FINAL Flashcards
Which of the following is a basic process of healing that leads to cessation of bleeding from a blood vessel?
Hemostasis
Which component of the blood is metabolized into bilirubin?
Heme portion of hemoglobin
Which of the following option is not related to oncogenes?
Involved in DNA repair
Which of the following symptoms is most indicative of a stroke affecting the cerebellum?
Ataxia
What leads to the chronic inflammation observed in COPD?
Chronic inhalation of irritants like cigarette smoke and air pollutants
Oxidative stress advanced glycation products, proinflammatory changes, directly promotes which of the following complications in type 2 diabetes:
Retinopathy
A 32-year-old woman presents for her routine gynecological examination. She reports no symptoms of vaginal discharge, bleeding, or pelvic pain. Her last Pap smear was three years ago and showed no abnormalities. A routine Papanicolaou smear is performed. The cytology report indicates the presence of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), suggesting cervical dysplasia.
What is the definition of dysplasia?
Is a term used to describe abnormal cells in a tissue or organ. It’s a morphological term that means “malformation”. Dysplasia is not cancer, but it can sometimes become cancer.
Which is the key driver of tumor angiogenesis?
Hypoxia
Choose the most important risk factor for the development of painful diabetic neuropathy:
Glucose under 126mg/dL
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Insulin resistance in target tissues
Which of the following cells are primarily involved in the pathogenesis of MS through an autoimmune mechanism?
T lymphocytes
Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of acute inflammation?
To eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and remove damaged tissue
A 45-year-old female patient presents with fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. On physical examination, she has dry skin, brittle hair, and a slow heart rate. Laboratory tests reveal elevated serum cholesterol and TSH levels with low free T4 levels. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Hypothyroidism
Which immune rejection can be avoided in transplantation using compatible MHC between donor and receptor whereas same blood type?
Hyper-acute
A patient with asthma is likely to show which of the following changes in pulmonary function tests?
Decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/FVC ratio
Which of the following does NOT contribute to the pathophysiology of COPD according to the document?
High levels of physical activity
What is the primary function of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)?
Removing excess cholesterol from body cells and blood
Which process of carcinogenesis is where chemicals or viruses damage DNA?
Initiation
34-year-old male with a recent malaria infection. Today he attends to the office with scleral jaundice and clinical manifestations of anemia. Where is the cause of jaundice?
Pre hepatic
A common cause of anemia characterized by an increase of the mean corpuscular volume:
Folic acid deficiency
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease, one of the following statements describes part of it’s pathophysiology:
Loss of immune-tolerance at mucosal sites
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that primarily affects:
Coagulation factor activity
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the ventricle contract, causing a rise in ventricular pressure and closure of the atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid valves)?
Ventricular systole
Which of the following best describes the primarily function of surfactant in the lungs?
To decrease the surface tension within alveoli, making it easier for them to expand during inspiration
Which of the following is a common form of hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease
The following are pathogenic feature of hepatic encephalopathy, EXCEPT one:
Decrease of ammonia levels in blood
How does airway remodeling affect asthma?
Contributes to the chronicity and severity of asthma
A severe hemorrhage can lead to the following renal failure:
Pre renal failure
Following an ischemic stroke, a patient has difficulty speaking and understanding language. This condition is known as:
Aphasia
In the spinal cord, the cell bodies of the primary afferent neurons are located in the:
Dorsal root ganglia