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Intro to IR > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Manipulation of Risk: Schelling

A

War is allowed by uncertainty and irrationality. Nuclear Weapons increase the risk associated war so much that war becomes about making credible threats to stumble into war rather than actually attempting to get into a war

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1
Q

Brinkmanship

A

Increasing risk of getting into war

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2
Q

Deterrent Threats

A

Threatening to

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3
Q

Limited War

A
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4
Q

Major War

A
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5
Q

Resolve

A
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6
Q

Fortna 2003: Terrorism and Extremism

A

The typical narratives about terrorism being for the weak or for those under pressure does not hold true when tested (she compared diff civil war rebel groups)

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7
Q

Kalyvas and Ballcell: Internal Conflict

A

The Cold War impacted the state of internal conflicts and the military technologies available to both states and rebel groups.

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8
Q

Peace Keeping

A

Maintaining an existing peace

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9
Q

Peace Enforcement

A

Using force to create a peace - must be more force than both sides

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10
Q

Betts 1994: Intervention

A

The UN (and the US’s) goal of limited and impartial intervention is naturally ineffective in ending wars because a limited biased intervention could create peace by allowing one side to win and a total intervention is needed to hold the peace if a side is not picked.

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11
Q

Fortna and Howard: Peace Keeping

A

Peace Keeping generally does make peace more durable but questions remain about how, why and when.

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12
Q

Responsibility to Protect Doctrine (in 3 parts)

A
  1. States have the responsibility to protect citizens from terrible
  2. If the state is unable to do so, international community has a responsibility to assist
  3. If state is unwilling or perpetrator, international community has a responsibility to INTERVENe
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13
Q

Preventative Humanitarian Intervention: Paris

A

Justifying humanitarian intervention can be complex and military intervention can be messy - it’s hard to see the benefits. Not destined to fail but def destined to flounder.

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14
Q

McManus: Nuclear Revolution

A

The efficacy of resolve has much to do with a states ability to follow through. This ability to follow through is determined by (1) Military Strength (2) Veto Players and (3) Political Security a leader has

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15
Q

Domestic Audience Cost Theory

A
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16
Q

Georghe on the Nuclear Market

A

Competition in the market largely accounts for why the number of nuclear weapons states since 1974 has remained small. She explains how the market is a buyers market but it is also characterized by thwarters (great powers)

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17
Q

Sagan : Why Nuclear Weapons

A

Three theories: Security purposes, Domestic politics, and norms model (to be a successful state, u need nukes except not anymore bc norms are changing)

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18
Q

Modi’s Dilemma

A

Modi faces a dilemma as China’s actions become more aggressive. Indian’s economy and military are demonstratively weaker than China’s - yet peaceful solutions that keep India (and Narendra Modi’s) image and dignity intact seem unlikely.

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19
Q

Conventional Warfare

A

Think the American Civil War, think two relatively professional military group

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20
Q

Irregular Warfare

A

Taliban vs the US military.. Guerrilla war fare. Low tech does NOT mean lack of advantage

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21
Q

Symmetric Non Conventional

A

Equal tech - well armed gov and well armed rebel groups

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22
Q

Crossed Swords

A

Pakistan’s split into two: cyclone, economic disparity, one unit system

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23
Q

Operation Searchlight

A
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24
Q

Beckley

A

The US is not in decline and is actually doing better in comparison to China

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25
Q

State

A

has a monopoly over force in a territory

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26
Q

Terrorism

A

Taking action against a civilian populace to coerce another group. Terrorism is psychological, performative, systemic and planned. It also is difficult to define in exact terms.

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27
Q

Rappaport’s 4 Waves of Terrorism

A

Anarchist, Nationalist, New Left, Religious

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28
Q

Systemic Challenge

A

Impacts entire system and merits fundamental changes

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29
Q

Extremism

A

Different from terrorism more broad and usually to do with a group superiority complex

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30
Q

Countering Extremism

A

Preventing radicalization through education and community involvement

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31
Q

Countering Terrorism

A

Targetted strikes, intelligence gathering, disrupting networks

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32
Q

Counter Insurgency

A

Legitimizing government, war, hearts and minds

33
Q

Realist justification for humanitarian intervention

A

Self interest / Mantaining International Peace is in the self interest

34
Q

Liberalist Justification for HI

A

Altruism / Institutions facilitating cooperation for shared security goals

35
Q

Constructivist Justification for HI

A

Norms towards intervention

36
Q

Humanitarian Aid

A

delivering aid and assistance to vulnerable populations

37
Q

Preventative Intervention

A

Preventing outbreak of conflict in the first place

38
Q

Peace Building

A

Creating institutions with the purpose of creating a long lasting peace

39
Q

CNN Effect

A

Ability of the mass media to publicize humanitarian atrocities

40
Q

Somalia (1992 - 95)

A

Attempt to protect workers distributing humanitarian aid after public pressure (CNN effect). Unsuccessful and made the US wary about other such missions

41
Q

Haiti (1993-96)

A

Peacekeeping / Building –> Maintaining power of a democratically elected president. Mission had to expand in scope

42
Q

Bosnia (92-95)

A

Post break up of Yugoslavia, NATO used ‘awe’ inspiring force to impose a peace. Idea here is sometimes force is needed to create peace for humanitarian purposes

43
Q

Absolute Sovereignty

A

Sovereignty is sacred and you have it if you have defined borders, external recognition and a centralized authority

44
Q

Earned Sovereignty

A

You earn sovereignty by good governance which protects your citizens. Protection and provision!

45
Q

Libya (2011)

A

Peace Enforcement. Qadaffi’s regime is intervened by NATO - turns into full out regime change

46
Q

East Timor

A

Succesful case of peace enforcement, keeping and building

47
Q

Wendt 1995: Constructivism

A

500 British War Heads are not scary to us because of the values we attack to them. That is, nuclear weapons ability to threaten is based on ideational rather than material structure.

48
Q

Revolution in Military Affairs

A

Massive organizational changes in military structure - think the gunpowder revolution

49
Q

Jervis (1989) Meaning of Nuclear Revolution

A

The fear with nuclear weapons is mutual destruction. Multistrike capability - neither side can finish the other side off with one nuke

50
Q

Bernard Brodie 1946

A

American policy shift from winning wars to avoiding them

51
Q

Second Strike Capability

A

A country’s assured ability to respond to a nuclear attack with powerful nuclear retaliation against the attacker.

52
Q

Schelling’s Deterrence

A

Preventing action using fear of consequence

53
Q

Deterrence Theory

A

Deter use of retaliation with the threat of second strike capability

54
Q

Waltz’s Requirements for Deterrence

A

(1) Nukes must survive first strike
(2) No false alarms
(3) States government and line of command must remain functional

55
Q

Deterrence

A

Preventing a change in behavior

56
Q

Compellance

A

Compelling a change in behavior

57
Q

Deterrence by denial

A

Deterred because success is sooo unlikely

58
Q

Deterrence by punishment

A

If you do anything, we will retaliate (power of this increased by nukes)

59
Q

Direct Deterrence

A

Protecting your land

60
Q

Extended Deterrence

A

Umbrella Deterrence

61
Q

Counterforce

A

Precise military targets

62
Q

Countervalue

A

Targets that have sentimental, economic, social value

63
Q

Stability-Instability Paradox

A

When two countries have nuclear weapons, major war is less likely but small proxy wars are more likely

64
Q

First Nuclear Age

A

1945-1991: Nuclear Competition between US and USSR

65
Q

Second Nuclear Age

A

1991-2010: Start of the Multipolar nuclear order

66
Q

Third Nuclear Age

A

2010s on: New great power comp. .. AI entangled with nuclear weapons

67
Q

One Unit System

A

Took away a lot of Bangladesh’s voice, functioned as Pakistan’s electoral college, when Yahoo removed the system in 1969, it was a major factor in the shocks of the 1970 election

67
Q

Cyclone

A

Huge humanitarian disaster in November of 1970 right ahead of elections

67
Q

Growth Disparity in Pakistan

A

West Pakistan drained resources from East Pakistan and because Pakistan’s capital was Karachi, resources and aid flowed into West Pakistan

68
Q

Waltz’s Three Images (1959)

A

Man, government, international system: Relevant because structural realism

69
Q

Testosterone with Positive Illusions

A

Positive Illusions refers to inaccurate perceptions of the world / overconfidence which are worsened by dominance and challenge behavior

70
Q

Bananas, Beaches and Bases

A

1990: About wives, women affected by war / their influence on war

71
Q

Leviathan

A

Put femininity outside of the structure

72
Q

Communality

A

Women are seen as communal

73
Q

Taiwan Dilemma

A

Taiwan means credibility, military positioning and deterrence from further chinese action. It also means a costly war.

74
Q

Agency

A

men have agentic qualities

75
Q

Hegemonic Stabilizer

A

1) Open Markets 2) Lender of last resorts

76
Q

Thucydides Trap (Allison)

A

Rise in power, structural clash and then violence

77
Q

Fearon 1995

A

Issue indivisibility, private info and commitment issues

78
Q

Powell 2006

A

War between rising and declining occurs bec

79
Q
A

Intro to IR (3 decks)

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