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Animal Behavior > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

direct parental care

A

taking care of offspring
ex. care of fertilized eggs, feeding, protecting

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1
Q

indirect parental care

A

investing in offspring before fertilization
ex. invest in gamete production, prepare natal environment, acquire and defend resources

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2
Q

when does parental care evolve?

A

benefits of care (lifetime reproductive success) outweigh costs of providing care

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3
Q

Costs of parental care examples

A
  • increased predation risk
  • reduced foraging time
  • reduced future fecundity
  • reduced opportunities to seek additional mates
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4
Q

Female parental care reasons

A

more likely to provide care due to anisogamy
- more to loose if offspring survive bc they’ve already invested more into producing gametes

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5
Q

male reasons for parental care

A

trade-off between parental effort and mating effort

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6
Q

evidence for trade-off between parental effort and mating effort

A

male fairy martins spend less time incubating eggs when there are more mating opportunities

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7
Q

evidence against male trade off between parental and mating effort

A

male sand gobies fan eggs to oxygenate them and females prefer males that spend more time fanning eggs
- no trade off when females prefer good fathers

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8
Q

Certainty of parentage

A

parents should only invest in care for offspring that are their own

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9
Q

certainty of parentage depends on mode of fertilization

A

internal - low male certainty
external - both male and female have high certainty

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10
Q

Paternity and parental effort example

A

male bluegills less likely to provide parental care to eggs when perceived possibility they might not be the father

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11
Q

Association with offspring and parental care

A

sex that fails to desert first is the one that cares
- also fertilization dependent

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12
Q

parental care and fecundity

A

related to body size
- males: good fecundity even if small
- females: larger = more gametes
- investment in care = time not spent getting resources to grow larger

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13
Q

female only care in mammals

A

predisposed to gestation and lactation

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14
Q

egg-feeding in frogs

A

associated w/ breeding in very small nutrient poor pools

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15
Q

Biparental Care
- common in

A

birds

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16
Q

Biparental care occurs when

A
  • both parents can provide care
  • care by both is essential for survival
    - low food availability and high metabolic demand
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17
Q

How to make sure you provide for your own offspring?

A
  1. rule of thumb
  2. recognize your offspring
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18
Q

Rule of thumb

A

if there is a begging chick in your nest, it must be your chick, you should feed it

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19
Q

Learn to recognize your offspring

A
  • individually distinct communication signals and the ability to learn them
    ex. Cliff swallows
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20
Q

should parents reject unrelated young?

A
  • mafia behavior of parasites
  • not easy to discriminate “own” and “other”
  • errors costly and unavoidable
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21
Q

group selection theory by wynne-edwards

A

selection acts at the level of the group, population, or species

22
Q

what does group selection produce (wynne-edwards)

A

individuals that exercise restraint in reproduction/resource use for good of population

23
Q

criticism of group selection by Williams and Dawkins

A

fitness is relative and genes that increase individual fitness will increase in frequency in population

24
Q

benefits of group living

A
  • improved foraging efficiency
  • resource defense
  • help and assistance
  • more efficient locomotion
  • reduced predation risk
25
Q

cooperative breeding

A

non-parents, non-dependent offspring, and unrelated individuals help raise offspring

26
Q

benefits of group living on predation

A
  1. dilution effect
  2. selfish herd effect
  3. improved detection
  4. confusion effects
  5. mobbing behavior
27
Q

costs of group living

A
  • increased competition for food
  • reproductive interference
  • opportunity costs
  • increased disease transmission
  • greater conspicuousness
28
Q

altruism

A

cooperation benefits the recipient at a cost to the actor

29
Q

reciprocity

A

one organism provides benefit to another, unrelated individual w/ expectation of future reciprocation
- only evolutionarily stable with repeated interactions

30
Q

tit-for-tat may evolve in nature if

A
  • benefit to recipient greater than cost to the actor
  • opportunity for repayment likely to occur
  • individuals able to recognize each other
31
Q

kin selection

A

animals help relatives reproduce at a potential cost to their own reproduction
- hinges on inclusive fitness

32
Q

inclusive fitness = direct + indirect

A

direct - things that maximize own survival and reproduction
indirect - things that max survival of non-descendent kin that share genetics

33
Q

coefficient of relatedness

A

full siblings = 1/2
first cousins = 1/8

34
Q

Hamilton’s Rule

A

genes promoting altruistic behavior will only spread is rB > C
r = coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipient
B - benefit (extra offspring produced
C = cost (offspring not produced)

35
Q

Eusociality

A

cooperation by individuals other than parents in caring for offspring
- usually reproductive division of labor (sterile worker castes)

36
Q

Eusociality and Haploid Sex Determination

A

R value for full sisters (.75) is greater than mother-offspring (.5)
- females incr inclusive fitness by helping mom raise full sisters (indirect)

37
Q

other factors that influence eusociality

A
  • increased r due to high rates of inbreeding
  • extreme difficulty in establishing new colonies
38
Q

How do animals decide where to live?

A

where is more resources
- frequency dependent - are there competitors

39
Q

Ideal Free Distribution

A

as population density increases, avg fitness of being in patch decreases
- choose best patch first, reach equilibrium where individuals experience same fitness in all patches

40
Q

assumptions of ideal free distribution

A

ideal - individuals can accurately assess payoffs
free - individuals can move with no cost
individuals have equal competitive ability
fitness decreases as density increases bc of increased competition

41
Q

Conspecific Attraction

A

cue of habitat quality
- males attracted to sound of same species males in wood frogs because that’s where the females will be

42
Q

general definition of communication

A

exchange of info from signaler to receiver in form of signal that passes thru some medium

43
Q

functional definition of communication for signaler

A

increase chance that receiver chooses and action that is beneficial to the signaler

44
Q

functional definition of communication for the receiver

A

increase chances of choosing the best action
- emphasis on info gathering

45
Q

evidence of some innate quality of song in songbirds

A

deafened chicks raised in lab still vocalize even if it looks noting like normal song

46
Q

development of birdsong

A

“sensory phase” - perceptual learning (learn template)
“sensory-motor phase” - procedural learning (match template)

47
Q

Neural basis of song

A

sexual dimorphism in “song nuclei” created by organizational effects, increased by activational effects

48
Q

function of song in male attraction

A

females prefer good copies of conspecific male songs
- size of nuclei correlated with accuracy of song learning
- depends on nutrition
HONEST INDICATOR OF DEVELOPMENTAL RESISTANCE TO NUTRITIONAL STRESS

49
Q

meme

A

unit of cultural evolution passed from individual to individual via imitation

50
Q

benefits of pest control using pheremones

A
  • decrease use of more costly pesticides
  • increase crop yields
51
Q

hypothesis for stereotypic behavior in zoo animals

A
  • natural foraging modes
  • natural activity levels
  • natural ranging
52
Q

reducing stereotypic behaviors

A
  • enrichment
  • increased activity levels
  • social enrichment (pheromones and natural sounds)
53
Q
A

Animal Behavior (1 decks)

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