Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phonetics > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is Assimilation?

A

The process by which phonemes take on the phonetic character of neighboring sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Progressive Assimilation?

A

Left to right influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Regressive Assimilation?

A

Right to left influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Elision?

A

The omission of a phoneme during speech production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Epenthesis?

A

The addition of a phoneme to the production of a word

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Metathesis?

A

The transposition of sounds in a word

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is vowel reduction?

A

The full form of a vowel becomes more like the mid-central /ə/ during connected speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a juncture?

A

The way syllables and words are linked together in connected speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What marks an intonational phrase in speech?

A

Pauses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an external juncture?

A

a pause that connects 2 intonational phrases- the connecting pause is external to the phrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What marks is used for external junctures?

A

I for commas/short pauses

II for periods, semicolons, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the difference between an open internal juncture and a closed internal junction?

A

Open= a pause between the syllables within an intonational phrase… i.e. /aɪ+skrim/

Closed= no symbol needed because there is no pause between syllables… i.e. /aɪskrim/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does rising intonational phrases indicate?

A

Uncertainty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In what are rising intonational phrases typically used?

A

Questions and incomplete thoughts

i.e. yes/no questions, reciting a list

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does falling intonational phrases indicate?

A

Finality of an utterance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When are falling intonational phrases usually used?

A

Complete sentences
Commands
Wh- questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is duration transcribed?

A

two triangles /ː/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain duration. (Vowel and consonant)

A

Vowel - longer vowel sound

Consonant - when last consonant of one word and the 1st consonant of the next word are the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an articulation disorder?

A

Difficulty coordinating the articulators in production of a limited set of phonemes
Difficulty with the motoric aspects of speech production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the four common misarticulations?

A

1- Substitutions
2- Omissions
3- Distortions
4- Additions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a phonological disorder?

A

Difficulty in speech sound production resulting in multiple speech sound errors involving the sound system of a language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the general order of development by manner?

A 
Nasal
Stop
Glide
Fricative
Liquid
Affricate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the general order of development by place?

A

Labial
Alveolar
Velar
Palatal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

By age 3, what mastery percentage are several phonemes at?

A

90%

25
Q

By what age are all phonemes mastered?

A

7-9 years

26
Q

What are phonological processes?

A

The simplification of adult forms

27
Q

What do children do to these processes as they mature?

A

Suppress them

28
Q

Are phonological processes a part of normal speech?

A

Yes

29
Q

Name the four syllable structure processes.

A

1- Weak Syllable Deletion
2- Final Consonant Deletion
3- Reduplication
4- Cluster Reduction

30
Q

Name the five substitution processes. Briefly explain each.

A

1- Stopping: Replace fricative/affricate with a stop
2- Fronting: Alveolar consonant for velar/palatal consonant
3- Gliding: Glide for a liquid
4- Deaffrication: Fricative for an affricate
5- Vocalization: Vowel for post-vocalic /r/ or /l/

31
Q

What is liquid simplification?

A

Gliding + Fronting

32
Q

Name the four assimilatory processes.

A

1- Labial
2- Alveolar
3- Velar
4- Voicing–> Prevocalic and Devoicing

33
Q

What are assimilatory processes?

A

Alteration in production due to phonetic environment

34
Q

What is prevocalic voicing versus devoicing?

A

Prevocalic voicing- voicing of a normally unvoiced consonant

Devoicing- Final voiced phoneme produced unvoiced

35
Q

What type of processes are NOT part of typically developing speech?

A

Idiosyncrantic

36
Q

Name the five Idiosyncrantic Processes.

A 
1- Glottal Replacement
2- Backing
3- Initial Consonant Deletion
4- Stops Replacing a Glide
5- Fricatives Replacing a Stop
37
Q

What is dialect?

A

A mutually intelligible form of a language associated with a particular region, social class, or ethnic group

38
Q

What categories are associate with dialect?

A

Content
Form
Use

39
Q

What is dialect a product of? (5)

A 
1- Region 
2- Cultural Background
3- Your Social Class 
4- Age 
5- Gender
40
Q

What does SAE stand for?

A

Standard American English

41
Q

Formal Standard English vs. Informal Standard English

A

Formal= used for written form

Informal= based on societal judgments

42
Q

Why is formal Standard English spoken?

A

Spoken form is marked by the absence of socially disfavored structures (Syntax)

43
Q

What is vernacular dialect?

A

nonstandard form due to the presence of certain grammatical structures in spoken language

**think Huckleberry Fin

44
Q

What is idiolect?

A

Each person’s individual speech pattern, characteristic of your personality, within a dialect

45
Q

What is an accent?

A

Phonological aspects of a dialect

46
Q

What is Chain Shift?

A

The place of articulation of one vowel changes causing surrounding vowels in the vowel quadrilateral to also shift

47
Q

What is Vowel Merger?

A

Vowels with separate articulations fuse into one similar place of articulation

48
Q

What are the three traditional regional dialects? Explain.

A

Southern American English: diphthong simplification, vowel tensing, derhotacization

Eastern American English: /ɪ/ for /ə/, derhotacization/ rhoticization

General American English: dialect spoken in areas other than the East and South

49
Q

What dialect does the Great Lakes and upper New York state have?

A

The Inland North Dialect– Northern Cities shift

50
Q

What shifts does the South include?

A

Southern shift and the back upglide shift

51
Q

What kind of shift does the West have?

A

Low Back Merger–> merge /ɑ, ɔ/ into /ɑ/

No contrast between these phonemes

52
Q

What occurs in the Midland and Western PA dialect? What is this known as?

A

/ɪ/ for /i/
/a/ for /aʊ/
“Pittsburghese”

53
Q

What is Social and Ethnic Influenced English a result of?

A

English as a Second Language

54
Q

What is AAE? Common Characteristics?

A 
African American English 
/r/ and /l/ vocalized 
/f/ /v/ for /θ/ /ð/ respectfully in medial and final position
/t/ /d/ for /θ/ /ð/ in initial position
Cluster reduction
Different stress patterns
Metathesis
55
Q

What does ESL, ELL, and LEP stand for?

A

English as a Second Language
English Language Learners
Limited English Proficiency

56
Q

Common characteristics of Spanish influenced English?

A

Only five vowels versus our 14+diphthongs

/i, e, a, o, u/

57
Q

Common characteristics of Russian influenced English?

A

Only have 5 vowels and 1 diphthong
/i, ɛ, a, u, o/ and /aʊ/
All stops are not aspirated–> voiceless stops in initial position sound voiced
No voiced final stops
Voiced stops and fricatives cannot appear together in final position
Voiceless and voiced cannot occur together at word boundaries
Do not have /ð θ ŋ w/ ….. /h/ /v/ are difficult

58
Q

Common characteristics of Arabic influenced English?

A 
Only have 3 vowels and 2 diphthongs
/i, a, u/ /eɪ  aʊ/ 
No /p g v ʒ ŋ/
Not possible to have a cluster of 2-3 consonants in beginning of word--> vowels inserted
Silent letters often produced
Problems with /c/ /g/
59
Q

Common characteristics of Asian influenced English?

A

Clusters do not exist in all or some positions
Often delete final consonants
Several replacements for intended phonemes

Phonetics (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions