final Flashcards
Garbage
wet discards
Trash
dry discards
Refuge
Garbage + Trash
Rubbish
Refuse + Construction and Demo debris
“Fringe Effect”
anicent settlments, inhabitants pushed refuse to edges and corners
Pre WWII diposal
open burning dumps- spread waste over large area, pigs and scavengers.
Post WWII Disposal
open burning dumps became known as a public health hazard, sanitary landfills needed
1965 Solid Waste Disposal Act
made solid waste a big buisness, sold waste managment became a seperate entity from state vector control
Quantifying waste: Indirect Approach
use mathematical models based on materials flow- data from industrial production and consumption records (excludes garbage and rubbish)
Quantifying waste: Direct Approach
weights and volumes of refuse in landfill- archeological garbologists
amount of waste per person per day
about 4.1 lbs
most wasted food category
produce
In times of scarcity,
more food wasted. (people buy more, to stock up but then it goes bad)
package taxes
used to cover the cost of landfill (The ratio of product to packaging is higher for lower income families).
Diaper Dilemma, factors to consider
volume, and what is in the diapers
amount of energy for manufacturing or washing
water consumed for washing
threat to ground and surface water from contamination
air pollution produced by cleaning cloth
public health risk due to exposure to feces
cost of disposable diaper use
Major landfill contributors
paper, food, plastic, glass, metal, electronics batteris
factors to consider when determinging siting of a landfill
rock and soil beneath0 hydraulic conductivity, contamination of soil and groundwater
Lining of Landfill
several feet of dense clay, plastic liners, several feet of gravel or sand. Pack landfill with layers of soil
leachate
liquid that seeps to the bottom. Collected and treated at water sanitation places
Retiring a landfill
cover with thick layers of clay, pipes embedded to collect methane and decomposing bacteria,. turned into parks, gold courses. can only tell because of the methane well heads.
1876 Resrouce Conservation and Recovery Act
directed EPA to develop criteria for open landfills and sanitary landfills
hazardous waste
a solid or combination of solid waste, which because of its quanitity or concentration or physical, chemical or infectious characteristic may cause or significantly contribute to an illness or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or environment. Can be ignitable, corrosive or reactive
most toxic waste enters from
non-point source
residential hazardous waste
1 % of household waste, chemicals, glues, pesticides, fertilizers, detergents and oven cleaners.
hazardous waste sites
built on bedrock, layers of impermeable clay and plastic, pipes at the bottom which collect leachate, plastic liners have sensors to alert in case of leak
health risk assessment near waste sites
relative risk (RR), standard mortality ratio (SRM), odds ratio (OR), or standard fertility ratio (SFR)
Bhopal, India 1984
water entered an underground storage tank constaining methyl isocyanate and caused a violent explosion, released MIC in aerosol into the air. 2,500 died in the first few hours. 5,000 dead and 200,000 sick or injured by the fourth day.
revolution in chemical plant safety and communication between chemical plants, public safety and communitu.
Responsible Care
guiding principle and managment practice codes that chemical companies should abide. a code for post accidents, and accident prevention and environmental stewardship
Toxic Substance Control Act 1976
requires testing, regulating, screening all chemicals produced of imported into the US. schools must inspect for asbestos, EPA study radon lecels, resource conservation and recovery, sold and hazardous waste “cradle to grave”
CERCLA Superfund Act 1980
“superfund” from tzes o nchemical feedstocks to clean up abandonded hazardous waste sites and accident spills. each contributor can be held responsible for the entire cost of clean up (joint and several liabilitites)
Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act 1986
release of toxic chemicals. requires industry and government to report toxic release, encourage planning by local communitities to respond to chemcical emergencies
Largest accident in the US, Texas City 1947
freighter exploded, with cotton, peanusts and ammonium nitrate
clean up methods for contaminated sites
extraction, biorememdiation, phytoremediation
sources of drinking water
rainfall, surface water, ground water, desalinized water, reclaimed water
reservoir
store natural water, selected as protected watersheds
ancient water treatment methods
bad or cloth to strain water remove solids. first in S in 1908 used chlorine as disinfectant to control waterborne dieases
water supplies in the 1800’s transmitted
cholera, dysentery, hepatitis and typhoid
storage of water
first step of treatment, almost all pathogenic bacteria are eliminated by stoaring water for 1-5 weeks. water is prechlorinated or treated with ozone to kill organisms
coagulation and flocculation
chemicals added to water to precipitate undesirable minerals, chemicals, microoganisms. usually ALUM. A floc forms and settles to the bottom of the tank.
Filtration
water flows through, sand and suspended materials trapped in top layers, form biofilters that screen out smaller particles
Water in Los Angeles
:A aquaduct, groundwater 12%, and MWD purchased 47%. most from high sierra mountain range
Disinfection
final step of purification. chorine, ozone, UV light. chlorine disinfects by exposing pathogens to free availible chlorine, ozone disinfects by generating hydroxl radicals- damages membranes of DNA pathogens
Transporting water to users
leaks, cross connection (break in water main becomes contaminate)
Transmission contaminants
deterioration of pipes and fitting. brita filters
Odor
chemicals that bind to proteins in the nose (Odorant binding protenins) bind to the brain receptors where signal and odor can be identified.
Drinking Water, Biological Contaminants
bacteria, protozoa, helminthes, viruses, fungi
Bacteria
Slomonella. Cholera, typhoid fever. rarely occur in the developed world
Protozoa
microscopic, single celled organisms. parasites, form cysts.
Cryptosporidia, major threat to domestic water supplies, contaminated by animal feces from agriculutal runoff. resistant to chlorine and and small enough to make it through many filters. difficult to identify.
Giardia Lambia- spread by forest animals, beavers, raccons, persistent diarrhea
amoebic dysentery0 in placed with poor sanitation and in hopsiticals, rare in the united states, causes cysts,
Helminthes
flat or round parasitic worms, in industrial nations. vectors spread them, (fish tapeworm).
viruses
at least 6 virus groups, with over 100 different strains are known to be releases. ?Hepatitis A, virus causes diesase. more difficult to identify. large proportion of the unidentified agents that result in outbreak of diease
Fungi
skin rase and eye disorders
Primary Water Quality Indicators
Radioactivity- decay or radium.
Toxic elements- metals, Arsenic (main, lots of contamination in bangladesh and west bengal india)
Arsenic Toxicity
liver, kidney, muscles, heart, spleen. methylized in body
nitrate
odorless, colorless, naturally present in vegetables. blue baby syndrome- well water becomes loaded with high concentration from fertilizer, manure and septic system.
Disinfection By- products
Trihalomethans (THM)- from treating water with chlorine. potential carcinogens, regulated in drinking water, remove by running through a charcoal filter
chloroform
used as an indicator. presense of other halogenated or oxidized chemicals.
The most probable number
to count bacteria. indirectly tests for the presence of pathogens in water based on the application of Poisson distribution for extreme numbers
Thomas equation:
Turbidity
one unity is equivalent to 1 mg og silicon dioxide per liter
nephelometric turbitiy unit
light scallered on standard solution
Secondary Water Quality Indicators
Aesthetic.
Color- can add potassium Odor Acidity Total Dissolved Solids-all waterborne inorganic chemicals Unregulated constituents water hardness total organic carbon
Safe Drinking Water Act 1974
water must appear clean, taste pure and meet standards for toxic chemicals
Bottled Water
not regulated by the EPA. the FDA regulated. 30% were contaminated with chemicals or bacteria at levels that would exceed EPA regulation. maybe becasue of large storage tanks. 40% of bottled water is tap water (does meet EPA standards). Bottled water uses about 2000 times as much energy as tap water.
Water use in US
81 % irrigation, only 7% for public supply.
methods of filtration
biofilter- mat composed of algae, or other biological material
charcoal, coal or other carbon- used to remove organic chemiccals
sand, gravel
Acid Rain
pH is less than 5.6, aquatic orgaisms very sentsitive, dissolved metals rock
Eutrophication
2/3 of lakes in the US have serious eutriphication problem
60-70% of community water
(water that is distributed to a community) is returned through sanitary sewer system
STORM SEWERS
deliver to nearby lakes, rivers. prevents flooding. some have grids to trap debris, but mostly flow untreeted.
waste water treatment
remove waste so when returned to the environment it does nto cause eutrophication.
primary waste water treatemtnt
mechanical reducation of Total Suspended Solids (bar screens)
Secondary waste water treatment
removal or organic matter from the water, by converting it to biomass. aeration tank- adding activated sludge containing bacteria, protozoa, metazoa and algae. sits for 4-8 hours. moved to secondary settling tank, for 1-2 hours. or use a trickling filter made of crushed stone and gravel
Tertiary waste water treatment
remove remainting solids. pass water through filter, sand. or use aeration tower to remove volitile ammonia, phosphorus and industrial chemicals.
then dieinfection, usually by chlorination
Sewage Farming
first introduced in 1840. sewage water applied directly to agriculrual land for irrigation and fertilization. replaced by aerobic treatment in 1919.
recently it has come back by using ornamental plants,
Indicators important for ecological health
heat- as temperature increases, growth of bacteria, algae and pathogens increases
Dissolved Oxygen Biological Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand Total Suspended Solids Sediments- the major form of water pollution.
The Clean Water Act 1972
sewage treatment construction grants, regulatory and enforcment program for discharges od pollutants into US waters. dischargers must obtain permits
Threshold contrast
the point where an object becomes visible. influsenced by illumination, reflection, abosorption, scattering of light
Rayleigh scattering
scattering of light by air molecules, responsible for the increase in blue intensity in the ky distant from the sun. blue light scatters most becasue it has a low wavelength
Tyndall scattering
light scattering by small particles in the air column, related to their size and is strongest when their diameter is equivalent to wavelength. derived from fog, rain, snow, wind blown dust, natural haze
sunset
when air molecules scatter blue, the sunset looks reddish.
gray and brownigh sky
dust particles scatter blue light and some green. the absorption of blue and green by No2 results in grayish brown sky and reddish sun. makes deep red sunsets, and results in the red brown appearence of smog
clouds
aerosal particles are larger than air particles, and scatter through Mie scattering. color, white, blue, gray.
urban smog
come from London pollution composed of smoke and fog
Los Angeles photochemical smog
causes discomfort to lungs and eyes, high levels of O3 and small particulates of Pm10 in the air. governed by:
rush hour traffic, day sea breeze, night land breeze, marine inversion height, intensity of sunlight
primary air pollutants
morning rush hour, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, RH and sulfure dioxice.
secondary air pollutants
no2, o3, hno3 and PAN
photochemical smog
reaction of a hydrocarbon (RH) or other VOC and a hydroxyl radical. hydroxyl radical is produced by photochemical reactions
ozone
produces in lower atmosphere by reaction of OH with hydrocarbons emitted into the air from traffic, stationary combustion sources and plants
atlanta biogenic photochemical smog
blue ridge mountains of virginia, bluish haze hangs over the wooded hills in summer, from hydrocarbon gases given off by tree leaves
air particulates
more than 5,000 deaths in LA country from air particulates. the elderly, people with asthma, angina and pneumonia are most at risk. Top 5 cities are LA, NY, Chicago, Philidelphia, Detroit
Dispersion Processes of air particulates
advection, convection, diffusion, entrainment, plume, turbulence
advection
horizontal mixing of air resulting in the wind transporting pollutants in complex horizontal processes
convection
vertical mixing of air resulting from heating of land, fast and trasnports pollutants upwards
diffusion
movement of gas molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration- slowest method of dispersion
entrainment
mixing of volumes of air by swirling
plume
flow of polluted air out of a chimney and its trail downwind
turbulence
instabilities in the atomosphere that result in the entrainment of clean air into a plume of dirty air
aerosol
stable two phase system of fine particles suspended in a gaseous medium. liquid aerol= a mist, dry solid aerosl= dust. fume is a aerosol with clusters of numerous smaller rimary particles that resist disruption into free individual particles
Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide
irritate eyes and mucous membranes, bronchioles and alveoli duct are most vulnerable. kill Clara cells in tracheobronchial epithelium . people most senstive are people who already suffer from respiratory problems
carbon monoxide
product of incomplete combustion of carbon based fuels- wood, coal, oil and gasoline. binds to heme with more affinity than oxygen, headaches, fatigue, confusion, nausea, dizziness and death
carbon dioxide
dissolved in cloud water and acidifies the water. greenhouse gas. absorbs energy from infared radiation.
exposure of the nasal pharyngeal region to air pollutants
, inflammation, ulceration, cancer.particles removed by mucociliary action, sneezing, blowing nose.
exposure of the tracheobronchial region to air pollutants
brachospasm, obstruction and cancer. particles removed in hours by mucociliary action and coughing
exposure of the parenchymal region to air pollutants
functional element of an organ, inflammation, edema, emphysema, fibrosis and cancer. particles removed in hours by polumonary alveolar macrophages that engulf phagocytosis, solubilize and transport them through interstitial tissues to lymphatic circulation
pulmonary alveolar macrophages
keep lungs sterile by killing and engulfing bacteria and particulates. engulf solids and move through interstitial space between cells.
Cadmium- emphysema nickel- edema, cancer manganese- recurrent pneumonia chromium- cancer silicon-fibrosis asbestos-fibrosis, pleural mesothelioma, lung cancer vanadium and coal dust-fibrosis
physical acticity and lung exposure
more physical activity, dramatic increase in exposure to pollutants
asthma
elevated concentrations of IgE, pulmonary eosinophilia, airway hyper responsivness, excessive airway mucus production, airway remodling market by pericronchiolar collagen deposition, increased airway smooth muscle mass
mites, mold and pollen initiate asthma symptoms
cardiovascular disease and air pollution
exposure to fine particles, associated with increased risk of heart attack
Indoor air pollutants
radon- soil, water supply, concrete, stone
asbestos-fire retardant materials, insulation
aldehydes- particle board, insulation, furnshings, tobacco smoke
…
Biomass stoves
the leading source of indoor air pollution. affect hald of the world’s population. burn biomass inside no ventilation.
acute respiratory infection, obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer of the lung and nasopharynx, deprssion in immune functions, still birth and low birth weight.
Radon
gas from the decay of radium in soil and rocks. building with porous foundations. seeps into buildings with cracks n foundation or loose fitting pipes. can contaiminate drinking water supplies.
can be a problem in well insulated new homes that dont allow for the exchange of air between the inside and outside environments.
seal building foundations. maintaing positive pressure in basment and increasing circulation of the air around the foundation
Asbestos
no safe level of exposure. fibers lodge into the pulmonary alveoli. mesotheliuma is rare and aggressive tumor restricted to workers who smoke and are exposed. tumor in pleural and peritoneal spaces.
new building syndrome
out fas VOC at concentrations that cuase headaches, nausea and fatigue. treatments- turn thermostat up to 90 anf bake off VOCs while ventilating with fresh air.
aldehydes
formaldehyde- preservative and disinfectant. plastics, resins, carpets, drapes, partcle board , paint, food packaging
styrene
component of polyester resins and plastics in manufacture of glues and cements. detected in air, water, food in mobile homes
p-dichlorobenzene
mothballs, air fresheners, toilet bowl deodorants. can cause depression, weakness, dizziness, weight loss and vomitting
PBDE
flame retardant added to furnicher plastics and foam. a couch can contain up to 5 lbs. found in blood and breast milk. california banned them in 2006
carpets
fharbor particles. new carpet gassing of VOCs causeing headaches, nausea, fatigue
mold
microfungi, grow on mildew on surfaces that are moist
macrofungi, white and brown rots are wood destroying organisms not often found above ground level. can trigger asthma
toxic mold
not accurate. some are toxigenic, they can produce toxins, but they are not in themselves toxic.
ways to prevent mold
keep humidity in house below 50%, use an air conditioner or dehumidifyer when humid, make sure home has adequete ventilation, use mold inhibitor paints, do not carpet bathrooms, replace flooded carpets
hypersensitivity pneumonitis
immunological reactions via antigen antibody complexes, cell mediated immunity and tocix inflammation of the lung parenchyma. cough, shortness of breath and fatigue
humidifier fever
like hypersensitivity pneumontis, plus fever and less lung involvment. result from exposure to bacterial endotoxin
allergic rhinitis
nasal congestion, itching, sneesing and over secretin of mucus
Legionnaire’s disease
bacterial pneumonia, from legionella. airborn transmission of aerosols from resevoirs which harbor bacteria. water supplies and places with standing water- cooling towers, drinking fountains, ot tubs.
Respiratory Tract Irritation
tobacco smole, ozone, carpet VOCs, vehicle exhaust, formaldehyde and nitrogen oxides
5 most dangerous air pollutants to children in california
diesel, exhaust, lead, acrolein, dioxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbins
(byproducts of combustion from the engines of trucks and cars, diesel generators, incinerators and industrial sources)
Clean Air Act
regulates air emission from area, stationary and mobile sources
sets standards for total suscpended particls sulfur dioxide carbon monoxide nitrogen dioxide ozone hydrocarbons lead
cholinesterase inhibitor insecticide
anticholinesterases most common type of insecticide inhibit acetylcholinesterase
organochlorine insecticides
absorbed by inhalation or ingestion. CNS stimulants, loss of balance, seizures. great potentilal for chronic toxicity. bioaccumulate in the environment.
DDT, aldind
highly volatile
pyrethroids
block sodium channels in nerve cell membranes.
fumigants
gases used to kill eggs and microorganisms. methyl bromide- used to kill termites. can be harmful to the ozone layer, banned in california.
herbicides
used to kill plants. selective- example alachlot. non-selective-glyphosate, found in round up and kleenup and paraquat.
rodenticides
used to kill rodents. chemical modifications of vitamin K, a blood clotting factor.
Inegrated Pest Managment
minimize the requirment for pesticides. apply only when pests are the most susceptible , less biotoxic less persistant, use chemical agents with low water solubility, high soil apsortion, high volatility…
air contaminaton
pm10 from tilling and moving cattle, dairy industry adds to the pm10 with secondary ammonium sulfates and ammonium nitrates. odor is a source of air pollution too.
percent of diet that comes from cereals
50%
Green Revolution
In 1930, much of the world was in famine. Mexico lost 50% of their crop from fungi. Then Normal Bourlag created a high yield, rust resistant strain of wheat.
downside of high yeild plants
removed nutrients from the soil that had to be replenished with fertilizers, and pesticides needed to protect high density crops.
higher quality of protein, plants grew faster, less waste, improved childrens growth, reduced dependedce of developing nations imported food
Famines
historically happen every 10 years. Potatoe Famine in 1840s Ireland- low genetic diversity.
packaginf food: vacuum
oackaged into a film of low oxygen permeability, air removed. inhibits the growth of aerobic microoganism that cause meat spoilage
Food Contaminants
chemicals, natural toxins, infectious agents
chemical food contaminants
metals in containers, bioaccumulate in fish
non0metals- sulfites, sodium sulfits, sodium, potassuim bisulfite, potassium metabisulfite, sulfure dioxide. BPA lines cans
natural toxins
mushroom toxins, aflatoxins in peanuts, allergens in peanuts and phytohaemagglutinin in red kidney beans, seafood-shellfish
Infectious agents
the main source of food contamination- soilage due to microbes. about 9,000 people in the US die a year. about 33 million become ill.
Salomonella
rod shaped, mobile bacterium, non-spore forming, gram negatice, septecemic,nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, headache. typhoid fever
s.enteritidis
strain of salmonella. in eggs.
campylobacter jejuni
gram negative, slender curvered motile rod. microaerophilic. requires reduced levels of oxygen. lives in the gastrointestinal tracts. diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, sickness happens about 2-5 days after ingestion. mainly raw chicken.
Ecoli 0157
a strain that is deadly and hardy. can survive periods in water, frozen meat, acidic environments and soil. first outbreak in 1992 from undercooked hamburger. production of verotoxin or shiga toxin- destruction of mucosal lining of he intestine and colon, causes cramping, diarreah and bloody
occurs mainly through food contaiminated by feces, contaminated water, human-cattle
listeria monocytogenes
gram positive bacterium, uses flagella, enters the blood and symptoms starts a few days after ingestion. nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. enters hosts monocytes, macrophages, permits accress to brain. high mortality with meningitis in septicemia.
raw milk, cheeses, ice cream, raw vegetables, fermented raw meat sausages, raw and cooked poultry,raw hot dos
Staphococcusauresu
endotoxin. head stable. salad bars.
bacillus cereus
gram positive, rod shaped spore former. diarrhea, vomiting. within a few hours of consumption. meats, milk, vegetables, fish.
prions
mad cow dieases is spongiform encephalopathy- gradually degenerated the brain, causes dementia. proteins that can change shape between non0infectious and infective form. cells infected by them serve as host for their replication.
bovine SE
Cruetfeld-Jkob diesase
Kuru in humans
scrapie in sheep
poisonous mushrooms
relatively uncommon, but can be deadly
hepatitis A
infected workers who dont wash their hands. fever, nausea, diarrhea, jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain and loss of apetite
aflatoxin
fungi aspergillus- most important reason for liver cancer in developing nations
reasons why food poisoning has become a major public health problem
changes in food transport poorly trained food service workers changed in diet habits processing contaminants changes in food processing
heterocyclic amines
the major source of mutagenic activity. generated in foods during cooking. heating above 400 produces heterocyclic amines. cooking for cancer
acrylamide
cooking for neurotoxins. the brown color on toast, potatos chips… heating asparagine in the presence of glucose
Food and Drug Cosmetic Act 1906
grants FDA authority to regulate food saftey, environmental contaminants, pesticide residues, food additives, drugs and biologsics, cosmetics, color additives
manufactures job to satisfy the FDA
GRAS list
1958, commonly used food additives exepmt from saftey testing. over the years many substances have been removed from this list.
the food industry can file a claim to include a new item on the GRAS list, by preparing a risk assessment. FDA does not conduct its on studies.
The Delaney Clause
part of the 1958 Food Additive Amendment. regulates pesticide residues in processed foods. no pesticide found to cause in animals allowed in food additive. tolerence levels based on risk of carcinogencity
Pesticide Regulation
many different governmnet ajencies. Dept of Ag regulated on farms, FDA regulates bottled water contamination, EPA for environmental water, air and soil, Toxic Substance Control germicides , soaps, detergents
Foods to Replace Calories
fats replaced by protein based substitutes made from micro-particulated egg white and milk proteins.
modifying carbohydrates and fats
make starch behave like fat
sweetners
aspartame, 180 times the sweetness of sucruose.
Macronutrient additives
fat substitues make up a big part of diet (not like sugar additives), up to 20% of a persons diet.
difficult to test MAs because you couldnt give an animal 100%MAs. criteria for reviewing MAs still debated.
maybe can fortify them with fat soluble vitamins
Type 2 diabetes
inability to store fat because there are not enough fat cells, fat stored in inappropriate areas, leads to tissue that doent respond to insulin because insulin receptors are resistant.
insulin regulates fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism
inflammation hypothesis
fat cells accumulate fat and expand in size and attract macrophages. in lean people 5% of cells are macrophages, in obese 50%. released inflammatory cytokines, blocks insulin receptor agonist and shuts down insulin signalling pathway
lipid overload hypothesis
imbalance betweek the uptake of fatty acids, their conversion to triglycerides and oxidation as mitochndria. muscles accumulate DAS. (intermediate storage molecules). DAGs inhibit signaling by blocking the insulin receptor
precautionary principle
caution first, science second. precaution should be taken even if health effect not fully proven scientifically.
environmental policy concerns- politians on the left
environmental justice
pollution prevention
risks within the population
environmnetal policy concernts- politicians on the right
takings
unfundated mandates
comparative risks
distribution of costs in the population
stages of puclic policy formation
- identification of problem
- compelling presentation of problem to public officials
- widespread recognition of problem
- public interest in problem rised to level where they want something to be done
- elected officials propose policy and vote for implementation
- agency officials implement policy
economic incentives to prevent pollution
persuasion
direct regulation-emission standards, product standards, penalties, tax reductions on green products, deposit refund schemesfor collection of bottles and cans, performance bonds used to reward pollution reduction efforts
Prevention of Significant Deterioration
stationary sources of pollution.
limit further degredation of ambient air quality
regulated consuption of increments of pollutants releases by a permit system
require sue of best availible control technology and best availible retrofit technology
GMOs- product based approach
US- university , industry technology transfer. market out competes the states as models for legitamate social organization
reviews as highly specified intervention grounded in molecular biology, negligible adverse health and environment consequences. commercial product-biotechnology.
GMOs-process based approach
in EU, in wake of mad cow disease, weary of connection between university and pharm companies, ecological sciences valued
GMOs-political ethical approach
Germany. post war, taking risks of biotechnology, nazi, communist. hgighlighs unknowns of relationship between science and state, political debate
GMOS-Switzerland
dignity of all living species. Federal ethics committee- non-human biology. plants must be treated with dignity.
Monsanto and Dow agree
government should require testing, protects ndustry from liability. accept argument that companies shouls pay–> high chost to test and require risk assessment as a barrier to new entrants to the industry.
countries with largest annual increase in population ranked:
India China Pakistan Indonesia Nigeria United States Brazil
Realized Growth Rate
r= births-deaths/no. of females
carrying capacity
k, neither a property of the environmnet not the species, but the interatction between a species and its environment
“Bigger Pie”
development of technology will support higher densities of the population
“Fewer Forks”
slow or zero population growth
“Better Manners”
improvement in interaction between people. learn not to use the environment as a sink.
Tragedy of the Commons
the negative externalitites or consequences which fall on people who are not directly involved (those without excess children)
the most important innovation to increase carrying capacity
agriculture, developed in 4 different regions.
Easter Island
only 64 square miles. no sources of firewod, only 47 species of plants, mostly grasses. native animals only insects. polyesians arived from asia about 400 AD. used to have tress and rats. porpoise. cleared the land to plant gardens and cut down trees for fire and boats.
effect of the potato on migration
potatoes major source of calories, fed europe, population explosion. resulted in mass migration to north america.
irish potatoe famine
1840, one out of every 8 people died. many other famines have happened around the world too.
famine fever
proetein calorie malnutrition. diminished calacipty of the immune system. fever and dysentery
1980 Sudan Famine
wells went dry, price of grain increases, food poisonaing from spoilage, famine foods, people wold jewlery and tools, 30% of sudan suffering from malnutrition
predictions about family from non-human family study
- family groupings will be inherently unstable- form and expand when there is a shortage of acceptable reproductive opportunities
- familiets that control high queality resources will be more stable than lower quality
- assistance in rearing offspring expressed to the greatest extent between closest relatives
- assistance in rearing offspring will be more prevalent in family groups
- sexually related aggression less prevalent in family groups
- bredding males will invest less in offspring as their certainty of paterity decreases
factors associated with the deceline in birth rate in asia
- decrease in mortality preceded declines in birth-obstetrics care
- excess surviving children cause shift towards smaller families
- changes in family structure
- spread of education
- rise of non-farm emplyment
- development of labor and capital markets
- monetization of the economy
Fertility Rate Shape
J curve. HI composed of life expectancy average personal income and level of education to compare personal income and level of education to compare quality of life. fertility rates then rise as higher HI advances in health, economic and social development
3 things gives you 75% chance of making it to the middle class
1 graduate high school
2 get married
3 wait until youre 21 to have kids
the ozone hole
in the stratosphere lowers the amount of ozone to where there is a hole that allows sufficient UV radiation to pass through and cause harm to humans
energy from UV photons high enough to dissocate a chlorine atom from CFCs. the Cl atom destroyed ozone by dissociation of one oxygen atom. chain reaction.
Greenhouse Effect
mechanisms that underlies is base on photons in the IR region can carry enough energy to increase vibration of bons between atoms of greenhouse gase molecules.
CFCs
refrigerants that circulate in refrigerators and air conditioners. a single Cl molecule can destroy 100,000 o3 molecules
Montreal Protocol 1987
in response to the rise in UV light increase. signed by 51 nations. use of less harmful HCFCs as temporary replacements to CFCs. ozone levels have been stabilized but are not expected to return to the 1980s levels.
sunspots
increase amount of solar radiation received by the earth.
