Final Flashcards
Medieval
Referring to the Middle Ages, a period of European history from the 5th to the 15th century.
Feudalism
A social, economic, and political system in medieval Europe, in which a lord gave land to a vassal in return for loyalty and military service.
Manor system
The organization of society in medieval Europe, where the lord of the manor owned the land and the peasants worked it in exchange for protection and a portion of the crops.
Serf
A peasant who was bound to the land and could not leave without the lord’s permission in feudal society.
Lord
A nobleman who owned land and had power and authority over the people who lived on his land in feudal society.
Magna Carta
A legal document signed by King John of England, which limited the power of the monarchy and guaranteed basic rights to the people
Secular
Things that are not connected to religion or spiritual matters.
Heresy
A belief or opinion that goes against the official doctrine of a religion.
Vernacular
The language is spoken by the people in a particular country or region, as opposed to a language that is learned in school or used for official purposes.
Humanism
An intellectual and cultural movement that emphasized the study of classical literature and human values, which flourished in Europe during the Renaissance.
Patrons
Wealthy individuals or organizations who support artists, writers, or scholars, usually by providing financial assistance.
Perspective
A technique used in art to create an illusion of depth and space on a two-dimensional surface.
Geocentric theory
The ancient Greek theory is that the Earth is at the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, and planets orbiting around it.
Heliocentric theory
The scientific theory that the sun is at the center of the solar system, with the planets orbiting around it.
Highlands
Mountainous regions in Central and South America where many early indigenous civilizations developed.
Lowlands
Flat or gently rolling regions in Central and South America where many early indigenous civilizations developed.
Chinampas
Floating gardens were used for agriculture by the Aztecs in Mesoamerica.
Conquistadors
Spanish conquerors who invaded and colonized the Americas in the 16th century
Terrace farming
A method of farming used on steep slopes or hillsides, in which the land is divided into flat terraces that retain water and soil.
Glyph
A symbol or picture that represents a word, idea, or sound, used by many indigenous civilizations in the Americas
Codex
A book made of a series of sheets of paper or parchment, usually bound together on one side, used by many indigenous civilizations in the Americas.
Caravels
Small, fast ships developed by the Portuguese in the 15th century, allowed for longer sea voyages and exploration.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of goods, ideas, and people between the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) and the New World
Triangular Trade
The trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas in which goods such as slaves, sugar, and rum were exchanged.
Mercantilism
An economic theory that a country’s wealth and power depend on its ability to control trade and accumulate gold and silver.
Social Contract
The idea that individuals give up some of their rights and freedoms to the government in exchange for protection and benefits
Natural Rights
The idea that individuals have certain inherent rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property, which the government cannot take away.
Separation of Powers
The division of government powers among different branches, such as the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
Reign of Terror
A period of violence and political repression during the French Revolution, led by the radical Jacobin faction and characterized by mass executions.
Third Estate
The common people of France, who made up the majority of the population and had few political rights or privileges before the French Revolution.
