Final

Question 1

theory

Answer 1

organization or framework of concepts that permits prediction of data
- organize data, generate prediction, suggest directions for future research

Question 2

interrater reliability

Answer 2

Is there consistency from rater to rater
- cohen’s kappa

Question 3

Alternative (parallel form) reliability

Answer 3

Is there consistency between forms of the test?
- correlation coefficient

Question 4

Inter-item (internal consistency) reliability

Answer 4

Consistency between individual items and the total score?
- cronbach’s alpha

Question 5

Test-retest reliability

Answer 5

Consistency between scores on tests given in two separate occasions?
- correlation coefficient

Question 6

Representative reliability

Answer 6

Is the measure consistent across sub populations or groups of people?
- no stat test

Question 7

Face validity

Answer 7

do the items on the scale appear to measure what you say they do?
panel of experts establish it

Question 8

Content validity

Answer 8

Is the full content covered?

Question 9

Criterion validity

Answer 9

How does the measure relate to an already known standard?
- Concurrent: correlate with existing measure of the construct
- Predictive: correlate with other traits that would be associated with what you are trying to measure

Question 10

Construct validity

Answer 10

How well does the operational definition assess the underlying theoretical construct?
- Discriminative: does the measure differentiate between groups we’d expect to score differently?
- Convergent: do multiple measures of the same construct hang together or operate in consistent ways?

Question 11

internal validity

Answer 11

can confidently attribute results to the IV (no lurking/confounding variables)

Question 12

external validity

Answer 12

can confidently generalize results to other people

Question 13

threats to internal validity - selection bias

Answer 13

other things in common in sample

Question 14

threats to internal validity - history

Answer 14

Other confounding factors occurring simultaneously

Question 15

threats to internal validity - maturation

Answer 15

People change over time

Question 16

threats to internal validity - testing

Answer 16

People get better when tests are repeated

Question 17

threats to internal validity - instrumentation

Answer 17

Changes to scoring method

Question 18

threats to internal validity - mortality

Answer 18

attrition, people leaving studies who have similar attributes

Question 18

threats to internal validity - statistical regression

Answer 18

regression toward the mean, bias only includes the most extreme results (ceiling/floor)

Question 19

threats to internal validity - diffusion of treatment/contamination

Answer 19

participants in groups communicate

Question 20

threats to internal and external validity - experimenter expectancy

Answer 20

expectancy affect, experimenter behavior leads subject behavior

Question 21

threats to external validity - multiple treatment interference

Answer 21

Participants receive additional treatments not part of the study

Question 22

threats to external validity - Reactive Arrangements (Hawthorne Effect)

Answer 22

Subjects are aware they are being studied

Question 23

threats to external validity - pretest sensitization

Answer 23

Pretest changes the nature of the treatment, influences performance on posttest

Question 24

systematic sample

Answer 24

every Kth element, random starting point

Question 25

stratified sample

Answer 25

population put into subgroups and then randomly selected from each group

Question 26

cluster sample

Answer 26

researcher obtains a list of clusters not individuals, clusters are randomly sampled

Question 27

convenience sample

Answer 27

whoever is willing to

Question 28

purposive sampling

Answer 28

sample is selected from predetermined criteria

Question 29

snowball sample

Answer 29

ask for referrals

Question 30

quota sample

Answer 30

try and get a sample that resembles the population (you just go convenience until you meet that criteria)

Question 31

form of confirmability: triangulation

Answer 31

using multiple methods, sources, and investigators to obtain the same results

Question 32

3 types of interviews

Answer 32

- informal conversation: discuss a given question, no set topics - interview guide approach: pre-set topics, no pre-set questions (BEST FOR KIDS) - standardized open-ended interview: pre-set topics and questions

Question 33

form of confirmability: persistent observation

Answer 33

observe participants various times

Question 34

form of confirmability: prolonged engagement

Answer 34

continue to gather data until you're absolutely sure you know what's going on

Question 35

form of confirmability: thick, rich, in-depth description

Answer 35

really tell the story with all the details

Question 36

form of confirmability: negative case analysis

Answer 36

search for and explain phenomena that do not fit until hypotheses account for all known cases

Question 37

form of confirmability: audit trail

Answer 37

theoretical memos with detailed descriptions of how you got from data to conclusions

Question 38

form of confirmability: conceptual saturation

Answer 38

collect data until no new categories are generate

Question 39

form of confirmability: member checks

Answer 39

present analysis to participants for their confirmation or revision

Question 40

form of confirmability: peer debriefing

Answer 40

present analyses to other researches (explore inquirer bias)

Question 41

form of confirmability: explicit documentation

Answer 41

data methods, analysis, and field decisions are all outlined clearly so someone other than you can understand it all

Question 42

3 aspects of the belmont report

Answer 42

1. Respect for persons (autonomy, protection) 2. Beneficence (harms minimized, benefits maximized) 3. Justice (benefits distributed to participants)

Question 43

Credibility in qualitative research

Answer 43

Does the data and interpretation actually represent correctly the participants and their reality

Question 44

Qualitative data analysis: open coding

Answer 44

initial pass through the data, locate initial themes and name them

Question 45

Qualitative data analysis: axial coding

Answer 45

second and additional passes through the data, focusing on themes more than the data

Question 46

Qualitative data analysis: selective coding

Answer 46

look selectively for cases that illustrate each theme

Question 47

sampling in qualitative research

Answer 47

non-probability, produces theory, but usually isn't generalizable to the population

Question 48

key informants in qualitative research

Answer 48

someone who has access to the population you want to research

Question 49

main instrument in qualitative research

Answer 49

YOU

Question 50

level of significance for p-value

Answer 50

alpha, usually < 0.05

Question 51

when to use t-test

Answer 51

compare the means of two groups to determine whether the corresponding population means are different - unpaired: groups are independent - paired: groups are dependent on or related ot each other in some way

Question 52

when to use ANOVA (analysis of variance)

Answer 52

compares the average scores of two or more groups

Question 53

when to use correlation coefficient

Answer 53

assess relationship between 2 variables (no specified IV and DV)

Question 54

when to use bivariate regression

Answer 54

to measure effect of one control variable

Question 55

when to use multivariate regression

Answer 55

to measure effect of more than one control variable that also affect each other

Question 56

type 1 error

Answer 56

false positive, significant stats when in reality the relationship is not significant

Question 57

type 2 error

Answer 57

false negative, insignificant stats when in reality the relationship is significant

Question 58

types of qualitative studies

Answer 58

case studies, interviews, ethnography