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AP Chemistry > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What is this equation I=q/t ?

A

Current(amp)=heat/time

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2
Q

How do you identify a neutral salt?

A

Neutral salts are neutral because they contain neither of conjugate acids of weak bases or conjugate bases of weak bases. Neutral salts are typically formed from neutralisation between strong acids and strong bases. Other examples of neutral salts include: Potassium chloride.

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3
Q

Strong Acids

A

HClO4
HI
HNO3
HCl
HBr
H2SO4

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4
Q

Strong Bases

A

NaOH
Ca(OH)2
KOH
CsOH
LiOH
Ba(OH)2

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5
Q

Weak Acid

A

HCOOH
HNO2
CH3COOH
HCN
HF

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6
Q

Weak Bases

A

NH3
(CH3)2NH
CH3NH2

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7
Q

What makes it a strong acid?

A

Completely dissociates

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8
Q

How to determine Ka from pH?

A

pH+pOH=14
pH=-log[H+]
Ka=[H+][A-]/[HA]

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9
Q

Identify Conjugate acid/base pairs.
H2O + HCl -> H3O+ + Cl-

A

Base, Acid, Conj Acid, Conj Base

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10
Q

What is the Lewis Acid Definition?

A

A compound or ionic species which can accept an electron pair from a donor compound. A Lewis acid is therefore any substance, such as the H+ ion, that can accept a pair of nonbonding electrons. In other words, a Lewis acid is an electron-pair acceptor.

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11
Q

What is the Brønsted-Lowry Definition?

A

A Brønsted-Lowry acid is any species that can donate a proton and a base is any species that can accept a proton.

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12
Q

What is a Buffer and what makes it?

A

A buffer is a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components. It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable. It is made with a weak acid/base with its conjugate.

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13
Q

How to find pH when you add a titrant?

A
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14
Q

Calculate Ka from a concentration and pH

A

Make ice table with concentration
Use pH to to find [H+]
Plug that into table
Solve for Ka

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15
Q

What is the Equivalence of Strong Base and Weak Acid?

A

Above 7

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16
Q

What is the Equivalence of Weak Base and Strong Acid?

A

Lower than 7

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17
Q

What is the Equivalence point of Strong Base and Strong Acid?

A

Equal to 7

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18
Q

NH3 (ammonia)

A

Weak base because it undergoes partial dissociation and forms hydroxide ions into an aqueous solution

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19
Q

Strong acid and Weak acid which is more prevalent and why?

A

Weak acid is most prevalent because you will never have as much in the end as you do when you start.

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20
Q

What does the number of humps on a titration graph show?

A

The number of ionizable hydrogens

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21
Q

Alpha Particle

A

4 over 2 with He or a

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22
Q

Beta Particle

A

0 over -1 with e or B

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23
Q

Gamma Radiation

A

0 over 0 with Y or v

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24
Q

Neutron

A

1 over 0 with n

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25
Q

Proton

A

1 over 1 with H or P

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26
Q

Positron

A

0 over +1 with e or B

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27
Q

What is Nuclear Fission?

A

Atoms are split apart (releases energy)

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28
Q

What is Nuclear Fusion?

A

Two light atomic nuclei combine to form a single heavier one.

29
Q

What is Transmutation?

A

Make a new particle, change atomic number

30
Q

What is Fissile?

A

Able to undergo fission

31
Q

What kind of number are you looking for with a standard reduction potential? And with electrolytic?

A

Most positive # and electrolytic can be negative

32
Q

Galvanic and Voltaic

A

Are the same and both positive

33
Q

What is Le Chateliers principle?

A

Le Châtelier’s principle states that if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium shifts to counteract the change to reestablish an equilibrium.

34
Q

What is an oxidation number?

A

The oxidation number is a number assigned to elements to show how many electrons were lost or gained. A positive number means electrons were lost. A negative number means electrons were gained. the hypothetical charge of an atom if all of its bonds to other atoms were fully ionic.

35
Q

Reducing Agent

A

Is most negative reduction potential

36
Q

Oxidizing Agent

A

Is most positive reducation potential

37
Q

Exothermic

A

Reactants have more energy

38
Q

Endothermic

A

Products have more energy

39
Q

K>1 K<1 K=1

A

More product, less product, equilibrium

40
Q

What impacts volume?

A

Increase moles of gas

41
Q

When does Kc=Kp

A

If concentration of gases are same (moles of gas)

42
Q

If you double the equation what do you do to K

A

Square it

43
Q

1st order graph

A

Ln

44
Q

2nd order graph

A

1/concentration

45
Q

Zero order

A

Concentration vs time

46
Q

What is collision theory?

A

a principle of chemistry used to predict the rates of chemical reactions. It states that when suitable particles of the reactant hit each other with the correct orientation, only a certain amount of collisions result in a perceptible or notable change; these successful changes are called successful collisions.

47
Q

What does increases temp do to a reaction

A

Increases rate of reaction and successful collisions.

48
Q

Real Gas

A

Particles have volume
Energy is lost in collisions
Intermolecular forces

49
Q

Ideal gas

A

Particles have no volume
Collisions are elastic
No interactions between particles

50
Q

How do you solve a first order half life reaction?

A

T(1/2)=0.693/k

51
Q

What is a Buffer?

A

A buffer is a weak conjugate acid-base pair that is able to absorb H+ or OH- without changing pH very much

52
Q

How do you determine 1st rate law?

A

If the effect on the rate and the change in concentration are the same

53
Q

What is an intermediate?

A

A reaction intermediate is a chemical species that is formed in one elementary step and consumed in a subsequent step.

54
Q

How do you determine rate?

A

The slowest step in a reaction mechanism is known as the rate-determining step. The rate-determining step limits the overall rate and therefore determines the rate law for the overall reaction.

55
Q

What is a Catalyst?

A

A catalyst lowers the activation energy. In a reaction you start and end with it.

56
Q

What does a negative delta H tell you?

A

Thermodynamically favorable (exothermic)

57
Q

Activation Energy is

A

The minimum amount of energy that is required to activate atoms or molecules to a condition in which they can undergo chemical transformation.

58
Q

What is the least harmful (nuclear)

A

Alpha, least penetrating

59
Q

What is the most harmful (nuclear)?

A

Gamma, penetrating

60
Q

What did the two numbers mean in nuclear?

A

Bottom number identifies element while the top number is mass

61
Q

What is the specific heart equation?

A

q=mc(delta T)

62
Q

What are London Dispersion Forces?

A

is the weakest intermolecular force. The London dispersion force is a temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles.

63
Q

What is Hydrogen Bonding

A

A storing intermolecular interaction between a hydrogen atom bound to O, N or F and lone pairs

64
Q

How do you know if something has a higher boiling point?

A

Bigger the molecule the higher the boiling point

65
Q

What is Vapor Pressure

A

Vapour pressure is a measure of the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous or vapour state, and it increases with temperature.

66
Q

Tripple Point

A

A-C deposition
C-A sublimation
B-C freezing

67
Q

Change in temp freezing and boiling equation

A

Delta T=K(f/b)mi
Concentration x morality x number of ions

68
Q

What chains dissolve in water easier?

A

Shorter (higher entropy)

AP Chemistry (1 decks)

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