final Flashcards
Moved away from Skinner’s reactive mechanical model to view people as agents, or originators, of experience
Bandura
Emphasizes the reciprocal nature of the interaction among all three factors
Triadic Reciprocal Causation
People learn cognitively by observing others, not merely by experiencing rewards for what they do themselves.
Learning Through Observation
sometimes called modeling, is learning that occurs without the learners receiving direct external reinforcement
Observational learning
Used famous Bobo doll experiments to show how a person, such as a child, will model behaviors shown to them by an adult
Bandura
Arbitrarily or socially arranged.
Extrinsic reinforcement
Natural physiological effect or how we feel about it.
Intrinsic reinforcement
learn appropriate behavior from the successes and mistakes of others
Vicarious reinforcement
Occurs through self-monitoring, self-judgment, and affective self-reaction. People regulate their own behavior by setting standards of conduct for themselves and responding to their own actions in self-rewarding or punishing ways.
Self-regulation
Frequent exposure to ______ and __________ in the media encourages people to behave aggressively (film model just as effective as live model in teaching aggressive forms of behavior)
agression and violence
Refers to belief that we can successfully perform behaviors that will produce desired effects
Self-Efficacy
People who view themselves as lacking efficacy for coping with life tasks are vulnerable to _________and may develop avoidance patterns designed to reduce their fears
anxiety and depression
The type of therapy that cultivates effective processes of self-regulation is an integral part of the therapeutic process
psychotherapy
anticipates whether one’s actions will influence outcomes. ex: academic successes and failures in school.
Locus of control
believes that extreme belief in either internal or external locus of control is unrealistic and unhealthy. Hypothesized a curvilinear relationship between locus of control measures and assessments of maladjustment
Rotter
Delay in gratification paradigm where the experimenter creates a dilemma for the young child.
Marshmallow studies
Theory that posited incremental (quantitative) change over time GRADUAL CHANGE (e.g., Freud) *Accumulation of skills, habits, beliefs, or behaviors
Continuity theories
Believed that the Nature of
personality exists as a concrete, biological, structure— science is just not advanced enough to actually see it
Allport
Theory that proposes genuine transformation (growth is seen as qualitatively different) SUDDEN CHANGE over time (e.g., Allport) *Transition from low to high levels of organization
Discontinuity theories
Traits: Hypothetical constructs that permit us to make comparisons between individuals within a given culture. Everyone in that culture recognizes and names.
common trait
so pervasive that they influence almost every behavior of an individual; traits which practically define their life. Mother Theresa
Cardinal
highly characteristic of individual, friendly, sneaky etc
central
specific, focused tendencies (often situational) appear in specific circumstances
secondary
can be characterized as proactive, future-oriented, and psychological.
propriate functioning
This refers essentially to habits – behaviors that no longer serve their original purpose, but still continue. You may have started smoking as a symbol of adolescent rebellion, for example, but now you smoke because you can’t quit! Social rituals such as saying “bless you” when someone sneezes had a reason once upon a time (during the plague, a sneeze was a far more serious symptom than it is today!), but now continues because it is seen as polite.
perseverative functional autonomy
something a bit more self-directed than habits. Values are the usual example. Perhaps you were punished for being selfish when you were a child. That doesn’t in any way detract from your well-known generosity today – it has become your value!
Propriate functional autonomy
Believed there was a radical discontinuity between neurotic and healthy personality vs. tendency to view “normal” personality as an absence of neurotic tendencies *Too much emphasis in psychology on what is neurotic, not enough focus on what is healthy
Define of Maturity
Refers to reducing tension by satisfying deficit states or lacks (entails Deficiency needs (Dneeds): arise out of organisms requirements for physiological survival or safety) /- fulfilling psychological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization.
Motivation
refers to growth tendencies (entails Being-needs (B-needs): arise out of the organisms drive to self-actualize and fulfill its inherent potential)
Metamotivation
a projective device in which a person makes up a story for ambiguous pictures
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT):
a force in the brain that organizes our perception, understanding, and behavior in such a way as to lead us to change an unsatisfying situation and increase our satisfaction
Need
is a contextual or situational pressures that influence personality and its expression
press
fulfill their own needs and do the best that they are capable of doing
Self-actualized persons
an intensification of any experience to the degree that there is a loss or transcendence of the self
Peak Experience
the study of human awareness and perceptions
Self-concept is portion of phenomenal field that gradually become differentiated
Phenomenology
exists when a person’s symbolized experiences reflect actual experiences
Congruence
exists when a person’s symbolized experiences do not reflect all their actual experiences; there is denial or distortion in the symbolization
Incongruence
Person-centered therapy
Positive Psychology
Need for positive regard by others
Unconditional positive regard
Conditional positive regard
Positive self-regard * Positive development leads to a fully functioning person
Developmental Personality
grew out of the same cultural situation- both seek to understand anxiety, despair, and the alienation that people feel from themselves and society.
Existentialism and psychoanalysis
helps individuals identify a set of personal core values, or chosen life directions, based on what matters most to them, and then commit to behaviors that will advance those values in spite of potentially painful emotional obstacles. Helps increase psychological flexibility, which permits us to be fully in touch with the present and to continue or change our behaviors, depending on the situation, in the service of chosen values.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT-Hayes)
Methods are performance-based, without new experiences there can be no change.
Technical Eclecticism- Lazarus maintains that good treatment methods may be derived from many sources without necessarily agreeing with the theories that generated them.
Multimodal Therapy
based on theory of personality that maintains that how one thinks largely determines how one feels and behaves
Cognitive therapy
Structures that consist of an individual’s fundamental core beliefs and assumptions about how the world operates – Develop early in life from personal experiences and identification with significant others
Cognitive schemas
when a highly charged emotional consequence (C) such as being very frightened follows a significant activating event (A) such as being chased by a large dog as a child, A may seem to but does not actually cause C. Instead, in subsequent situations, emotional consequences are largely created by B, the individual’s belief system (oh dear, all dogs are dangerous and that is horrible).
A-B-C theory of personality underlying REBT
emphasizes that conscious and unconscious absolutistic philosophical tenets tend to lead to dysfunctional behaviors and emotions
Theory of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Person reveals constructs by comparing and contrasting a number of significant persons in his or her life
Role Construct Repertory Tests (Rep Test)
clients act out a predetermined role for several weeks. By playing the part of a psychologically healthy person, clients may discover previously hidden aspects of themselves.
Fixed-role therapy
hypotheses that make the world meaningful to us
personal constructs
believed that people construe events according to their personal constructs rather than reality
George Kelly
narrative pattern that gives significance to our existence, essential for psychological health
Myth
