Final Flashcards
Study for the final exam
This Englishman observed milkmaids rarely got smallpox but instead cowpox. He began inoculating people. He made the first vaccine.
Edward Jenner
It is a catalysts. It has a specific shape. It speeds up a reaction. What is it?
Enzyme
This was proposed by Darwin and is a mechanism of evolution. (Survival of the fittest.)
Natural Selection
It has been thought that many diseases now associated with aging are related to the malfunctioning mitochondria. Why are the mitochondria so important to all cells?
They produce energy in the form of ATP.
When individuals have mitochondrial disorders, why are the skeletal and heart muscles and the brain most often affected?
They are the most important organs.
Which of the following types of organisms do NOT depend on mitochondria to survive?
Bacteria
What is the ultimate source of chemical energy for all living organisms?
Photosynthesis
Who discovered that living vegetation added something to the air?
Joseph Priestly
Organelle
A membrane-bound part of a cell that performs a specific function. Organelles are only found in eukaryotic cells
How long is the typical human chromosome?
140 million nucleotides long
What is glucose? What is starch? What is maltose?
Glucose is a monosaccharide. Starch is a polysaccharide (it is composed of glucose). Maltose is a disaccharide (it is composed of two glucose units).
What is the difference between Calorie and calorie?
Calorie is used in food labels. Calorie stands for 1,000 calories. Scientists typically use calorie instead of Calorie.
What book did Darwin publish that proposed the theory of evolution?
The Origin of Species
What island did Darwin go to to study the evolutionary patterns between the island animals and the mainland animals?
Galapagos Island
What did Housz (Jan Ingen-Housz) contribute to the understanding of photosynthesis?
He proposed plants use sunlight to split carbon dioxide (CO_2) into carbon (C) and oxygen (O_2).
What is the first step of cellular respiration? It takes place in the cytoplasm, and results in 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
Glycosis
What key component of bacterial cell wall does penicillin inhibit the production of?
Peptitoglycan
What is the ratio that occurs when you cross two heterozygous for two different traits that are NOT linked?
9:3:3:1
What is anaerobic respiration?
When the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule besides oxygen
What is crossing over?
When 2 non-sister chromosomes share DNA
What are some characteristics of Cancer cells?
1)Divide Fast 2)Immortal 3)Telomere doesn’t get shorter 4)Do not have contact imhibition 5)Forms blood vessels 6)Multiple mutations
Potential energy
Energy at rest.
Redox reactions
Oxidation and Reduction
Zygote
Fertilized sex cell.
A variant of an element characterized by it’s difference in neurons.
Isotope
How many chromosomes does a normal healthy human have?
46
How many pairs of chromosomes does a normal healthy human have?
23
The theory that living things change over time through natural selection. Darwin is credited for this theory. "Descent with modification"
Evolution
Nucleus
Where genetic information is located.
Nucleolus
Region where ribosomal RNA synthesis (rRNA) takes place
Nuclear envelope
Contains nuclear pores that control passage of things in and out of the nucleus
Ribosome
Synthesize proteins
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Contains many ribosomes. Function is production of proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Few ribosomes. Can have many functions, depending on the cell it’s in. Some are: synthesis of lipids, storage of (Ca)2+, and detoxification.
Separates DNA fragments by size
Electrophoresis
Golgi apparatus
Packages and distributes molecules throughout the cell or out of the cell. Like a post office, except it can modify proteins too.
Lysosomes
“Clean-up crew” of the cell. Contains enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of macromolecules
Vacuoles
Variety of functions. Three types of vacuoles: central vacuoles (plants), contractile vacuole (some protists), and storage vacuoles.
Phospholipid
Glycerol and 2 fatty acids. Fatty acid are non polar and phosphate is polar. It spontaneously forms a bilayer.
Where would you expect to find proteins responsible for the electron transport system of aerobic respiration?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Mitochondria
Have their own DNA that comes from the mother. “Power house” of cell. Location of cellular respiration
Chloroplasts
Contains chlorophyll, thylakoid, grana. It is the location of photosynthesis.
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cells. The support system of the cell.
Gametes that have only 1 set of chromsomes
Haploid
Organization of Life
Ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organs, tissues, cells
Gametes that have 2 sets of chromsomes
Diploid
Who worked with pea plants to promote gene inheritance among offspring?
Mendel bub
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water = light energy > glucose + oxygen
Threadlike sturcture of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
Chromosome
What is the ultimate fate of oxygen gas (O2) in cellular respiration?
It is converted to water.
Best describes energy flow in biological systems as described in the text?
NAD+ -> NADH -> ADP -> ATP
What are insoluble to water? Ex: fats, oils, waxes
Lipid
ROYGBIV?
Visible light spectrums. Stands for red, orange, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
Chromosomes that contain both paternal and maternal copies.
Homologous
What are normal genes that become oncogenes when mutated?
Proto-oncogenes
What are the 7 characteristics of living things?
- Composed of cells 2. Complex and ordered 3. Respond to their environment 4. Can grow, develop, and reproduce 5. Obtain and use energy 6. Maintain internal balance 7. Allow for evolutionary adaption
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion
Meiosis
Always a part of sexual reproduction. Reduction division. Goes through 2 rounds of division. Production of gametes.
What is mitosis?
Process by which a cell, which has previously replicated each of its chromosomes, then separates the chromosomes in the cell nucleus into two identical sets.
What is a gamete?
A reproductive cell having the haploid number of chromosomes, especially a mature sperm or egg capable of fusing with a gamete of the opposite sex to produce the fertilized egg.
What are the three points of the cell theory?
All organisms are composed of cells. Cells are the smallest living things. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
NADH
An abbreviation for the reduced form of NAD In electron transport reactions.
NAD+
The oxidized form of NAD.
How are NADH and FADH2 related?
They both contain high energy electrons.
What most directly supplies the energy for oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP
What supplies the electrons for oxidative phisphorylation?
NADH and FADH2
How does cellular respiration differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Only Eukaryotes use mitochondria
What type of chemical reaction must occur for electrons to flow from one molecule to the next and supply the energy for metabolism?
Reduction / oxidation
Positively charged particles in an atom Located in nucleus
Proton
Neutral particles in an atom Located in nucleus
Neutrons
Negatively charged particles in atoms Located in orbitals surrounding the nucleus
Electrons
