Final Flashcards
______is an extreme form of stratification in which some people are owned by others. It is a closed system in Which people are treated as property and have little or no control over their lives.
Slavery
India’s caste system is based in part on_______, while the caste system of South Africa was based on ________
Occupation; racial classification
According to sociologist Karl Marx, when the working class realized that capitalists were the source of their oppression, they would overthrow the capitalists and their agents of social control, leading to the end of capitalism. The workers would then take over the government and create a(n) __________ society.
Egalitarian
Which of the following is one of the reasons why the workers’ revolution predicted by sociologist Karl Marx has not occurred?
Workers have gained more legal protection in the form of workers’ rights and benefits.
In the context of sociologist Erik Olin Wright’s Marxian model of the U.S. class structure, the __________ class is composed of individuals who have inherited fortunes, own major corporations, or are top corporate executives with extensive stock holdings or control of company investments.
Capitalist
Today, great disparities exist in the distribution of educational resources. Because funding for education comes primarily from __________ taxes, school districts in wealthy suburban areas generally pay high teachers’ salaries, have new buildings, and provide state-of-the-art equipment.
local property
Which of the following statements about poverty in the United States is true?
The poverty rates vary widely across the United States.
According to functionalist researchers Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore, __________.
positions that are most important for society and that require scarce talent, extensive training, or both must be the most highly rewarded
Firoz believes that people with economic and political power are able to shape and distribute the rewards, resources, privileges, and opportunities in society for their own benefit. He also believes that these people use ideology to maintain their favored positions in society at the expense of the poor. In this context, Firoz most likely subscribes to the __________ perspective on social inequality.
Conflict
A key problem with the Davis–Moore thesis is that:
it ignores inequalities based on inherited wealth and intergenerational family status.
Who among the following sociologists thought that capitalist structures would eventually be overthrown?
Karl Marx
In the context of the social class model developed by sociologist Dennis Gilbert, members of the __________ class come from prominent families which possess great wealth that they have held for several generations.
upper-upper
In the context of the social class model developed by sociologist Dennis Gilbert, members of the __________ class have earned most of their money in their own lifetime as entrepreneurs, presidents of major corporations, sports or entertainment celebrities, or top-level professionals.
lower-upper
Alex, the only earning member in a family of four, works as a fast-food worker and earns about $40,000 annually. His job requires him to perform routine, mechanized tasks that involve little skill beyond basic literacy. Despite having worked in the same restaurant for more than six years, Alex is worried about losing his job due to the unstable economic environment. In the context of the social class model developed by sociologist Dennis Gilbert, Alex is most likely a member of the __________.
working class
Monica, a 25-year-old mother of two young children, works in various unskilled jobs throughout the year, including factory jobs, service jobs, and seasonal migrant jobs in agriculture. She earns about $26,000 annually, living from just above to just below the poverty line. In the context of the model of U.S. social classes developed by sociologist Dennis Gilbert, Monica is most likely a member of the __________.
Working Class
In the context of sociologist Erik Olin Wright’s Marxian model of the U.S. class structure, the __________ class is made up of a number of subgroups, one of which is blue-collar workers, some of whom are highly skilled and well paid and others of whom are unskilled and poorly paid.
Working
In the context of sociologist Erik Olin Wright’s Marxian model of the U.S. class structure, the __________ class is made up of skilled blue-collar workers, such as electricians, plumbers, and carpenters, and unskilled blue-collar workers, which include janitors and gardeners.
Working
In the context of the Weberian model of the U.S. class structure, who among the following individuals is a member of the middle class?
Ashley, who has a four-year bachelor’s degree in nursing and works as a nurse in a hospital, earning about $70,000 annually
The shift from manufacturing to service occupations in the United States has resulted in:
the loss of high-paying positions.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the Davis–Moore thesis?
It fails to adequately explain how a differential reward system guarantees that the most-qualified people will gain access to the most highly rewarded positions.
Exemplifies a Social Construction
Gender
__________ is the belief that those species of animals, including human beings, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out.
Social Darwinism
The theory that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces was developed by:
Karl MArx
In the Marxian framework, the term __________ refers to the tools, land, factories, and money for investment that form the economic basis of a society.
Means of Production
__________ refers to changes in a subject’s behavior caused by the researcher’s presence or by the subject’s awareness of being studied.
The Hawthorne effect
According to sociologist Emile Durkheim, __________ suicide occurs among people who are isolated from any social group.
Egoistic
