Final Flashcards
Active process wherein at least two individuals who understand the same mode of communication interact and take tuens in exhanging messages
Communication
In communication one individual acts as the ___________ (person creating and expressing the message) and one acts as the ___________ ( person decoding and comprehending the message) These roles can be switched as communicaiton continues
sender
Receiver
This is a means for telling stories, asking questions, expressing oneself, conveying feelings, or sharing ideas
Communication
Process of sharing information between individuals
Communication
conventional set of coded symbols that when manipulated garner meaning or ideas
Language
coded symbols that are governed by specific rules that are learned and socially shared among a community
Language
A complex, dynamic, and rule-based system of conventional symbols used in diverse modalities for thought and communication
Language
verbal way of expressing language
Speech
expression of thoughts in spoken words- oral and verbal communication
Speech
Study of how sound are put together to form words and other linguistic units
Phonology
the study of how the articulators make individual sounds
Articulatory Phonetics
The study of the relationship between articulation and the acoustic signal of speech
Acoustic Phonetics
The study of how phonetic decisions are made from the acoustic signal
Speech Perception
Units of sound connected to the decisions about meaning; Individual sounds that make up language
Phoneme
Sound system of language including rules that govern its spoken form. Analyzes sound units within a language
Phonology
Smallest unit of a word with meaning
Morpheme
Studies structure of words and how words are built out of pieces
Morphology
Organizational rules denoting word, phrase, and clause order
Syntax
Meaning of words, phrases, and sentences
Semantics
Language used to communicate within various situational contexts
Pragmatics
the impairment in the ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts including verbal, nonverbal, and graphic symbol systems
Communication Disorder
used to indicate oral, verbal communication that is so deviant from the norm that it is noticeable or interferes with communication
Speech Disorder
Impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems. May involve one of more of the following areas: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantic, and pragmatics
Language Disorder
What are the organs and subsystems involved in speech production:
Respiratory system, larynx, velopharynx, tongue, lips, jaw
houses lungs, airway, rib cage, diaphragm; provides basic air supply for generating sound
Respiratory System
made up of different cartilages and muscles; creates the voiced speech sounds via vibration in the vocal folds; allows air to pass from the lungs to the vocal tract necessary for voiceless sounds
Larynx
Contains soft palate/velum and structures associated with velopharyngeal port; joins or seperates the oral and nasal cavities in order to allow air to pass through either oral cavity, nasal cavity, or both simulataneously
Velopharynx
Mainly made up of a multitude of muscles; principle articulator of the oral cavity; ability to assume the position of various shapes and positions during vowel and consonant articulation
Tongue
The different parts of the tongue are:
tip, blade, dorsum, root, body
one of the most visible structures of the articulators; assist with production of vowel and consonants
Lips
second most visible structure of the articulators; massive bony structure that supports soft tissue of both lips and tongue; aids the lip and tongue movements and provides skeletal support for these organs
Jaw
These two things work together to provide two major airflow types to the upper airway (vocal tract)
Respiratory System & Larynx
Series of pulses of air made by action in the vibrating vocal folds
Voiced
Continuous flow of air that is used to produce noise energy in the vocal tract
Voiceless
As the ___________ pushes air into the airway for speech, the ________ regulates the airflow from the lunges to create voice and voiceless segments
Respiratory system
Larynx
Upper airway/vocal tract that tracels from larynx to mouth or nose is the site where ____________ occurs
speech articulation
The articulators are known as:
Tongues, lips, jaw
______ are related to vowels
diphthongs
these are produced with an open vocal tract and can be characterized by either rounded/unrounded, tense/lax, and by tongue position
Vowels
vocal tract above larynx is open so easy to initiate voicing
Sonorant
sounds produced only with manipulation and vocalic shape /i/ and /u/
Vocalic
produced midsagittal with constriction of vocal tract
Consonantal
Usually produced with open oral cavity and no harsh constrictions
Vowels
Produced with complete or partially constricted vocal tract
Consonants
Describe by degree or type of closure and by location at which the complete or partial closure occurs
Place, Manner, Voicing
two different structuress working togeher to create localized contriction of vocal tract
Place
refers to degree or type of closure
Manner
radical or marked constriction in the midsagittal region of vocal tract- distringuished true consonants from vowels and glides
Consonantal
sounds do not have a radical or marked constriction of the vocal tract and are associated with spontaneous voicing, Voiced vowels and liquid, glides, nasal consonants, and obstruents
Vocalic
have vocal configurtion that permits spontaneous voicing which means that the airstream can pass virtually unimpeded through the oral or nasal cavity. Distinguishes vowels, glides, nasal consonants, and lateral and rhotacized consonants from stops, fricatives, and affricates
Sonorant
fricatives and affricates produced with intense noise
Strident
characteristics of speech that involve larger units such as syllables, words, phrases, or sentences
Suprasegmentals
degree of effort or prominence, varies within dialect, location, and chosen production for meaning in a word
Stress
vocal pitch of an utterance and frequency from syllable to syllable and the emotional state of speaker
Intonation
sound intensity and vocal effort
Loudness
Average pitch of speakers voice
Pitch Level
words per second, syllables per second, phonemes per second
Speaking Rate
combination of intonation, pausing, and other suprasegmentals to mark special distinctions
Juncture
vowels are susceptible to articulatory change as speaking rate increases or stress decreases
Vowel reduction
used when trying to be intelligible
Clear Speech
modified and/or reduced, stops eliminated, rapid and lose distinctiveness
Conversational Speech
influence of one sound on another; articulation of one sound is influenced by preceding or following sound
Coarticulation
most commonly used; overt and observable behaviors; focuses more on outward behaviors that are observable
Traditional/Behaviorist Model
observes environmental conditions and predicts the outcome of verbal behaviors as a result; operant or instrumental condition to focus on controlling acts and change consequences that occur as a result of acts
Traditional/ Behaviorist Model
Child presented a sound or word and when produced they receive positive reinforcement
Traditional/ Behaviorist Model
governed by innate or natural mechanisms
Linguistic Models
focuses on sound structure of human language. Incorporates semantic and syntactical aspects of language and concepts; phonological rules map underlying representation onto surface pronunciations and phonological descriptions depend on information from other linguistic levels
Generative Phonology
basis of phonological processes and its approach to treatment and speech sound disords
Natural Phonology
universal across language and frequently used by children; rules that are systematically applied to speech production until children learn to suppress them
Natural Phonology
collection of theories that addresses hierarchical nature of the relationships between phonological unites; involves more than just production of set phonemes, takes into account many elements both in relation to and independent of one another
Nonlinear phonology
developed to describe adult langauges; basic units are constraints, which are assumed to be universal to all languages
Optimality theory
refers to relative loudness of a sound relative to other sounds with the same pitch, stress, and length
Sonority hypothesis
provides the potential for the explanation of children’s phonology; draws on the fields of psychology and linguistics; describes distinction between underlying representations of words and their productions
Psycholinguistic Model
Seven main areas of SLP practice are informed by a comprehensive understanding of speech sound acquistion
-referrel, assessment, analysis, diagnosis, selecting intervention targets, intervention, dismissal/ discharge
What are the phases of speech sound acquisition
1: laying the foundations for speech
2: transitioning from words to speech
3: the growth from words to speech
4: mastery of speech and literacy
What are some influences on speech sound acquistion?
gender, SES, language development, individual variability
Prelinguistic Stages:
1: Reflexive Crying & Vegetative Sounds
2: Cooing and Laughter
3: Vocal Play
4: Cannonical Babbling
5: Jargon
similiar stings of cononant-vowel production
Reduplicated Babbling
variation in both consonant vowels from syllable to syllable
Variegated/ non-reduplicated babbling
Begins the moment 1st word is spoken
Linguistic Stages
difficulties with the motor production aspects of speech, or an inability to produce certain speech sounds
Articulation Disorder
Atypical productions of speehc sounds are characterized by phonological process. List some examples:
substiutions, omissions, additions, distortions
impaired comprehension of the sound system of a language and the rules that govern the sound combinations
Phonological Disorders
ability to reflect on and manipulate the structure of an utternance as distinct from its meaning; affect perception of auditory cues
Phonological Awareness
Acquisition of Phonological awareness occurs in three stages:
Awarness of:
- syllables and words
- onset and rimes
- phonemes
