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SFL 290 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

theory

A

organization or framework of concepts that permits prediction of data
- organize data, generate prediction, suggest directions for future research

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2
Q

interrater reliability

A

Is there consistency from rater to rater
- cohen’s kappa

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3
Q

Alternative (parallel form) reliability

A

Is there consistency between forms of the test?
- correlation coefficient

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4
Q

Inter-item (internal consistency) reliability

A

Consistency between individual items and the total score?
- cronbach’s alpha

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5
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

Consistency between scores on tests given in two separate occasions?
- correlation coefficient

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6
Q

Representative reliability

A

Is the measure consistent across sub populations or groups of people?
- no stat test

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7
Q

Face validity

A

do the items on the scale appear to measure what you say they do?
panel of experts establish it

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8
Q

Content validity

A

Is the full content covered?

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9
Q

Criterion validity

A

How does the measure relate to an already known standard?
- Concurrent: correlate with existing measure of the construct
- Predictive: correlate with other traits that would be associated with what you are trying to measure

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10
Q

Construct validity

A

How well does the operational definition assess the underlying theoretical construct?
- Discriminative: does the measure differentiate between groups we’d expect to score differently?
- Convergent: do multiple measures of the same construct hang together or operate in consistent ways?

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11
Q

internal validity

A

can confidently attribute results to the IV (no lurking/confounding variables)

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12
Q

external validity

A

can confidently generalize results to other people

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13
Q

threats to internal validity - selection bias

A

other things in common in sample

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14
Q

threats to internal validity - history

A

Other confounding factors occurring simultaneously

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15
Q

threats to internal validity - maturation

A

People change over time

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16
Q

threats to internal validity - testing

A

People get better when tests are repeated

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17
Q

threats to internal validity - instrumentation

A

Changes to scoring method

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18
Q

threats to internal validity - mortality

A

attrition, people leaving studies who have similar attributes

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18
Q

threats to internal validity - statistical regression

A

regression toward the mean, bias only includes the most extreme results (ceiling/floor)

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19
Q

threats to internal validity - diffusion of treatment/contamination

A

participants in groups communicate

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20
Q

threats to internal and external validity - experimenter expectancy

A

expectancy affect, experimenter behavior leads subject behavior

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21
Q

threats to external validity - multiple treatment interference

A

Participants receive additional treatments not part of the study

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22
Q

threats to external validity - Reactive Arrangements (Hawthorne Effect)

A

Subjects are aware they are being studied

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23
Q

threats to external validity - pretest sensitization

A

Pretest changes the nature of the treatment, influences performance on posttest

24
Q

systematic sample

A

every Kth element, random starting point

25
Q

stratified sample

A

population put into subgroups and then randomly selected from each group

26
Q

cluster sample

A

researcher obtains a list of clusters not individuals, clusters are randomly sampled

27
Q

convenience sample

A

whoever is willing to

28
Q

purposive sampling

A

sample is selected from predetermined criteria

29
Q

snowball sample

A

ask for referrals

30
Q

quota sample

A

try and get a sample that resembles the population (you just go convenience until you meet that criteria)

31
Q

form of confirmability: triangulation

A

using multiple methods, sources, and investigators to obtain the same results

32
Q

3 types of interviews

A
  • informal conversation: discuss a given question, no set topics
  • interview guide approach: pre-set topics, no pre-set questions (BEST FOR KIDS)
  • standardized open-ended interview: pre-set topics and questions
33
Q

form of confirmability: persistent observation

A

observe participants various times

34
Q

form of confirmability: prolonged engagement

A

continue to gather data until you’re absolutely sure you know what’s going on

35
Q

form of confirmability: thick, rich, in-depth description

A

really tell the story with all the details

36
Q

form of confirmability: negative case analysis

A

search for and explain phenomena that do not fit until hypotheses account for all known cases

37
Q

form of confirmability: audit trail

A

theoretical memos with detailed descriptions of how you got from data to conclusions

38
Q

form of confirmability: conceptual saturation

A

collect data until no new categories are generate

39
Q

form of confirmability: member checks

A

present analysis to participants for their confirmation or revision

40
Q

form of confirmability: peer debriefing

A

present analyses to other researches (explore inquirer bias)

41
Q

form of confirmability: explicit documentation

A

data methods, analysis, and field decisions are all outlined clearly so someone other than you can understand it all

42
Q

3 aspects of the belmont report

A
  1. Respect for persons (autonomy, protection)
  2. Beneficence (harms minimized, benefits maximized)
  3. Justice (benefits distributed to participants)
43
Q

Credibility in qualitative research

A

Does the data and interpretation actually represent correctly the participants and their reality

44
Q

Qualitative data analysis: open coding

A

initial pass through the data, locate initial themes and name them

45
Q

Qualitative data analysis: axial coding

A

second and additional passes through the data, focusing on themes more than the data

46
Q

Qualitative data analysis: selective coding

A

look selectively for cases that illustrate each theme

47
Q

sampling in qualitative research

A

non-probability, produces theory, but usually isn’t generalizable to the population

48
Q

key informants in qualitative research

A

someone who has access to the population you want to research

49
Q

main instrument in qualitative research

A

YOU

50
Q

level of significance for p-value

A

alpha, usually < 0.05

51
Q

when to use t-test

A

compare the means of two groups to determine whether the corresponding population means are different
- unpaired: groups are independent
- paired: groups are dependent on or related ot each other in some way

52
Q

when to use ANOVA (analysis of variance)

A

compares the average scores of two or more groups

53
Q

when to use correlation coefficient

A

assess relationship between 2 variables (no specified IV and DV)

54
Q

when to use bivariate regression

A

to measure effect of one control variable

55
Q

when to use multivariate regression

A

to measure effect of more than one control variable that also affect each other

56
Q

type 1 error

A

false positive, significant stats when in reality the relationship is not significant

57
Q

type 2 error

A

false negative, insignificant stats when in reality the relationship is significant

58
Q

types of qualitative studies

A

case studies, interviews, ethnography

SFL 290 (2 decks)

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