Final Flashcards
What are some problems with predators?
1) reduce livestock production in some cases
2) prey on upland birds, deer and antelope fawns, and waterfowl
What are the benefits of predators?
1) Maintain healthy ecosystems
2) Control rodent population
3) Wildfire watchers
4) may reduce density of other predators
5) Maintenance of “natural” communities
What are the two approaches for estimating coyote abundance?
1) Density Estimates
2) Relative abundance indicies
What are the 3 different ways to get density estimates?
1) Aerial counts
2) Catch-mark-release
3) Spotlight counts
What are the 7 ways of getting relative abundance indices?
1) Scat deposition rates
2) Scent station visitation rates
3) Catch-per-unit effort
4) Elicited howling responses
5) Standardized track counts
6) Road-killed coyotes
7) Harvest questionnaires and bounty payments
What should you take note of to determine what kind of predator it was?
1) position of the carcass
2) Any drag trails
3) Blood on the ground or vegetation
4) If carcass has been covered by vegetation or soil
5) obvious wounds on head, neck, and shoulders
6) examine feeding pattern
7) if the neck is broken
8) where puncutures are found
What are some lethal options for controlling coyotes?
1) Leg hold traps
2) Snares
3) M-44 Device
4) Calling and Shooting
5) Hunting with dogs
6) Aerial Hunting
7) Livestock protection collars
What are some alternative methods of predator control?
1) livestock guarding animals
2) Repellents and frightening devices
3) Aversive conditioning
4) Livestock husbandry and management practices
5) Fencing
6) Immunocontraception
define depredation.
the act or an instance of destruction, plunder, or ravaging
Who is the best girlfriend in the world?
Casey!!!
What are potential solutions for preventing depredation?
1) Frightening Devices
2) Lethal Control
3) Fencing and Netting
4) Feeding deterrents
5) Commercially available feeding deterrents
6) Summary of Repellents
Why is genetic variation so important?
1) ability to adapt over generations to environmental change
2) greater opportunity for individuals to adapt within their lifetime
Define genes
segments of heredity material that are positioned on chromosomes
Define Chromosomes.
structures that carry genes and are found in the nuclei of cells
Define Structural genes
genes that encode Amino Acid sequences or the structure of proteins
Define Regulatory genes.
control the expression of the structural genes during development or among different tissues
define Diploid
have two complete sets of chromosomes, usually one from mom and one from dad
define Alleles
copies of genes and may be alternative forms of the same gene
define Genotype
specific genetic information or makeup
define phenotype
actual physical expression, which is a product of genotype interacting with the environment
define Homozygous
Individuals with two copies of the same allele at a particular locus
define Heterozygous
two different alleles at the same locus
define gene pool
all the alleles present within all individuals within a population
what does little genetic variability mean?
population is less likely to adjust to changing environment
define Heterozygosity
different alleles at one more loci for both populations and individuals
define evolution
the theory that pertains to the process of continuous and gradual transformation of lines of descent from a common ancestor
define species
naturally occurring group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring
define subspecies
races are formally recognized subdivisions of a species whose members resemble one another to some extent and can interbreed but differ from other subdivisions
define adaptation
the change in structure, physiology, behavior, or mode of life which allows species to adjust to their environment.
define endangered species
species having difficulty adapting to their surroundings
define convergent evolution
species with different origins and histories develop similar traits and characteristics that allow them to occupy similar niches
define inbreeding
individuals mate with closely related individuals
define inbreeding depression
a reduction in fitness or vigor due to increased homozygosity, also loss in ability to adapt
define Outbreeding
mating with most distant relatives
define Hybrids
offspring resulting form the matings of parents that are genetically unalike
define Hybrid vigor
an increase in some phenotypic value of a hybrid relative relative to its parents, usually attributed to an increase in heterozygosity
define Introgression
loss of species due to hybridization
define Mutations
changes in the DNA of genes
define Chromosome aberrations
chromosomal changes resulting from deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation
What can Human Dimensions studies do?
1) Offers tools that improve manager’s abilities to represent the public in decision making
2) It can facilitate decisions that maximize desired consequences and societal benefits
3) It can yield the ability to predict human behavior
4) it identifies ways to affect human thought and behavior
5) They can improve accountability and cost efficiency in fish and wildlife management decision making
Problems that exemplify human/wildlife challenges include:
1) conflict is rampant in wildlife policy making
2) Controversy surrounds how management should respond to the growing number of conflicts occurring between humans and wildlife at the urban/wildlife interface.
3) A steady decline in the number of traditional constituents
4) non-traditional forms of recreation have been revealed as highly popular forms of recreation
5) Wildlife values are shifting from a utilitarian to a protection orientation
6) the public has been increasingly drawn into the wildlife decision arena and their level of wildlife knowledge
_____________ of the public remains one of the greatest challenges for the future
Education
how does collecting human dimensions data take place?
Surveys
Focus Groups
Information Dissemination
Important lessons learned in Human Dimensions:
1) people are important in sustaining fish and wildlife
2) there is a time when the issues and the people are ripe for a field of science to emerge
3) patience is needed
4) commitment and compassion of those involved is necessary for a long time
5) organizational leadership and ability are needed
6) communication devices are instrumental in building networks and exchanging information
