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PSYC 212 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of coding?

A

Specific, Sparse and Population coding

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2
Q

What are the two types of stimulus?

A

Distal->in the environment
Proximal->on the receptors

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3
Q

What are the three methods to measure absolute threshold?

A

method of limits, adjustemnt and constant stimuli

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4
Q

Define macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa

A

macular degeneration->destroyed cone-rich fovea
retinitis pigmentosa->attack peripheral vision

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5
Q

What are the four visual problems?

A

Myopia (nearsightedness)-Inability to see distant object
Refractive myopia->cornea and lens bend light too much
Axial myopia->eyeball too long

Hyperopia (farsightedness)->Trouble seeing near objects
Eyeball too short

Presbyopia->Trouble seeing near objects due to aging (lens more rigid)

Astigmatism->multiple images on retina

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6
Q

Isomerization

A

bending of retinal when absorb light

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7
Q

Explain the process of dark adaptation

A

rod-cone break, visual pigment bleaching, visual pigment regeneration

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8
Q

detached retina

A

no more visual pigment regeneration

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8
Q

Purkinje shift

A

tendency for eyes to shirt toward blue at low light as part of dark adaptation–>because rods more sensitive to short wavelenght

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9
Q

What are the five cells in the retina?

A

photoreceptor cells->bipolar cells, ganglion cells
horizontal and amacrine cells

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10
Q

What is the difference in convergence between cones and rods?

A

Rods converges more than cones
Rods more sensitive->ganglion cells are more likely to fire because receive info from multiple cells
Cones more acuity->because less convergence

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11
Q

What did Hartline and Kuffler discovered?

A

ganglion cells receptive fileds and center-surround organization

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12
Q

Define lateral inhibition and edge enhancement

A
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13
Q

define chevreul illusion and Mach bands

A

Chevreul illusion->alter appearance of colors by placing them next to each other
Mach bands->fuzzy shadow border between light and dark

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14
Q

Explain the pathway from eye to the brain

A

Eye->optic nerve->optic chiasm->90% to lateral geniculate nucleus and 10% to superior colliculus->primary visual area/striate cortex/V1

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15
Q

What are the three types of cells find in the brain for vision?

A

Simple cells->receptive fields but side by side, respond to oriented lines
Complex cells->respond to moving oriented lines
End-stopped cells->moving corners or angles

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16
Q

selective rearing

A

if always presented with one type of stimulus, neurons for that stimulus will be more prevalent
–>experience-dependent plasticity

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17
Q

cortical magnification

A

more space is dedicated to info from fovea in cortex

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18
Q

Higher level neurons

A

in inferotemporal (IT) cortex
large receptive fields (faces and objects)

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19
Q

inverse projection problem

A

image on retine could come from infinite number of objects

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20
Q

viewpoint invariance

A

ability to recognize an object regardless of viewpoint

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21
Q

Pragnanz principle

A

simplicity gestalt principle

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22
Q

recognition by components theory (RBC)

A

Objects are composed of individual geometric components called geons

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23
Q

gist of scene

A

general description of type of scene
Can recognize a scene even when showed for 250ms
Li fei-fei’s experiment->can grasp gist of a scene with 67ms

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24
How can we recognize gist of scene so fast?
Global image features Degree of naturalness->forest VS street Degree of openness->more or less objects (ocean VS forest) Degree of roughness Degree of expansion-> convergence of parallel lines Color
25
Theory of unconscious inference
Likelihood principle->perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received unconscious inferences->predictions
26
Bayesian inference
Prior probability + likelihood = conclusion
27
Review parts of brain responsible for object/scene perception
Lateral Occipital complex (LOC)->presence of objects Fusiform face area Extrastriate body area (EBA) Amygdala->familiarity Frontal lobe->attractiveness Superior temporal sulcus (STS)->gaze, mouth, movements Parahippocampal place area (PPA)->scenes, places
28
What are the three types of illusory motions?
Apparent motion->no actual motion (billboard) Induced movement->motion of big object causes a stationary to appear to move Motion aftereffects->waterfall illusion -->same part of brain activated by real and apparent motions
29
Ecological approach to motion perception
motion is perceived when one part of the visual scene moves relative to the rest of scene in optic array ->no movement when entire field moves or remains stationary (global optic flow)
30
Corollary discharge theory
image displacement signal (when image moves on retina) and corollary discharge signal (eye movements) -->movement if receive only one signal
31
Explain Richard detector
two neurons delay unit create neurons responding to movement in a specific direction
32
WHat are the two types of achromatopsia?
Cerebral (color blindness)->damage to cortex Congenital (color deficiency)->absence of cone receptors
33
What are the two ways to mix colours?
Mixing paints->subtractive color mixture Mixing light->additive color mixture
34
What are the three dimensions of colors?
Hues(colour), Saturation (intensity) and value (black to white)
35
Young-Helmholtz theory
Trichomacy of color vision Color vision based on three different receptor mechanisms (color-matching tasks)
36
What are the three types of color blindness?
Monochromatism->shades of gray, only rods Dichromacy->two types of pigments -pronatopia (L wavelength) -deuteranopia (M wavelength) -tritanopia (S wavelength) -->more frequent on men anamalous trichromastism->mix wavelength differently
37
Opponent-process theory
pairs of colors with opposites responses Four pures colors (red, yellow, green and blue) Hue cancellation experiments
38
What are the three main aspects of sound?
Frequency->pitch Amplitude->loudness timbre->complexity of harmonics
39
effect of missing fundamental
the pitch stays the same even if remove fundamental
40
Describe the organ of corti
inner and outer hair cells with their stereocilia and strech tip links between basilar and tectorial membrane
41
phase locking
auditory nerve fibers fire in synchrony with the rising and falling pressure of the pure tone
42
neural frequency tuning curves
threshold for specific frequencies measured at single neurons -->most sensitive frequency=characteristic frequency
43
What are the two theories about how pitch is perceived on the cochlea?
Place coding->depending on place along the basilar membrane that is activated Temporal coding->
44
What is the pathway between the cochlea and the cortex?
Cochlear nucleus->superior olivary nucleus->inferior colliculus->medial genicultae nucleus->primary auditory cortex
45
What are the three types of hearing loss?
Presbycusis->loss of hearing due to exposition to damaging noises or drugs Noise-induced hearing loss->loud noises cause degeneration of hair cells Hidden hearing loss->trouble understanding speech in noisy environment
46
Precedence effect
when short time delay between two sounds, perceive as one
47
What are the three dimensions of sound on the environment?
Azimuth (left to right), elevation (up and down) and distance
48
What are the different types of location cues for hearing?
Binaural cues (both ears) -Interaural level difference->head shadow and difference in intensite of sounds for high frequency -interaural time difference->low frequencies -->help determine azimuth Spectral cues(one ear) -difference pattern for sound coming from difference location (pinna) -->help determine elevation
49
reverberation time
time to decrease by 1/1000th of original pressure
50
What are the simultaneous and sequential grouping?
Simultaneous grouping Location->single sound source tends to come from one location and to move continuously Onset synchrony->If two sounds start at slightly different times, it is likely that they came from different sources Timbre and pitch->Sounds that have the same timbre or pitch range are often produced by the same source Harmonicity->when hear a harmonic series we infer that it came from a single source Sequential grouping Auditory stream segregation->perception of a string of sounds as belonging together Ex: scale illusion or melodic channeling->grouping the sounds by similarity in pitch Auditory continuity->Sound stimuli with the same frequency or smoothly changing frequencies are perceived as continuous even with when interrupted with other stimuli Past experience->create melody schema
51
What are the different mechanoreceptors in dermis?
Merkel’s disks->respond to local skin indentations/fine details (Slowly adapting fiber (SA1)) Meissner’s corpuscles->very light touch (brail)/handgrip (rapidly adapting (RA1) fiber) -->Merkel and Meissner near the surface/small cutaneous receptive fields Free nerve endings->temperature and pain Pacinian corpuscles->skin vibrations and fine texture (RA2 or PC ) Ruffini corpuscles-> sensitive to stretch and the kinesthetic sense of finger position and movement (SA2)
52
What are the two pathways for the cutaneous senses?
Medial lemniscal pathway->large fibers for proprioception and perceiving touch Spinothalamic pathway->small fibers for temperature and pain
53
What are the components of haptic perception?
Sensory system, motor system, cognitive system -->work together
53
What are the four main types of exploratory procedures (EPs)?
lateral motion, enclosure, pressure, contour following
54
What are the different types of pain?
inflammatory pain->damage to tissue or inflammation of joints or by tumor cells Neuropathic pain->lesions to nervous system Nociceptive pain->activation of nociceptors in skin
55
Gate control model of pain
Nociceptors->send excitatory signals to transmission cells opening the gate= more PAIN Mechanoreceptors->inhibitory signals sent to transmission cells closing the gate= less PAIN Central control->carry signals down from the cortex closing the gate
56
What are the top downs processes influencing pain?
Emotions (less pain when positive emotions), attention, expectation (place and nocebo)
57
What is the cycle of neurogenesis for olfactory and taste receptors?
Cycle of 5–7 weeks for olfactory receptors 1– 2 weeks for taste receptors
58
What are the four types of papillae on tongue?
Filiform, fungiform, foliate, circumvallate
59
What are the four pathways to the gustatory cortex?
Chorda tympani nerve from front and sides of tongue Glossopharyngeal nerve from back of tongue Vagus nerve from mouth and throat Superficial petronasal nerve from soft palate
60
Anosmia
loss of smell
61
Pathway of odorants
nasal cavity->olfactory mucosa->olfactory receptor neurons->olfactory bulb->glomerulus
62
What are the names of the primary and secondary olfactory area?
Piriform cortex and orbitofrontal cortex
63
Why is olfaction related to memory?
Amygdala two synapses away from olfactory nerve Hippocampus->tree synapses

PSYC 212 (1 decks)

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