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X-RAY 110. > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central ray for a PA chest?

A

T7 on MSP

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2
Q

What does external mean?

A

outside the body or part

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3
Q

What does internal mean?

A

inside the body or part

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4
Q

What does parietal mean?

A

the wall or lining of a body cavity

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5
Q

What does visceral mean?

A

the covering of an organ

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6
Q

Define distal

A

farthest from the point of attachment or origin

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7
Q

Define proximal

A

nearer to the point of attachment or origin

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8
Q

What is superficial?

A

near the skin or surface

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9
Q

What is peripheral?

A

at or near the surrface, edge, or outside of another body part

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10
Q

Define projection?

A

the path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube, passes through the patient to the film.

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11
Q

Define position?

A

Overall posture of the patient and general body position, also refers to the specific placement of the body or part in relation to the table or film.

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12
Q

72 inches is how many cm?

A

183 cm

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13
Q

What is Fowlers position?

A

recumbent position with the body plane tilted so that the head is higher than the feet

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14
Q

What is RPO?

A

Right side of the posterior body surface is closest to the film.

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15
Q

What is Trendelenbrug position?

A

recumbent position with the body plane tilited so that the head is lower than the feet

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16
Q

What is LPO?

A

Left side of the posterior body surface is closest to the film.

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17
Q

What quadrant is the liver in?

A

Right upper quadrant

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18
Q

What are the four major types of bady habitus?

A

Asthenic
Hyposthenic
Sthenic
Hypersthenic

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19
Q

10% of the population has what kind of body habitus?

A

Asthenic

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20
Q

35% of the population has this kind of body habitus?

A

Hyposthenic

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21
Q

50% of the population has this kind of body habitus?

A

Sthenic

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22
Q

5% of the population has this kind of body habitus?

A

Hypersthenic

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23
Q

How many bones are in your body?

A

206

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24
Q

What kind of bones are carpal bones?

A

short bones

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25
Q

What kind of bones are long bones?

A

femur, humerus

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26
Q

What kind of bone is a scapula?

A

flat bone

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27
Q

what kind of bone is an irregular bone?

A

vertebra

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28
Q

what is a immovable joint that is only found in the skull?

A

suture

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29
Q

what is a immovable joint that is found only in roots of teeth?

A

gomphosis

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30
Q

What is your hip and shoulder joint?

A

ball and socket

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31
Q

what kind of joint is your elbow?

A

hinge joint

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32
Q

what kind of joint is your radiocarpal joint?

A

ellipsoid joint

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33
Q

which lung is shorter?

A

right

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34
Q

What is in the mediastinum?

A 
GHETTO without the O
great vessels
heart
esophagus
trachea
thymus
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35
Q

what is the top part of the lungs called

A

apex

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36
Q

what is the bottom part of the lungs called

A

base

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37
Q

what is a 14in X 17in cassette in cm?

A

35cm X 43cm

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38
Q

what is the SID for chest?

A

72 inches

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39
Q

What is the CR for lateral chest?

A

MCP T7

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40
Q

what is umbra?

A

the sharpness

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41
Q

what is penumbra?

A

unsharpness

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42
Q

What is density?

A

the overall blackness

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43
Q

what is an underexposed film?

A

contains not enough density (to light)

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44
Q

what is an overexposed film?

A

contains to much density (to dark)

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45
Q

what is radiolucent?

A 
appears black (thinner tissue)
ex. lungs
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46
Q

what is radiopaque?

A 
appears white (thicker tissue)
ex. bones
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47
Q

What are two types of distortion?

A

size and shap

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48
Q

what is distortion?

A

misrepresentation of the true size or shape of a structure

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49
Q

what is size distortion?

A

misrepresentation of true size and shap of an object

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50
Q

what is another word for size distortion?

A

magnification

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51
Q

two types of shape distortion?

A

elongation and foreshortening

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52
Q

what is brightness?

A

overall lightness on a digital image

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53
Q

what is brightness controled by?

A

window level (WL)

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54
Q

What is grayscale?

A

difference of adjacent densities on a digital image

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55
Q

what is grayscale controled by?

A

window width (WW)

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56
Q

what are the 3 cardinal principles to protect yourself?

A

time
distance
shielding

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57
Q

what is the largest gland in your body?

A

liver

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58
Q

what is the ir size for an abdomen?

A

14in X 17in

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59
Q

what is 40inches in cm?

A

102cm

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60
Q

what is 48 inches in cm?

A

122 cm

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61
Q

What SID do you use for an abdomen?

A

40inches

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62
Q

what are two different ways to do an abdomen series?

A

AP-supine

AP-upright

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63
Q

what does the U in KUB stand for?

A

Ureters

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64
Q

what does the B in KUB stand for?

A

Bladder

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65
Q

what does the K in KUB stand for?

A

Kidney

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66
Q

what should you include in your upright abdomen picture?

A

diaphragm

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67
Q

what should you include in your supine abdomen picture?

A

pubic symphysis

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68
Q

how many phalanges are in each hand?

A

14

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69
Q

how many carpals are in each hand?

A

8

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70
Q

how many metacarpals are in each hand?

A

5

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71
Q

what is the proximal row of carpals?

A

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

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72
Q

what is the distal row of carpals?

A

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

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73
Q

what is the SID for a hand?

A

40 inches

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74
Q

what is the CR for a PA digit 2-5?

A

at the PIP joint

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75
Q

what is the CR for a PA thumb?

A

at the MCP joint

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76
Q

what is the CR for a PA hand?

A

third MCP joint

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77
Q

what is the CR for a PA wrist?

A

perpendicular to midcarpal area

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78
Q

what is the CR for a lateral wrist?

A

perpendicular to wrist joint

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79
Q

what is the CR for a oblique wrist?

A

perpendicular to midcarparl area, just distal to radius

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80
Q

what are the common wrist fractures?

A

colles, smiths, torus or buckle

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81
Q

what are the common hand fractures?

A

boxers and bennetts

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82
Q

the forearm consist of what two long bones?

A

radius and ulna

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83
Q

is the radius lateral or medial

A

lateral

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84
Q

what is the SID used for a forearm?

A

40 inches

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85
Q

what is the CR for a AP forearm?

A

perpendicular to midpoint, and enters midpoint of forearm

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86
Q

what is the CR for a Lateral forearm?

A

perpendicular to IR, and enters midpoint of forearm

87
Q

what is the CR for a AP and lateral elbow?

A

perpendicular to elbow joint

88
Q

what are you trying to see in a medial rotation of the elbow?

A

coronoid process

89
Q

what are you trying to see in a lateral roatation of the elbow?

A

radial head and tuberosity

90
Q

what is the CR for an AP and lateral view of the humerus?

A

perpendicular to midportion of humerus and centered to IR

91
Q

who is the founder of x-rays?

A

wilhelm conrad roentgen

92
Q

when were x-rays found?

A

November 8, 1895

93
Q

what was the first x-ray taken?

A

hand

94
Q

what were they using when x-rays were discovered?

A

crookes tube

95
Q

who developed the first handheld fluroscope?

A

thomas edison

96
Q

what was the ladies name that had the first x-ray of her hand?

A

anna bertha roentgen

97
Q

what was the first diagnostic fracture?

A

a wrist

98
Q

who was edisons assistant that died due to x-ray burns?

A

clarence dally

99
Q

who is the discoverer of radioactivity?

A

henri bequerel

100
Q

who found ways to measure the intensity or radiation and other elements that emitted radiation?

A

Pierre and Marie Curie

101
Q

what is the mAs calculation?

A

mA X s=mAs

102
Q

what is the distance calculation?

A

new mAs = new d^2

old mAs = old d^2

103
Q

what are the different layers of the film?

A

base, adhesive layer, emulsion, and supercoating

104
Q

which layer is the heart of the x-ray film?

A

emulsion

105
Q

define remnant radiation

A

x-rays that remain after the usedful beam exits the patient

106
Q

define latent image

A

an image that cannot yet be seen: invisible change induced inthe silver crystal

107
Q

define manifest image

A

the observable image formed when the latent image undergoes the proper chemical processing

108
Q

define photographic effect

A

the formation of the latent image

109
Q

what is silver halide?

A

the active ingredient in emulsion and is also light sensitive

110
Q

what are the steps to the automatice processor

A

development fixing washing and drying

111
Q

how hot is the water in the wash part?

A

90 degrees

112
Q

in you increas temperature do you (increase or decrease) the density

A

increase

113
Q

if you increase time and (increase or decrease) contrast

A

decrease

114
Q

if you increas time do you increase or decrease detail

A

decrease

115
Q

is the humerus considered to be apart of the shouder girdle

A

no

116
Q

what kind of bone is a long bone classified as?

A

long bone

117
Q

what is the lateral end of the clavicle called?

A

acromial end

118
Q

what is the medial end of the clavicle called?

A

sternal end

119
Q

what does diathrodal mean?

A

freely movable

120
Q

what is the CR of the AP internal projection?

A

enters patient 1inch inferior to coracoid process

121
Q

what are you trying to see in the internal rotation?

A

lesser tubercle

122
Q

what are you trying to see in the external rotation?

A

greater tubercle

123
Q

what is the CR for a Y view of the shoulder?

A

perpendicular to scapulohumeral joint

124
Q

what is the CR for a olbique (grashey) view?

A

perpendicular to glenoid cavity, enters 2 inches medial and inferior to superolateral border of shoulder

125
Q

how far do you angle for an AP axial of the clavicle?

A

15 to 30 degrees

126
Q

what is the CR for a clavicle projection?

A

midshaft of clavicle

127
Q

what is the CR for an AP scapula?

A

perpendicular to point 2 inches inferior to coracoid process

128
Q

what is the CR for a lateral scapula projection?

A

perpendicular to mid medial border of scapula

129
Q

how many layers does an intensifying screen have?

A

base, reflective layer, phosphor, and protective coating

130
Q

what is the function of the base layer?

A

support for phosphor layer

131
Q

what is the function of the reflective layer?

A

redirects the light to the film

132
Q

what is the function of the phosphor layer?

A

converts the energy of x-ray beam to visible light

133
Q

what is the funtion of the protective coating layer

A
  • makes the screen more resistant to abrasion
  • helps eliminate static electricity
  • provides surface for routine cleanings
134
Q

what is luminescence?

A

any material the emits light in response to some outside stimulation

135
Q

what is resolution?

A

a measure of the abikity of a system to image two seperate objects and visually distinguish one from the other

136
Q

if you increase sreen speed what happens to detail

A

decreases detail

137
Q

if screen speed increases waht happens to density?

A

density increases

138
Q

if you increase scrren speed what happens to patient dose?

A

patient dose decreases

139
Q

screen factor numbers.

A

direct exposure……50

  1. …………………….4
  2. ………………….2
  3. ………………….1
  4. …………………0.5
  5. ………………..0.25
140
Q

what does PBL stand for?

A

Positive Beam Limitation

141
Q

grid factor numbers

A

5:1………….2
6:1………….3
8:1………….4
10:1………..4.5
12:1………….5
16:1………….6
no grid 1:1….1

142
Q

grid change problem

A

mAs X new grid factor

old grid factor

143
Q

grid ratio problem

A

GR=h/d

144
Q

define grid frequency

A

number of grid lines per inch or centimeter

145
Q

what are the different grid types

A

parallel or linear
crossed of crosshatched
focused
moving

146
Q

what grid causes grid cut off

A

parallel grid

147
Q

what was the original grid used

A

crossed grid

148
Q

what is the more difficult to manufacture

A

focused grid

149
Q

what grid moves while the x-ray exposure is being taken

A

moving grid

150
Q

how many phalanges do you have in your foot?

A

14

151
Q

how many bones do you have in your foot?

A

26

152
Q

how many tarsals do we have

A

7

153
Q

what is the largest and strongest bone

A

calcaneus

154
Q

what is the second largest bone in the foot

A

talus

155
Q

how many cuneiforms are there and what are they called

A

3, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and laterel cuneiform

156
Q

what is the biggest cuneiform

A

medial cuneiform

157
Q

what is the smallest cuneiform

A

intermediate cuneiform

158
Q

what is a sesamoid bone

A

small detached bones found in the foot

159
Q

for an AP axial toes how far do you angle the tube

A

15 degrees

160
Q

what is the CR for toes

A

great toe is MTP joint and all other digits is PIP joint

161
Q

what is the CR for a foot

A

perpendicular to base of third metatarsal

162
Q

how much do you rotate your foot for a medial oblique

A

30 degrees

163
Q

What is the CR for axial calcaneus

A

enters plantar surface at base of third metatarsal

164
Q

how much do you angle for a axial calcaneus

A

40 degress cephalic

165
Q

what is the CR for a lateral calcaneus

A

center 1 inch distal to meidal malleolus at subtalar joint

166
Q

what is the CR for AP ankle

A

midway between the malleoli

167
Q

CR for lateral ankle

A

enters medial malleolus

168
Q

CR for oblique ankle

A

midway between the malleoli

169
Q

waht is the most common ankle fracture

A

jones fracture

170
Q

what ankle project is only the doctor to do?

A

AP (Stress) ankle

171
Q

CR for AP lower leg

A

center of leg

172
Q

CR for AP lateral lower leg

A

midpoint of leg

173
Q

CR for AP knee

A

24cm= 3to 5 degrees cephalad

half an inch below patellar apex

174
Q

how much do you bend the knee for an lateral knee projection

A

20 to 30 degrees

175
Q

CR for lateral knee

A

5 to 7 degrees cephalad

176
Q

hip joint localization

A

draw a line at right angle to midpoint of the above line. line parallels femoral neck. femoral head = 1.5 inches. femoral neck= 2.5 inches

177
Q

CR for AP and lateral femur

A

midpoint of IR

178
Q

CR for Lauenstein (Frog leg)

A

perpendicular through hip, enters midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis

179
Q

what view do you use for a trauma hip

A

axiolateral hip (danelius miller)

180
Q

what is physics

A

the study of interactions of matter and energy in all their diverse forms

181
Q

what is matter

A

anything that occupies space and had form or shape

182
Q

what is mass

A

the constant quantity of matter within a physical object

183
Q

what is weight

A

term used to describe mass of an object in a gravitational field

184
Q

what is velocity’s equation

A

V=d/t

185
Q

accelerations equation

A

A=Vf-Vo/t

186
Q

what is newtons first law

A

inertia

187
Q

what is inertia

A

a body will remain at rest or continue to move with a constant velocity in a straight line unless acted on by an ecternal force

188
Q

what is newtons 2nd law

A

force

189
Q

what is force

A

the force acted on an object with acceleration is equal to the mass multiplied by the acceleration

190
Q

what is newtons 3rd law

A

action/reaction

191
Q

what is action/reaction

A

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

192
Q

force equation

A

F= ma

193
Q

gravity on the moon

A

1.6m/s^2

194
Q

gravity on earth

A

9.8m/s^2

195
Q

weights equation

A

Wt=mXg

196
Q

works equation

A

Work=fXd

197
Q

powers equation

A

Power= work/time

198
Q

what is energy

A

the ability to do work

199
Q

what is potential energy

A

the energy to do work by virtue of position

200
Q

potential energys equation

A

PE= mgh

201
Q

what is Kinetic energy

A

energy in motion

202
Q

kinetic energys equation

A

KE=1/2 mv^2

203
Q

what kind of energy do we use today

A

electromagnetic energy

204
Q

what is the earliest reference to the term atom

A

greek atom

205
Q

what is an atom

A

an atom is the smallest particle that has all the properties of an element

206
Q

what type of atom do we deal with today

A

bohr atom

207
Q

what is the Z number

A

total number of protons

208
Q

the Z number is what

A

atomic number

209
Q

what is the A number

A

total number of protons and neurons

210
Q

the A number is what

A

atomic mass number

211
Q

how many electrons can be in the outer shell

A

8

212
Q

velocity can also be called

A

speed

213
Q

which radioactive decay process is a more violent process and could cause more harm to the body

A

alpha decay

X-RAY 110. (1 decks)

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