FINAL

Question 1

Phenomenology

Answer 1

How it feels to be alive, the mind is aware of itself + death

Question 2

Phenomenology + Existentialism share..(3)

Answer 2

• The conscious experience is everything
• Free Will
• Humans have unique concerns

Question 3

On what philosophy is humanistic psychology based?

Answer 3

Not knowing all the answers (why are we here? What’s life’s purpose?)

Question 4

Existentialists say life has no meaning + there is no life after death, this idea causes..

Answer 4

Existentialist angst/frustration (we should accept this and make our own meaning to life)

Question 5

Existentialists say those who believe in religion are..

Answer 5

Living an unexamined life and living according to someone else’s rules.

Question 6

Benefits to confronting ones mortality..

Answer 6

Makes us realize how free we are + we prioritize life + we become less self-centered (more empathetic)

Question 7

Founders of Humanistic Psych
1)
2)

Answer 7

1) Carl Rogers- Described patients as incurious people. (believed soda + dancing were sins until after his missionary to China) Thought we must experience +/- unconditional regard (total acceptance of people) to be fully functioning individuals

2) Abraham Maslow- Professors were “angels” then he eventually started calling them “fallen angels”

Question 8

Humanistic Psych Purpose of life

Answer 8

self-actualization- being the best person possible

Question 9

Kelley’s Personal Construct Theory

Answer 9

Only the subjective life matters, our past does not effect us unless we want it to.

Question 10

Why should we study other cultures?

Answer 10

Know about life beyond your community, learn about your own culture, learn that many values, beliefs, + customs are arbitrary, Increase your options in life (veganism in India), learn to respect others ways of life (if warranted), Decrease ethnocentrism and conflict, universal truths vs culture specific truths.

Question 11

Challenges when studying other cultures (the BIG 5)

Answer 11

1) Ethnocentrism
2) Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
3) Reaching superficial conclusions
4) Sample Bias
5) Romanticization Bias

Question 12

Predicting Violence Study

Answer 12

Do U.S + Mexican young adults differ in their reported history of aggressive/ violent acts? (Negy, Ferguson, Galvonkis)

Question 13

Predicting Violence Study U.S vs Mexican predictors

Answer 13

U.S: demographics (gender), aggressiveness, pleasure at viewing violent media

Mexican: demographics (gender), aggressiveness, pleasure at viewing violent media, lack of empathy

Question 14

Predicting Violence Study what was measured?(7)

Answer 14

demographic sheet, history of criminal acts the past year (12/35), empathy, aggressiveness, individualism + collectivism, pleasure from violent media (10 items), exposure to violent media.

Question 15

According to behavioralists learning=

Answer 15

A change in behavior (or behavior potential)

Question 16

According to behavioralists personality=

Answer 16

Environment –> Learning –> Behavior

Question 17

3 Philosophies that influenced behaviorism..

Answer 17

1) Empiricism- John Locke, we come into the world as blank slates, our experiences shape us.

2) Associationism- Aristotle, law of contiguity- the closer 2 events are in time, the more likely we’ll form an association between those 2 events.

3) Hedonism- Ancient Greek, the purpose of life is to maximize pleasure, minimize pain

Question 18

Classical conditioning

Answer 18

Ivan Pavlov, wondered why we salivate, used dogs w/ bell + food (he was a physiologist not a psychologist)

Question 19

Classical Conditioning Examples (5)

Answer 19

1) Food

2) Commercials (sexy shampoo)

3) bad/good experiences w/ people

4) Music (associate songs w/ people)

5) Little Albert (John watson) albino rats, hit pan with mallet to scare Albert eventually Albert wanted nothing to do with the rats (demonstrated how phobias are created)

Question 20

Operant Conditioning-Edward Thorndike

Answer 20

Edward Thorndike, law of effect: Any behavior that’s followed by unpleasant experiences/consequences is likely to stop, pleasant experiences = likely to continue.

ex: sea world dolphins

Question 21

B.F Skinner

+ reinforcement vs negative

Answer 21

Operant Conditioning learning takes place because of consequences (+/-)

+ = criminal steals TV, gets money for it ($$ is reinforcement).

• = wake up because of alarm, shut it off, sound stops, (sound stopping is reinforcement)

Question 22

4 shortcomings of classical Behaviorism

Answer 22

1) ignores thoughts/ motivation
2) Theory is based on non-human animals
3) Social interactions likely influence learning
4) Internal motivation states… we must be motivated to respond to stimulus (Dollard, Miller)
* Primary drive= intrinsic motivation
* Secondary drive= external motivation

Question 23

Rotter social learning theory

Answer 23

What are the odds that our behavior will lead to a reward? If not likely we may not engage. (What’s rewarding to one person may not be to someone else)
- 50/50 chance for 20k

Question 24

Rotter locus of control

Answer 24

Internal: Assumption that you can do the behavior

External: You believe that you don’t have much impact on what happens to you.

Question 25

Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory

Answer 25

Humans calculate whether they’re capable of completing a behavior or not. (Self-efficacy)

Observational learning **Bobo doll experiment
1st group: Adults play rough, kids play rough
2nd group: Adults dont play, kids play normal.

Question 26

Left- Wing Authoritarian Article
Authors : Costello, Bowes, Stevens

Answer 26

has 3 subscales (anti-hierarchal (hate $$ people), anti-conventionalism, top-down censorship)

Question 27

Tendency for Interpersonal Victimhood Scale Article (4 subscales)
Authors: Gabay, Heimri

Answer 27

**TIV Scale
Subscales..
1) Need for recognition
2) Moral elitism (superiority)
3) Rumination (focus on your problems instead of actively solving them)
4) Lack of empathy

Measures how much of a victim someone thinks they are.

Question 28

Sadistic Scale
Authors: Plouffe, Saklofshe, Smith 2017

Answer 28

**ASP
9 items, measures respondents manifestation of sadistic tendencies