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PSYC 212 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of coding?

A

Specific, Sparse and Population coding

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2
Q

What are the two types of stimulus?

A

Distal->in the environment
Proximal->on the receptors

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3
Q

What are the three methods to measure absolute threshold?

A

method of limits, adjustemnt and constant stimuli

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4
Q

Define macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa

A

macular degeneration->destroyed cone-rich fovea
retinitis pigmentosa->attack peripheral vision

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5
Q

What are the four visual problems?

A

Myopia (nearsightedness)-Inability to see distant object
Refractive myopia->cornea and lens bend light too much
Axial myopia->eyeball too long

Hyperopia (farsightedness)->Trouble seeing near objects
Eyeball too short

Presbyopia->Trouble seeing near objects due to aging (lens more rigid)

Astigmatism->multiple images on retina

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6
Q

Isomerization

A

bending of retinal when absorb light

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7
Q

Explain the process of dark adaptation

A

rod-cone break, visual pigment bleaching, visual pigment regeneration

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8
Q

detached retina

A

no more visual pigment regeneration

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8
Q

Purkinje shift

A

tendency for eyes to shirt toward blue at low light as part of dark adaptation–>because rods more sensitive to short wavelenght

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9
Q

What are the five cells in the retina?

A

photoreceptor cells->bipolar cells, ganglion cells
horizontal and amacrine cells

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10
Q

What is the difference in convergence between cones and rods?

A

Rods converges more than cones
Rods more sensitive->ganglion cells are more likely to fire because receive info from multiple cells
Cones more acuity->because less convergence

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11
Q

What did Hartline and Kuffler discovered?

A

ganglion cells receptive fileds and center-surround organization

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12
Q

Define lateral inhibition and edge enhancement

A
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13
Q

define chevreul illusion and Mach bands

A

Chevreul illusion->alter appearance of colors by placing them next to each other
Mach bands->fuzzy shadow border between light and dark

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14
Q

Explain the pathway from eye to the brain

A

Eye->optic nerve->optic chiasm->90% to lateral geniculate nucleus and 10% to superior colliculus->primary visual area/striate cortex/V1

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15
Q

What are the three types of cells find in the brain for vision?

A

Simple cells->receptive fields but side by side, respond to oriented lines
Complex cells->respond to moving oriented lines
End-stopped cells->moving corners or angles

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16
Q

selective rearing

A

if always presented with one type of stimulus, neurons for that stimulus will be more prevalent
–>experience-dependent plasticity

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17
Q

cortical magnification

A

more space is dedicated to info from fovea in cortex

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18
Q

Higher level neurons

A

in inferotemporal (IT) cortex
large receptive fields (faces and objects)

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19
Q

inverse projection problem

A

image on retine could come from infinite number of objects

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20
Q

viewpoint invariance

A

ability to recognize an object regardless of viewpoint

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21
Q

Pragnanz principle

A

simplicity gestalt principle

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22
Q

recognition by components theory (RBC)

A

Objects are composed of individual geometric components called geons

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23
Q

gist of scene

A

general description of type of scene
Can recognize a scene even when showed for 250ms
Li fei-fei’s experiment->can grasp gist of a scene with 67ms

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24
Q

How can we recognize gist of scene so fast?

A

Global image features
Degree of naturalness->forest VS street
Degree of openness->more or less objects (ocean VS forest)
Degree of roughness
Degree of expansion-> convergence of parallel lines
Color

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25
Q

Theory of unconscious inference

A

Likelihood principle->perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received
unconscious inferences->predictions

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26
Q

Bayesian inference

A

Prior probability + likelihood = conclusion

27
Q

Review parts of brain responsible for object/scene perception

A

Lateral Occipital complex (LOC)->presence of objects
Fusiform face area
Extrastriate body area (EBA)
Amygdala->familiarity
Frontal lobe->attractiveness
Superior temporal sulcus (STS)->gaze, mouth, movements
Parahippocampal place area (PPA)->scenes, places

28
Q

What are the three types of illusory motions?

A

Apparent motion->no actual motion (billboard)
Induced movement->motion of big object causes a stationary to appear to move
Motion aftereffects->waterfall illusion
–>same part of brain activated by real and apparent motions

29
Q

Ecological approach to motion perception

A

motion is perceived when one part of the visual scene moves relative to the rest of scene in optic array
->no movement when entire field moves or remains stationary (global optic flow)

30
Q

Corollary discharge theory

A

image displacement signal (when image moves on retina) and corollary discharge signal (eye movements)
–>movement if receive only one signal

31
Q

Explain Richard detector

A

two neurons
delay unit
create neurons responding to movement in a specific direction

32
Q

WHat are the two types of achromatopsia?

A

Cerebral (color blindness)->damage to cortex
Congenital (color deficiency)->absence of cone receptors

33
Q

What are the two ways to mix colours?

A

Mixing paints->subtractive color mixture
Mixing light->additive color mixture

34
Q

What are the three dimensions of colors?

A

Hues(colour), Saturation (intensity) and value (black to white)

35
Q

Young-Helmholtz theory

A

Trichomacy of color vision
Color vision based on three different receptor mechanisms (color-matching tasks)

36
Q

What are the three types of color blindness?

A

Monochromatism->shades of gray, only rods
Dichromacy->two types of pigments
-pronatopia (L wavelength)
-deuteranopia (M wavelength)
-tritanopia (S wavelength)
–>more frequent on men
anamalous trichromastism->mix wavelength differently

37
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

pairs of colors with opposites responses
Four pures colors (red, yellow, green and blue)
Hue cancellation experiments

38
Q

What are the three main aspects of sound?

A

Frequency->pitch
Amplitude->loudness
timbre->complexity of harmonics

39
Q

effect of missing fundamental

A

the pitch stays the same even if remove fundamental

40
Q

Describe the organ of corti

A

inner and outer hair cells with their stereocilia and strech tip links
between basilar and tectorial membrane

41
Q

phase locking

A

auditory nerve fibers fire in synchrony with the rising and falling pressure of the pure tone

42
Q

neural frequency tuning curves

A

threshold for specific frequencies measured at single neurons
–>most sensitive frequency=characteristic frequency

43
Q

What are the two theories about how pitch is perceived on the cochlea?

A

Place coding->depending on place along the basilar membrane that is activated
Temporal coding->

44
Q

What is the pathway between the cochlea and the cortex?

A

Cochlear nucleus->superior olivary nucleus->inferior colliculus->medial genicultae nucleus->primary auditory cortex

45
Q

What are the three types of hearing loss?

A

Presbycusis->loss of hearing due to exposition to damaging noises or drugs
Noise-induced hearing loss->loud noises cause degeneration of hair cells
Hidden hearing loss->trouble understanding speech in noisy environment

46
Q

Precedence effect

A

when short time delay between two sounds, perceive as one

47
Q

What are the three dimensions of sound on the environment?

A

Azimuth (left to right), elevation (up and down) and distance

48
Q

What are the different types of location cues for hearing?

A

Binaural cues (both ears)
-Interaural level difference->head shadow and difference in intensite of sounds for high frequency
-interaural time difference->low frequencies
–>help determine azimuth
Spectral cues(one ear)
-difference pattern for sound coming from difference location (pinna)
–>help determine elevation

49
Q

reverberation time

A

time to decrease by 1/1000th of original pressure

50
Q

What are the simultaneous and sequential grouping?

A

Simultaneous grouping
Location->single sound source tends to come from one location and to move continuously
Onset synchrony->If two sounds start at slightly different times, it is likely that they came from different sources
Timbre and pitch->Sounds that have the same timbre or pitch range are often produced by the same source
Harmonicity->when hear a harmonic series we infer that it came from a single source

Sequential grouping
Auditory stream segregation->perception of a string of sounds as belonging together
Ex: scale illusion or melodic channeling->grouping the sounds by similarity in pitch
Auditory continuity->Sound stimuli with the same frequency or smoothly changing frequencies are perceived as continuous even with when interrupted with other stimuli
Past experience->create melody schema

51
Q

What are the different mechanoreceptors in dermis?

A

Merkel’s disks->respond to local skin indentations/fine details (Slowly adapting fiber (SA1))
Meissner’s corpuscles->very light touch (brail)/handgrip (rapidly adapting (RA1) fiber)
–>Merkel and Meissner near the surface/small cutaneous receptive fields
Free nerve endings->temperature and pain
Pacinian corpuscles->skin vibrations and fine texture (RA2 or PC )
Ruffini corpuscles-> sensitive to stretch and the kinesthetic sense of finger position and movement (SA2)

52
Q

What are the two pathways for the cutaneous senses?

A

Medial lemniscal pathway->large fibers for proprioception and perceiving touch
Spinothalamic pathway->small fibers for temperature and pain

53
Q

What are the components of haptic perception?

A

Sensory system, motor system, cognitive system
–>work together

53
Q

What are the four main types of exploratory procedures (EPs)?

A

lateral motion, enclosure, pressure, contour following

54
Q

What are the different types of pain?

A

inflammatory pain->damage to tissue or inflammation of joints or by tumor cells
Neuropathic pain->lesions to nervous system
Nociceptive pain->activation of nociceptors in skin

55
Q

Gate control model of pain

A

Nociceptors->send excitatory signals to transmission cells opening the gate= more PAIN
Mechanoreceptors->inhibitory signals sent to transmission cells closing the gate= less PAIN
Central control->carry signals down from the cortex closing the gate

56
Q

What are the top downs processes influencing pain?

A

Emotions (less pain when positive emotions), attention, expectation (place and nocebo)

57
Q

What is the cycle of neurogenesis for olfactory and taste receptors?

A

Cycle of 5–7 weeks for olfactory receptors
1– 2 weeks for taste receptors

58
Q

What are the four types of papillae on tongue?

A

Filiform, fungiform, foliate, circumvallate

59
Q

What are the four pathways to the gustatory cortex?

A

Chorda tympani nerve from front and sides of tongue
Glossopharyngeal nerve from back of tongue
Vagus nerve from mouth and throat
Superficial petronasal nerve from soft palate

60
Q

Anosmia

A

loss of smell

61
Q

Pathway of odorants

A

nasal cavity->olfactory mucosa->olfactory receptor neurons->olfactory bulb->glomerulus

62
Q

What are the names of the primary and secondary olfactory area?

A

Piriform cortex and orbitofrontal cortex

63
Q

Why is olfaction related to memory?

A

Amygdala two synapses away from olfactory nerve
Hippocampus->tree synapses

PSYC 212 (1 decks)

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