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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Assimilation?

A

The process by which phonemes take on the phonetic character of neighboring sounds

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2
Q

What is Progressive Assimilation?

A

Left to right influence

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3
Q

What is Regressive Assimilation?

A

Right to left influence

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4
Q

What is Elision?

A

The omission of a phoneme during speech production

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5
Q

What is Epenthesis?

A

The addition of a phoneme to the production of a word

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6
Q

What is Metathesis?

A

The transposition of sounds in a word

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7
Q

What is vowel reduction?

A

The full form of a vowel becomes more like the mid-central /ə/ during connected speech

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8
Q

What is a juncture?

A

The way syllables and words are linked together in connected speech

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9
Q

What marks an intonational phrase in speech?

A

Pauses

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10
Q

What is an external juncture?

A

a pause that connects 2 intonational phrases- the connecting pause is external to the phrase

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11
Q

What marks is used for external junctures?

A

I for commas/short pauses

II for periods, semicolons, etc.

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12
Q

What is the difference between an open internal juncture and a closed internal junction?

A

Open= a pause between the syllables within an intonational phrase… i.e. /aɪ+skrim/

Closed= no symbol needed because there is no pause between syllables… i.e. /aɪskrim/

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13
Q

What does rising intonational phrases indicate?

A

Uncertainty

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14
Q

In what are rising intonational phrases typically used?

A

Questions and incomplete thoughts

i.e. yes/no questions, reciting a list

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15
Q

What does falling intonational phrases indicate?

A

Finality of an utterance

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16
Q

When are falling intonational phrases usually used?

A

Complete sentences
Commands
Wh- questions

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17
Q

How is duration transcribed?

A

two triangles /ː/

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18
Q

Explain duration. (Vowel and consonant)

A

Vowel - longer vowel sound

Consonant - when last consonant of one word and the 1st consonant of the next word are the same

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19
Q

What is an articulation disorder?

A

Difficulty coordinating the articulators in production of a limited set of phonemes
Difficulty with the motoric aspects of speech production

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20
Q

What are the four common misarticulations?

A

1- Substitutions
2- Omissions
3- Distortions
4- Additions

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21
Q

What is a phonological disorder?

A

Difficulty in speech sound production resulting in multiple speech sound errors involving the sound system of a language

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22
Q

What is the general order of development by manner?

A 
Nasal
Stop
Glide
Fricative
Liquid
Affricate
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23
Q

What is the general order of development by place?

A

Labial
Alveolar
Velar
Palatal

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24
Q

By age 3, what mastery percentage are several phonemes at?

25
By what age are all phonemes mastered?
7-9 years
26
What are phonological processes?
The simplification of adult forms
27
What do children do to these processes as they mature?
Suppress them
28
Are phonological processes a part of normal speech?
Yes
29
Name the four syllable structure processes.
1- Weak Syllable Deletion 2- Final Consonant Deletion 3- Reduplication 4- Cluster Reduction
30
Name the five substitution processes. Briefly explain each.
1- Stopping: Replace fricative/affricate with a stop 2- Fronting: Alveolar consonant for velar/palatal consonant 3- Gliding: Glide for a liquid 4- Deaffrication: Fricative for an affricate 5- Vocalization: Vowel for post-vocalic /r/ or /l/
31
What is liquid simplification?
Gliding + Fronting
32
Name the four assimilatory processes.
1- Labial 2- Alveolar 3- Velar 4- Voicing--> Prevocalic and Devoicing
33
What are assimilatory processes?
Alteration in production due to phonetic environment
34
What is prevocalic voicing versus devoicing?
Prevocalic voicing- voicing of a normally unvoiced consonant Devoicing- Final voiced phoneme produced unvoiced
35
What type of processes are NOT part of typically developing speech?
Idiosyncrantic
36
Name the five Idiosyncrantic Processes.
``` 1- Glottal Replacement 2- Backing 3- Initial Consonant Deletion 4- Stops Replacing a Glide 5- Fricatives Replacing a Stop ```
37
What is dialect?
A mutually intelligible form of a language associated with a particular region, social class, or ethnic group
38
What categories are associate with dialect?
Content Form Use
39
What is dialect a product of? (5)
``` 1- Region 2- Cultural Background 3- Your Social Class 4- Age 5- Gender ```
40
What does SAE stand for?
Standard American English
41
Formal Standard English vs. Informal Standard English
Formal= used for written form Informal= based on societal judgments
42
Why is formal Standard English spoken?
Spoken form is marked by the absence of socially disfavored structures (Syntax)
43
What is vernacular dialect?
nonstandard form due to the presence of certain grammatical structures in spoken language **think Huckleberry Fin
44
What is idiolect?
Each person's individual speech pattern, characteristic of your personality, within a dialect
45
What is an accent?
Phonological aspects of a dialect
46
What is Chain Shift?
The place of articulation of one vowel changes causing surrounding vowels in the vowel quadrilateral to also shift
47
What is Vowel Merger?
Vowels with separate articulations fuse into one similar place of articulation
48
What are the three traditional regional dialects? Explain.
Southern American English: diphthong simplification, vowel tensing, derhotacization Eastern American English: /ɪ/ for /ə/, derhotacization/ rhoticization General American English: dialect spoken in areas other than the East and South
49
What dialect does the Great Lakes and upper New York state have?
The Inland North Dialect-- Northern Cities shift
50
What shifts does the South include?
Southern shift and the back upglide shift
51
What kind of shift does the West have?
Low Back Merger--> merge /ɑ, ɔ/ into /ɑ/ | No contrast between these phonemes
52
What occurs in the Midland and Western PA dialect? What is this known as?
/ɪ/ for /i/ /a/ for /aʊ/ "Pittsburghese"
53
What is Social and Ethnic Influenced English a result of?
English as a Second Language
54
What is AAE? Common Characteristics?
``` African American English /r/ and /l/ vocalized /f/ /v/ for /θ/ /ð/ respectfully in medial and final position /t/ /d/ for /θ/ /ð/ in initial position Cluster reduction Different stress patterns Metathesis ```
55
What does ESL, ELL, and LEP stand for?
English as a Second Language English Language Learners Limited English Proficiency
56
Common characteristics of Spanish influenced English?
Only five vowels versus our 14+diphthongs | /i, e, a, o, u/
57
Common characteristics of Russian influenced English?
Only have 5 vowels and 1 diphthong /i, ɛ, a, u, o/ and /aʊ/ All stops are not aspirated--> voiceless stops in initial position sound voiced No voiced final stops Voiced stops and fricatives cannot appear together in final position Voiceless and voiced cannot occur together at word boundaries Do not have /ð θ ŋ w/ ..... /h/ /v/ are difficult
58
Common characteristics of Arabic influenced English?
``` Only have 3 vowels and 2 diphthongs /i, a, u/ /eɪ aʊ/ No /p g v ʒ ŋ/ Not possible to have a cluster of 2-3 consonants in beginning of word--> vowels inserted Silent letters often produced Problems with /c/ /g/ ```
59
Common characteristics of Asian influenced English?
Clusters do not exist in all or some positions Often delete final consonants Several replacements for intended phonemes

Phonetics (1 decks)

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