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Nutri - Vitamins > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins?

A

are organic compounds produced by bacteria, plants and animals, which are essential to human health.

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2
Q

Vitamins can be classified as

A

water- or fat- soluble,
depending on their ability to dissolve in water or fat, respectively.

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3
Q

to be considered a vitamin, it has to meet certain criteria:

A

Organic compounds other than fats, carbohydrates and proteins.
Natural constituents of food, usually present in very small amounts.
Not synthesized by the body in sufficient quantities to meet normal physiological needs.
Needed in very small amounts for normal functioning (maintenance, growth, development and reproduction).
Absence or insufficiency produces a specific deficiency syndrome.

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4
Q

Water soluble - vitamins

A

vitamin C and all the B vitamins

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5
Q

B vitamins

A

Thiamine (vitamin B1)
Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
Niacin (vitamin B3)
Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)
Biotin (vitamin B7)
Folic acid (vitamin B9)
Cobalamin (vitamin B12)

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6
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

vitamins A, D, E, and K.

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7
Q

These vitamins dissolve in fats and oils, thus are abundant in foods rich in fats such as vegetable oils, fatty fish or full-fat dairy

A

Fat-soluble vitamins

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8
Q

They have a key role in helping our bodies convert foods into energy, they are involved in the proper functioning of our nervous system and they help our cells multiply while protecting our genetic material (DNA) in the process.

A

Water-soluble vitamins

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9
Q

Water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body. True or false?

A

True

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10
Q

which vitamin can be stored in the liver for many years.

A

B12 (“Water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body” : The exception to this is vitamin B12)

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11
Q

is the generic name used for a group of fat-soluble compounds that include two main forms: carotenoids, found in plant and plant-based foods; and pre-formed vitamin A (or retinol), mainly found in animal products.

A

Vitamin A

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12
Q

Functions of vitamin A

A

Supports vision
Supports our immune system
Supports the healthy development of the baby
Helps our cell grow and develop

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13
Q

What foods contain vitamin A?

A

meat (particularly organ meats)
butter
margarine enriched with retinol
dairy
eggs

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14
Q

Deficiencies of this vitamin can be caused by:

A

Inadequate intakes of foods containing this micronutrient
Hypoabsorption due to insufficient dietary fat intake, biliary or pancreatic insufficiency, liver disease, or malnutrition.

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15
Q

Signs of vitamin a deficiency

A

Early signs
Deterioration of vision due to loss of visual pigments which causes nocturnal blindness.

Advance signs
Impaired embryonic development
Impaired spermatogenesis
Miscarriage
Anemia
Impaired immunocompetence and reduced number of osteoclasts in bone
Keratinization of the mucous membranes lining the respiratory tract, urinary tract, mouth, skin and epithelium of the eye.
Xerophthalmia: Atrophy of the periocular glands, hyperkeratosis of the conjunctiva, softening of the cornea and blindness.

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16
Q

Effects of Vitamin a deficiency on oral structures

A

Salivary gland atrophy
Enamel hypoplasia
Decreased epithelial tissue development.
Vitamin A has been shown to provide a protective effect against cleft palate.

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17
Q

also referred to as vitamin B1, is a water-soluble vitamin that belongs to the B-vitamins family

A

Thiamin

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18
Q

Our bodies also use …………. to convert nutrients into energy and to keep the healthy function of our brain and nervous system.

A

Thiamin (vitamin B1)

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19
Q

Functions of Thiamin

A

Helps our bodies convert nutrients into energy
Keeps the healthy function of our brain and nervous system

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20
Q

What foods contain thiamin

A

wholegrains
pulses
meat (particularly liver)
fish

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21
Q

thiamin deficiency

A

Characterized by anorexia, cardiac signs, indigestion,
constipation, neurological changes.

Increased deficiency in people with chronic alcohol or
drug abuse as thiamine is necessary for metabolism and
detoxification of alcohol.

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22
Q

Effect of thiamin deficiency on oral structures

A

cracked lips or angular cheilitis

“inflammation of one or both corners of the
mouth”.

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23
Q

Fluorescent, water-soluble, neon yellow vitamin that can be commonly found in animal-based products.

A

riboflavin (Vitamin b2)

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24
Q

Functions of Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

A

Helps our bodies convert nutrients into energy

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25
Q

what foods contain riboflavin (vitamin B2)?

A

milk and dairy products
eggs
meat (particularly organ meats)
fortified foods

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26
Q

signs of riboflavin deficiency

A

Photophobia, lacrimation, burning and itching of the eyes, loss of visual acuity and pain and burning of the lips, mouth and tongue.

Pharyngitis, hyperemia and edema of the pharyngeal and oral mucous membranes, oral lesions, generalized seborrheic dermatitis, skin anomalies of the vulva and scrotum.

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27
Q

Effects of riboflavin deficiency on oral structures

A

Edema of oral mucous membranes
Oral lesions:
Angular cheilitis
Glossitis
Ulcerative gingivitis

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28
Q

is the generic name used for a group of water-soluble compounds (nicotinamide and nicotinic acid) that belong to the
family of B-vitamins.

A

niacin (Vitamin b3)

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29
Q

Functions of niacin (Vitamin b3)

A

Helps our bodies to convert nutrients into energy
Helps our bodies make fats and cholesterol
Helps form and repair our genetic material

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30
Q

what foods contain niacin?

A

liver, meat and meat products
fish
peanuts
whole grains
fortified foods

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31
Q

niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency mainly include

A

Muscle weakness
Anorexia
Indigestion
Skin rashes
Severe deficiency results in pellagra.
Pellagra

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32
Q

Effects of niacin deficiency on oral structures

A

Tongue and mouth soreness
Pellagra can lead to a specific presentation of
glossitis

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33
Q

Water-soluble vitamin that belongs to the B-vitamins family.

Our bodies use …………. to convert nutrients into energy and to make and break down fats.

A

Pantothenic acid
(Vitamin b5)

34
Q

Functions Pantothenic acid (Vitamin b5)

A

Helps our bodies convert nutrients into energy
Helps our bodies make and break down fats

35
Q

What foods contain Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)?

A

meat and meat products
eggs
nuts
avocados
green leafy vegetables (such as broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, kale and brussels sprouts)
whole grains
legumes
fortified foods

36
Q

pantothenic acid deficiency

A

can cause mood changes, sleeping problems and neurological, cardiac and gastrointestinal disturbances.

37
Q

is involved in more than 100 chemical reactions in our cells

A

Vitamin B6

38
Q

Vitamin B6 functions

A

Helps our bodies to covert nutrients into energy
Helps form our red blood cells
Helps form our genetic material (DNA & RNA)
SUPPORT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT DURING PREGNANCY AND INFANCY
BALANCES LEVELS OF homocysteine IN BLOOD
Keeps the healthy function of our brain and nervous system

39
Q

What foods contain vitamin B6

A

wholegrains (such as corn, brown rice and quinoa)
pulses
nuts and seeds
potatoes
meat and meat products (such as poultry, pork and liver)
fortified foods

40
Q

effects of vitamin b6 deficiency

A

can cause itchy rashes, and an impairment of the immune system.

In the long-term, it often leads to microcytic anaemia, a disorder that causes our bodies to produce very small red blood cells that are unable to properly deliver oxygen to our bodies.

It can also impair the normal function of our brain, causing confusion, depression, or more severe consequences. Children with a lack of this vitamin grow and develop slower, can become irritable or develop microcytic anaemia and seizures

41
Q

Effects of vitamin b6 deficiency on oral structures

A

Periodontal disease
Burning sensation of the mouth
Sore tongue
Scaly skin on the lips
Angular cheilitis

42
Q

is a water-soluble vitamin that’s a part of the vitamin B family. It’s also known as vitamin H, B7 or B8.

A

BIOTIN

43
Q

BIOTIN functions

A

Helps our bodies to convert nutrients into energy
Helps our bodies make fatty acids and glucose

44
Q

What foods contain biotin?

A

meat and poultry
fish
eggs
cheese

45
Q

biotin deficiency

A

skin disorders like seborrheic dermatitis, alopecia (hair loss), conjunctivitis, poor muscle coordination and paralysis.
In children, it can slow their growth and development.

46
Q

Effect of biotin deficiency on oral structures

A

periorificial dermatitis; scaly, red rash around the orifices, i.e., eyes, nose, and mouth (also called “biotin-deficient face”).

Glossitis

47
Q

……….. is the natural form of the vitamin found in foods and in the body; while folic acid is its synthetic form, used in supplements or fortified foods. Our bodies absorb folic acid from fortified foods or supplements significantly better than folate from foods.

A

Folate (vitamin b9)

48
Q

Functions of Folate (vitamin b9)

A

Helps our cells grow and multiply
Helps form our red blood cells
Helps form our genetic material
Keeps the healthy function of our brain and nervous system
Balance levels of homocysteine in the blood
Support brain development during pregnancy and infancy

49
Q

what foods contain folate?

A

dark green vegetables,
legumes
orange and grapefruit juice
peanuts and almonds.

50
Q

Folate deficiency

A

can affect people with specific health conditions that impair the absorption of nutrients by our bodies (such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease or chronic alcohol abuse).

It can also affect people who have a specific mutation in the MTHFR gene, which prevents the body from converting folate to its active (functional) form.

can cause irritability and forgetfulness. In the long-term, it can lead to megaloblastic anaemia, a disease that causes the body to form unusually large red blood cells in lower amounts.

IN PREGNANT WOMEN
increases the risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida.

51
Q

Effect of folate deficiency on oral structures

A

periodontal tissues : Gingival necrosis, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone loss

Although folate deficiency is most often associated with neural tube defects, recent studies have found a reduced occurrence of cleft lip with or without cleft palate when pregnant women take supplemental folic acid.

Also, insufficient folate consuming in pregnancy (<6 ng/mL) increases early childhood caries in toddlers.
Effect of folate deficiency on oral structures

52
Q

also known as cobalamin, is the generic name used for a group of water-soluble compounds that belong to
the family of B-vitamins.

A

Vitamin B12

53
Q

Functions of cobalaim (vitamin B12)

A

Keep the healthy function of our brains and nervous system
helps form our red blood cells
Helps balance levels of homocysteine in blood
Helps form our genetic material

54
Q

What foods contain vitamin B 12

A

meat
fish
eggs
dairy products
fortified foods (such as breakfast cereals and plant-based alternatives to yogurt and milk).

55
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency

A

can happen to vegetarians and vegans, as they have limited sources of this vitamin in their diet. It can also be caused by specific health conditions that affect the absorption or use of this vitamin in our bodies, such as pernicious anaemia.

megaloblastic anaemia.

can also harm the normal function of our nervous system and lead to irritability, memory disturbances, depression, and disorientation.

56
Q

Effect of vitamin b12 deficiency on oral structures

A

angular cheilitis
halitosis
bone loss
hemorrhagic gingivitis
painful ulcers in the mouth
detachment of periodontal fibers

57
Q

also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin found in a variety of foods.

A

Vitamin C

58
Q

Functions of vitamin C

A

support our immune function
Helps our body make collagen
Keep the healthy function of our brain and nervous system
Protects our cells against damage from free radicals
Helps our body covert fats into energy

59
Q

What foods contain, vitamin C?

A

fruits (such as berries, lychee, papaya, kiwi and citrus fruits)
vegetables (such as cauliflower, cabbage and sweet pepper).

60
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A

can cause fatigue, anaemia, joint pain and muscle weakness

Scurvy

61
Q

Effects of vitamin C deficiency on oral structures

A

irregular dentin formation
dental pulpal alterations
bleeding gums
delayed wound healing
defective collagen formation

62
Q

is a water-soluble organic compound considered a “conditionally essential” micronutrient. This means that our bodies can make small amounts of choline, but most of it must still come from our diets.

A

CHOLINE

63
Q

Functions of choline

A

Helps form the membranes of our cells
Helps our muscles contract
Balance levels of homocysteine in the blood
Keeps the healthy function of our brain and nervous system
Helps the transport of fats and cholesterol in the body

64
Q

What foods contain Choline?

A

meat and fish
whole grains
vegetables and fruit
fats and oils.

65
Q

Choline deficiency

A

can cause damage to our muscles and cause fat to build up in our livers, leading to liver diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

66
Q

is a fat-soluble vitamin and one of the few ones our bodies can make when the skin is directly exposed to the sun. Food sources of this vitamin are particularly important in places where sunlight exposure is lower.

A

Vitamin D

67
Q

Functions of vitamin D

A

Helps form and keep strong bones and teeth
Helps our muscles contract
Helps nerves carry messages between the brain and body
Support our immune system

68
Q

What foods contain vitamin D?

A

fatty fish (such as herring, salmon and mackerel)
meat (particularly organ meats) and meat products
egg yolks
fortified foods.

69
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

impair our bodies’ ability to absorb calcium and phosphorus from foods, which then need to be moved from our bones to supply the rest of the body. Over time, this causes our bones to become less dense (with less bone mass) and weaker.

70
Q

Effects of vitamin d deficiency on oral structures

A

A deficiency in vitamin D is associated with enamel and dentin hypoplasia. Inadequate levels of vitamin D during tooth formation may result in delayed eruption as well as lamina dura and cementum loss and abnormal alveolar bone patterns that lead to tooth loss.

71
Q

is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in eight different forms; however, of those, our bodies only use α-tocopherol.

A

Vitamin E

72
Q

Functions of vitamin E

A

Protect our cell against damage from free radicals
Keeps nerve and red blood cells healthy
Help prevent clots from forming in the blood
Keeps the normal function of our brain and nervous system
Support our immune system

73
Q

What foods contain vitamin E?

A

vegetable oils
vegetable fat spreads
nuts and seeds
some fatty fish
egg yolk
whole-grain cereals.

74
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

poor coordination and muscle control
muscle pain or weakness
visual disturbances
increased risk of bleeding

75
Q

is a fat-soluble vitamin that has three forms: vitamin
K1, K2 and K3.

A

Vitamin K

76
Q

also known as phylloquinones, is the most
abundant in foods and we can find it mainly in plants.

A

Vitamin K1

77
Q

also known as menaquinones, is produced by
bacteria and yeast and we can find it mainly in animal
products such as meat, cheese and eggs.

A

Vitamin K2

78
Q

also known as menadione, is the synthetic form
of the vitamin and can only be found in supplements.

A

Vitamin K3

79
Q

Functions of vitamin K

A

Helps blood clotting
Helps form and keep our bones structure

80
Q

what foods contain vitamin k?

A

Plant-based foods rich in vitamin K include:
dark green leafy vegetables (such as spinach, lettuce, cabbage, kale, brussels sprouts, broccoli and cauliflower)
some seed and vegetable oils (such as soybean, rapeseed, and olive oil)
spreadable vegetable fats

Animal-based foods rich in vitamin K include:
meat and meat products (particularly liver products)
poultry
cheese and other dairy products
blended fats and oils

81
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

affects blood clotting and can cause easy bruising and bleeding.

happens in people that use specific medications, such as anticoagulants.

82
Q

Effect of vitamin K deficiency on oral estructures

A

gingival bleeding
spontaneous gingival hemorrages

Nutri - Vitamins (1 decks)

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