNA is carrying
gene flow
spread of an allele throughout a species’ gene pool
archaea
prokaryotic, found in extreme environments,
kingdom protista
simplest known eukaryotes, most are single celled, contains organisms resembling animals fungi and plants. contains algae, many parasites, slime molds
kingdom animalia
multicellular organisms that make their living by ingesting other organisms and are motile in at least one stage of the life cycle. sponges, anemones, tapeworms, octopus, nematoda
kingdom fungi
immobile and many produce fruit like organs that disperse spores. feed on other organisms by secreting digestive chemicals into their environment. bread mold, more
kingdom plantae
multicellular eukaryotic organisms make their own food via photosynthesis.
major arteries
aorta (entire systemic circuit); common carotid (head and neck); subclavian (arms), renal (kidneys), superior and inferior mesentreric (intestines), common iliac (legs and pelvis cavity), femoral (legs)
