Final Flashcards
What is the central ray for a PA chest?
T7 on MSP
What does external mean?
outside the body or part
What does internal mean?
inside the body or part
What does parietal mean?
the wall or lining of a body cavity
What does visceral mean?
the covering of an organ
Define distal
farthest from the point of attachment or origin
Define proximal
nearer to the point of attachment or origin
What is superficial?
near the skin or surface
What is peripheral?
at or near the surrface, edge, or outside of another body part
Define projection?
the path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube, passes through the patient to the film.
Define position?
Overall posture of the patient and general body position, also refers to the specific placement of the body or part in relation to the table or film.
72 inches is how many cm?
183 cm
What is Fowlers position?
recumbent position with the body plane tilted so that the head is higher than the feet
What is RPO?
Right side of the posterior body surface is closest to the film.
What is Trendelenbrug position?
recumbent position with the body plane tilited so that the head is lower than the feet
What is LPO?
Left side of the posterior body surface is closest to the film.
What quadrant is the liver in?
Right upper quadrant
What are the four major types of bady habitus?
Asthenic
Hyposthenic
Sthenic
Hypersthenic
10% of the population has what kind of body habitus?
Asthenic
35% of the population has this kind of body habitus?
Hyposthenic
50% of the population has this kind of body habitus?
Sthenic
5% of the population has this kind of body habitus?
Hypersthenic
How many bones are in your body?
206
What kind of bones are carpal bones?
short bones
What kind of bones are long bones?
femur, humerus
What kind of bone is a scapula?
flat bone
what kind of bone is an irregular bone?
vertebra
what is a immovable joint that is only found in the skull?
suture
what is a immovable joint that is found only in roots of teeth?
gomphosis
What is your hip and shoulder joint?
ball and socket
what kind of joint is your elbow?
hinge joint
what kind of joint is your radiocarpal joint?
ellipsoid joint
which lung is shorter?
right
What is in the mediastinum?
GHETTO without the O great vessels heart esophagus trachea thymus
what is the top part of the lungs called
apex
what is the bottom part of the lungs called
base
what is a 14in X 17in cassette in cm?
35cm X 43cm
what is the SID for chest?
72 inches
What is the CR for lateral chest?
MCP T7
what is umbra?
the sharpness
what is penumbra?
unsharpness
What is density?
the overall blackness
what is an underexposed film?
contains not enough density (to light)
what is an overexposed film?
contains to much density (to dark)
what is radiolucent?
appears black (thinner tissue) ex. lungs
what is radiopaque?
appears white (thicker tissue) ex. bones
What are two types of distortion?
size and shap
what is distortion?
misrepresentation of the true size or shape of a structure
what is size distortion?
misrepresentation of true size and shap of an object
what is another word for size distortion?
magnification
two types of shape distortion?
elongation and foreshortening
what is brightness?
overall lightness on a digital image
what is brightness controled by?
window level (WL)
What is grayscale?
difference of adjacent densities on a digital image
what is grayscale controled by?
window width (WW)
what are the 3 cardinal principles to protect yourself?
time
distance
shielding
what is the largest gland in your body?
liver
what is the ir size for an abdomen?
14in X 17in
what is 40inches in cm?
102cm
what is 48 inches in cm?
122 cm
What SID do you use for an abdomen?
40inches
what are two different ways to do an abdomen series?
AP-supine
AP-upright
what does the U in KUB stand for?
Ureters
what does the B in KUB stand for?
Bladder
what does the K in KUB stand for?
Kidney
what should you include in your upright abdomen picture?
diaphragm
what should you include in your supine abdomen picture?
pubic symphysis
how many phalanges are in each hand?
14
how many carpals are in each hand?
8
how many metacarpals are in each hand?
5
what is the proximal row of carpals?
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
what is the distal row of carpals?
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
what is the SID for a hand?
40 inches
what is the CR for a PA digit 2-5?
at the PIP joint
what is the CR for a PA thumb?
at the MCP joint
what is the CR for a PA hand?
third MCP joint
what is the CR for a PA wrist?
perpendicular to midcarpal area
what is the CR for a lateral wrist?
perpendicular to wrist joint
what is the CR for a oblique wrist?
perpendicular to midcarparl area, just distal to radius
what are the common wrist fractures?
colles, smiths, torus or buckle
what are the common hand fractures?
boxers and bennetts
the forearm consist of what two long bones?
radius and ulna
is the radius lateral or medial
lateral
what is the SID used for a forearm?
40 inches
what is the CR for a AP forearm?
perpendicular to midpoint, and enters midpoint of forearm
what is the CR for a Lateral forearm?
perpendicular to IR, and enters midpoint of forearm
what is the CR for a AP and lateral elbow?
perpendicular to elbow joint
what are you trying to see in a medial rotation of the elbow?
coronoid process
what are you trying to see in a lateral roatation of the elbow?
radial head and tuberosity
what is the CR for an AP and lateral view of the humerus?
perpendicular to midportion of humerus and centered to IR
who is the founder of x-rays?
wilhelm conrad roentgen
when were x-rays found?
November 8, 1895
what was the first x-ray taken?
hand
what were they using when x-rays were discovered?
crookes tube
who developed the first handheld fluroscope?
thomas edison
what was the ladies name that had the first x-ray of her hand?
anna bertha roentgen
what was the first diagnostic fracture?
a wrist
who was edisons assistant that died due to x-ray burns?
clarence dally
who is the discoverer of radioactivity?
henri bequerel
who found ways to measure the intensity or radiation and other elements that emitted radiation?
Pierre and Marie Curie
what is the mAs calculation?
mA X s=mAs
what is the distance calculation?
new mAs = new d^2
old mAs = old d^2
what are the different layers of the film?
base, adhesive layer, emulsion, and supercoating
which layer is the heart of the x-ray film?
emulsion
define remnant radiation
x-rays that remain after the usedful beam exits the patient
define latent image
an image that cannot yet be seen: invisible change induced inthe silver crystal
define manifest image
the observable image formed when the latent image undergoes the proper chemical processing
define photographic effect
the formation of the latent image
what is silver halide?
the active ingredient in emulsion and is also light sensitive
what are the steps to the automatice processor
development fixing washing and drying
how hot is the water in the wash part?
90 degrees
in you increas temperature do you (increase or decrease) the density
increase
if you increase time and (increase or decrease) contrast
decrease
if you increas time do you increase or decrease detail
decrease
is the humerus considered to be apart of the shouder girdle
no
what kind of bone is a long bone classified as?
long bone
what is the lateral end of the clavicle called?
acromial end
what is the medial end of the clavicle called?
sternal end
what does diathrodal mean?
freely movable
what is the CR of the AP internal projection?
enters patient 1inch inferior to coracoid process
what are you trying to see in the internal rotation?
lesser tubercle
what are you trying to see in the external rotation?
greater tubercle
what is the CR for a Y view of the shoulder?
perpendicular to scapulohumeral joint
what is the CR for a olbique (grashey) view?
perpendicular to glenoid cavity, enters 2 inches medial and inferior to superolateral border of shoulder
how far do you angle for an AP axial of the clavicle?
15 to 30 degrees
what is the CR for a clavicle projection?
midshaft of clavicle
what is the CR for an AP scapula?
perpendicular to point 2 inches inferior to coracoid process
what is the CR for a lateral scapula projection?
perpendicular to mid medial border of scapula
how many layers does an intensifying screen have?
base, reflective layer, phosphor, and protective coating
what is the function of the base layer?
support for phosphor layer
what is the function of the reflective layer?
redirects the light to the film
what is the function of the phosphor layer?
converts the energy of x-ray beam to visible light
what is the funtion of the protective coating layer
- makes the screen more resistant to abrasion
- helps eliminate static electricity
- provides surface for routine cleanings
what is luminescence?
any material the emits light in response to some outside stimulation
what is resolution?
a measure of the abikity of a system to image two seperate objects and visually distinguish one from the other
if you increase sreen speed what happens to detail
decreases detail
if screen speed increases waht happens to density?
density increases
if you increase scrren speed what happens to patient dose?
patient dose decreases
screen factor numbers.
direct exposure……50
- …………………….4
- ………………….2
- ………………….1
- …………………0.5
- ………………..0.25
what does PBL stand for?
Positive Beam Limitation
grid factor numbers
5:1………….2
6:1………….3
8:1………….4
10:1………..4.5
12:1………….5
16:1………….6
no grid 1:1….1
grid change problem
mAs X new grid factor
old grid factor
grid ratio problem
GR=h/d
define grid frequency
number of grid lines per inch or centimeter
what are the different grid types
parallel or linear
crossed of crosshatched
focused
moving
what grid causes grid cut off
parallel grid
what was the original grid used
crossed grid
what is the more difficult to manufacture
focused grid
what grid moves while the x-ray exposure is being taken
moving grid
how many phalanges do you have in your foot?
14
how many bones do you have in your foot?
26
how many tarsals do we have
7
what is the largest and strongest bone
calcaneus
what is the second largest bone in the foot
talus
how many cuneiforms are there and what are they called
3, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and laterel cuneiform
what is the biggest cuneiform
medial cuneiform
what is the smallest cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
what is a sesamoid bone
small detached bones found in the foot
for an AP axial toes how far do you angle the tube
15 degrees
what is the CR for toes
great toe is MTP joint and all other digits is PIP joint
what is the CR for a foot
perpendicular to base of third metatarsal
how much do you rotate your foot for a medial oblique
30 degrees
What is the CR for axial calcaneus
enters plantar surface at base of third metatarsal
how much do you angle for a axial calcaneus
40 degress cephalic
what is the CR for a lateral calcaneus
center 1 inch distal to meidal malleolus at subtalar joint
what is the CR for AP ankle
midway between the malleoli
CR for lateral ankle
enters medial malleolus
CR for oblique ankle
midway between the malleoli
waht is the most common ankle fracture
jones fracture
what ankle project is only the doctor to do?
AP (Stress) ankle
CR for AP lower leg
center of leg
CR for AP lateral lower leg
midpoint of leg
CR for AP knee
24cm= 3to 5 degrees cephalad
half an inch below patellar apex
how much do you bend the knee for an lateral knee projection
20 to 30 degrees
CR for lateral knee
5 to 7 degrees cephalad
hip joint localization
draw a line at right angle to midpoint of the above line. line parallels femoral neck. femoral head = 1.5 inches. femoral neck= 2.5 inches
CR for AP and lateral femur
midpoint of IR
CR for Lauenstein (Frog leg)
perpendicular through hip, enters midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis
what view do you use for a trauma hip
axiolateral hip (danelius miller)
what is physics
the study of interactions of matter and energy in all their diverse forms
what is matter
anything that occupies space and had form or shape
what is mass
the constant quantity of matter within a physical object
what is weight
term used to describe mass of an object in a gravitational field
what is velocity’s equation
V=d/t
accelerations equation
A=Vf-Vo/t
what is newtons first law
inertia
what is inertia
a body will remain at rest or continue to move with a constant velocity in a straight line unless acted on by an ecternal force
what is newtons 2nd law
force
what is force
the force acted on an object with acceleration is equal to the mass multiplied by the acceleration
what is newtons 3rd law
action/reaction
what is action/reaction
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
force equation
F= ma
gravity on the moon
1.6m/s^2
gravity on earth
9.8m/s^2
weights equation
Wt=mXg
works equation
Work=fXd
powers equation
Power= work/time
what is energy
the ability to do work
what is potential energy
the energy to do work by virtue of position
potential energys equation
PE= mgh
what is Kinetic energy
energy in motion
kinetic energys equation
KE=1/2 mv^2
what kind of energy do we use today
electromagnetic energy
what is the earliest reference to the term atom
greek atom
what is an atom
an atom is the smallest particle that has all the properties of an element
what type of atom do we deal with today
bohr atom
what is the Z number
total number of protons
the Z number is what
atomic number
what is the A number
total number of protons and neurons
the A number is what
atomic mass number
how many electrons can be in the outer shell
8
velocity can also be called
speed
which radioactive decay process is a more violent process and could cause more harm to the body
alpha decay
