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Urban Ecology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Ways to define urban

A

-Number of human inhabitants
-Density
-% developed land
-Landscape morphology
-Function

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2
Q

Why study urban ecology

A

-Urbanization
-Impose selection pressures
-Intertwined with cities and the life within cities
-Cities make replication more facile

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3
Q

Development patterns

A

-Verticality
-Geography
-History

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4
Q

Factors that shape urbanization

A

-Topography
-Water courses
-SES

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5
Q

Urban-to-rural gradient

A

A transect used to detect patterns associated with land use change

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6
Q

Transect

A

A straight line of land area going from urban to rural

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7
Q

Urban core landcover

A

Concrete, asphalt, glass, metal and less green cover

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8
Q

Rural fringe

A

less anthropogenic materials and more green cover

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9
Q

Urban Heat Island Effect

A

Urban areas are warmer than surrounding areas

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10
Q

Albedo

A

The ratio of solar radiation that is reflected off a surface back into the environment vs. what hits the surface

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11
Q

Thermal inertia

A

How much a material retains heat

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12
Q

Asphalt has a…

A

low albedo meaning it absorbs more heat and large thermal inertia meaning it holds onto heat for a long time

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13
Q

Vegetation and UHIE

A

-Shades
-Evapotranspiration`

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14
Q

Urban core

A

Taller structures, which can trap heat and block wind

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15
Q

Cities generate new heat

A

Electricity, HVAC, transportation

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16
Q

Periods of largest UHIE

A

-Evening because surfaces hold on to heat and the city continues to emit heat
-When winds are weak
-Winter

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17
Q

Mitigating urban heating

A

-energy efficiency
-Urban planning green spaces
-Green roofs/walls
-Changing color of dark surfaces to lighter
-Solar energy

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18
Q

UHIE impact on global warming

A

It doesn’t really, its more on a local scale but that doesn’t mean that what is happening within cities isn’t impacting global warming

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19
Q

UHIE impact on species

A

Can lead to rapid evolution

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20
Q

Soil creation

A

Bedrock erosion and decomposition of organic material which is eventually stratified into soil layers, the soil horizon

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21
Q

Urban soil

A

more compacted
-from machinery
-desire paths
highly engineered
contaminated from industrial

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22
Q

Urban fill

A

Material that is made up of trash

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23
Q

Brownfield

A

properties with contaminated soil

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24
Q

Superfund site

A

Very high levels of known toxins

25
Q

Rain in urban environments

A

With more impervious surface there is more runoff since there is less infiltration

26
Q

Urban stormwater

A

With more impervious surface, the stormwater system can get overwhelmed leading to flooding and flashiness

27
Q

Hydrograph

A

Discharge of water over time
-Urban is more flashy and peak discharge earlier and greater

28
Q

Stormwater

A

Includes sediment, trash, nutrients, biologicals, car shit - 6PPD-quinone

29
Q

Water bodies

A

Help deal with stormwater runoff
-retention ponds
-swales
-rain garder
-biofilter cells

30
Q

Restoring hydrology in Urban areas

A

-Daylighting
-Stream channel restoration
-Bioswale/raingarden

31
Q

Habitat in cities

A

-Unintentional creation of habitat
-Preservation of residual native habitat or restoration
-Park planning for people

32
Q

Weedy species

A

-rapid reproduction
-good at dispersal
-adaptability
-Good competitors

33
Q

Urban food webs

A

-tend to be less species rich and simpler
-Susceptible to killing off small mammals which can disrupt whole food web

34
Q

Edge habitats

A

Larger the area the less proportion is made up by edge habitat

35
Q

Cities are good for island biogeography

A
36
Q

Ecological trap

A

a habitat that is appealing for organisms but low quality

37
Q

Evolution

A

change in allele frequencies in a population over time or better: heritable change in one or more attributes in a population or species from one generation to the next

38
Q

Mechanisms of evolution

A
  1. natural selection
  2. genetic drift
  3. gene flow
  4. mutation
39
Q

Natural selection

A

leads to allele change over time by certain individuals surviving and passing on traits due to better survival

40
Q

Natural selection conditions

A
  1. Variation
  2. Fitness advantage over others
  3. Survival and reproduction is not random
  4. Variation is heritable
41
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

natural selection selects for median trait

42
Q

Directional selection

A

natural selection selects for higher or lower trait values

43
Q

Disruptive selection

A

natural selection selects for both extreme trait values

44
Q

Genetic drift

A

allele frequencies fluctuate as a result of random chance

45
Q

Gene flow depends on

A

-urbanization levels
-habitat use
-resource availability
-movement ability

45
Q

Gene flow

A

exchange of alleles between populations as a result of successful reproduction by migrants

46
Q

Mutation

A

random change in DNA can lead to a new allele

47
Q

Evolution vs plasticity

A

-Average fitness of a population increases
-Plastic changes are not heritable

48
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

single genotype can produce multiple phenotypes in response to environment

49
Q

Common garden experiment

A

Distinguishing evolution and plastic traits

50
Q

Reciprocal transplant

A

Just as sounds and see fitness

51
Q

Mutation rates in urban environments

A

Higher in polluted areas which can produce favorable mutations

52
Q

PCBs and tomcods

A

Led to mutation that does not bind PCBs well independently in the sites where it is prevalent

53
Q

Different behaviors in urban species

A

Mice faster to solve stuff if living with us longer

54
Q

FID

A

Shorter in urban

55
Q

Behavioral economics

A

Tradeoffs for not flying away vs flying off

56
Q

Predator-prey interactions

A

Outdoor cats and prey

57
Q

COVID and Birdsong

A

Birdsong returned to normal during covid with less road noise

58
Q
A

Urban Ecology (1 decks)

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