Final

Question 1

Morality

Answer 1

Beliefs regarding right and wrong, good and bad which can include judgments, rules, values, principles and theories.

Question 2

Moral Principles

Answer 2

Moral claims or rules which are appealed to for decisions making.

Question 3

Moral Values

Question 4

Moral Codes

Answer 4

A set of principles or values that define and structure the moral life of a community.

Question 5

Normative Ethics

Answer 5

The study of principles, rules, and actions that guide our moral judgements.

Explores the soundness and coherence of moral norms and truth claims, (KEY –>) especially those found in comprehensive moral systems.

Question 6

Metaethics

Answer 6

The study of the meaning and logical structure of moral beliefs.

Question 7

Applied Ethics

Answer 7

The application of ethics to moral norms to specific issues or moral cases, such as in law and medicine.

Question 8

Rational Self-Interest

Answer 8

For Hobbes and social contract philosophy rational self-interest is the motivating factor which drives moral behavior.

Question 9

Consequentialist Ethics

Answer 9

A normative principle of morality that is governed by maximizing good and minimizing pain.

Question 10

Deontological Ethics

Answer 10

A normative principle of morality governed by duty or obligation.

Question 11

Categorical Imperative

Answer 11

Refers to universally true moral principles and for Kant it is a way of determining whether a ethical statement or principle is universally true. “Act only according to those maxims which can be willed to become universal moral laws.” Morality within the limits of reason.

Question 12

Alison Mary Jaggar

Answer 12

Established minimum conditions of adequacies for feminist ethics. Builds on Carol Gilligan’s work. She works to recover the moral considerations of the body and women.

Question 13

Mary Ann Warren

Answer 13

A twentieth-century American philosopher who writes on abortion and animals rights. Claims there are 5 characteristics important to humanity’s idea of personhood: consciousness, the ability to reason, self-motivated activity, the capacity to communicate, and the presence of self-concepts and self-awareness. Claims that all five criteria must be present for a being to be considered a person.

Question 14

Rosalind Hursthouse

Answer 14

A twentieth-century British born philosopher known for applying virtue ethics to the issue of abortion.

Question 15

Voluntary Euthanasia

Answer 15

Euthanasia performed on a person at their discretion.

Question 16

Advanced Directive

Answer 16

A legal document containing instructions of care pertaining to specific medical circumstances.

Question 17

Non-voluntary euthanasia

Answer 17

Euthanasia performed on a person who is not competent to decide the issue and has left no instructions regarding end-of-life preferences. In such cases, family or physicians usually make the decision.

Question 18

Involuntary Euthanasia

Answer 18

Euthanasian performed on a person against their will, aka, murder.

Question 19

Active Euthanasia

Answer 19

Euthanasia performed by taking a direct action to cause someone’s death.

Question 20

Passive Euthanasia

Answer 20

Euthanasia performed by withholding or withdrawing measures necessary for sustaining life.

Question 21

Anthropocentrism

Answer 21

The notion that only humans have moral status.

Question 22

Zoocentrism

Answer 22

The notion that both human and non-human animals have moral status.

Question 23

Biocentrism

Answer 23

The notion that all living entities have moral status, whether sentient or not.

Question 24

Species Egalitarian

Answer 24

One who believes that all living things have equal moral status.

Question 25

Species Nonegalitarian

Answer 25

One who believes that some living things have greater moral status than others.

Question 26

Ecological Individualism

Answer 26

One who believes that the fundamental unit of moral consideration in environmental ethics is the individual.

Question 27

Ecological Holism

Answer 27

One who believes that the fundamental unit of moral consideration in environmental ethics is the biosphere and its ecosystems.

Question 28

Racism

Answer 28

The belief that distinct races exist, that significant differences (such as moral, intellectual, or cultural differences) among races can be distinguished, and that some races are inferior in these significant respects or otherwise deserving of dislike or hostility.

Question 29

Racial Prejudice

Answer 29

Antipathy toward a racial group based on a faulty view of that group.

Question 30

Racial Discrimination

Answer 30

Unfavorable treatment of people because of their race. Discrimination and prejudice can be directed at traits other than race, including sexual traits.

Question 31

Individual Racism

Answer 31

Person-to-person acts of intolerance or discrimination.

Question 32

Structural Racism

Answer 32

Unequal treatment that arises from the way organizations, institutions, and social systems operate.

Question 33

Affirmative Action

Answer 33

A way of making amends for, or eradicating, discrimination based on race, ethnicity, and gender.

Question 34

Strong Affirmative Action

Answer 34

The use of policies and procedures to favor particular individuals because of their race, gender, or ethnic background.

Question 35

Weak Affirmative Action

Answer 35

The use of policies and procedures to end discriminatory practices and ensure equal opportunity.

Question 36

Punishment

Answer 36

The deliberate and authorized causing of pain or harm to someone thought to have broken the law.

Question 37

Retributivism

Answer 37

The view that offenders deserve to be punished, or “paid back,” for their crimes and to be punished in proportion to the severity of their offenses.

Question 38

Judith Jarvis Thomson’s Violinist Analogy (Arguing in favor of abortion)

Answer 38

You wake up in the morning and find yourself back to back in bed with an unconscious violinist. A famous unconscious violinist. He has been found to have a fatal kidney ailment, and the Society of Music Lovers has canvassed all the available medical records and found that you alone have the right blood type to help. They have therefore kidnapped you, and last night the violinist’s circulatory system was plugged into yours, so that your kidneys can be used to extract poisons from his blood as well as your own. The director of the hospital now tells you, “Look, we’re sorry the Society of Music Lovers did this to you—we would never have permitted it if we had known. But still, they did it, and the violinist now is plugged into you. To unplug you would be to kill him. But never mind, it’s only for nine months. By then he will have recovered from his ailment, and can safely be unplugged from you.”

Question 39

Don Marquis’s Deprivation Argument (against abortion)

Answer 39

Marquis claims abortion, in most cases, is akin to killing any other human because it deprives them of the potential of their life.

Question 40

Dan Brock’s Argument for Active Voluntary Euthanasia

Answer 40

If self-determination is a fundamental value, then the great variability among people on this question makes it especially important that individuals control the manner, circumstances, and timing of their dying and death.