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PSYC213 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Hick’s law

A

the more info to process, the longer it takes

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2
Q

types of interoceptive sensations

A

equilibrioception (balance), nociception (pain) and propriception (limbs)

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3
Q

types of receptors responsible for exteroceptive sensations

A

chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors and photoreceptors

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4
Q

akinetopsia

A

inability to perceive movement because of damage in dorsal pathway

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5
Q

optic ataxia

A

difficulty reaching for objects and naming them because damage to dorsal pathway

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6
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inbaility to recognize faces because damage to FFA

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7
Q

semantic agnosia/ visual agnosia

A

inability to recognize objects because damage to ventral pathway

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8
Q

what are the three visual object recognition theories?

A

Feature detection (pattern recognition), template matching and prototype theory

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9
Q

scene consistency effect

A

more easy to perceive certain stimuli in their expected environment

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10
Q

What are the two types of synesthesia?

A

Grapheme colour->colours with letter and numbers
Chromesthesia->sound and colours
–>more present in women
–>pairing stable over time
–>genetic component

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11
Q

How do we perceive sounds?

A

Frequency->pitch
Amplitude->loudness
Complexity of wavelength->timbre
Interaural time difference VS interaural level difference

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12
Q

misophonia

A

decreased tolerance to specific
sounds

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13
Q

What are the different types of attention?

A

Arousal->Automatic nervous system/ reticular activating system
Bottom-up attention->stimuli guided automatic attention
top-down attention->observer guided attention

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14
Q

Endogenous VS exogenous attention

A

Exogenous= bottom-up processing/ temporo parietal junction
Endogenous=top-down processing/goal directed

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15
Q

spatial neglect

A

damage to right hemisphere and deficit in spatial attention on contralateral side

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16
Q

Balint syndrome

A

optic ataxia
oculomotor apraxia->inability to voluntarily shift gaze
simultanagnosia->inability to identify more than one object in scene

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17
Q

What are the different types of top-down attention?

A

Sustained attention->maintain focus on one task/vigilance
Divided attention->shifting focus between tasks/multi tasking
Selective attention->focus on one input

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18
Q

Broadbent’s early selection filter model

A

filter info at perception level but not for meaning (dichotic listening task/shadowing task)

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19
Q

Treisman’s attenuator model

A

early filter dials down the influence of unattended material but can still break through if very meaningful

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20
Q

Late selection filter model

A

process input to the level of the meaning, and then select what we want to process further (stroop task

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21
Q

Load theory of attention

A

Filter placement will depend on how much of your resources are required for your current task (difficult task=early filter/ flanker task))

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22
Q

what’s the difference between change blindness and inattentional blindness?

A

Change blindness->failure to detect changes in stimuli (Flicker technique)
Inattentional blindness->not noticing something new in environment

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23
Q

explain the Posner’s cueing task

A

If short stimuli onset asynchrony->RT faster for valid trials
otherwise, inhibition of return

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24
Q

What are the two types of Visual search tasks?

A

Feature search->looking for object that differs based on one feature (automatic)
Conjunction search->Search for an object that differs from distractors
across many features (voluntary)

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25
Q

What is the pop-out effect?

A

time to find a target in feature search is independent from the number of distractors

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26
Q

Embodied theories of attention

A

Overt visual attention->attent to something with eyes
Covert visual attention->attend to something without eye movements

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27
Q

What are the two views on Imagery?

A

Depictive representation->keep perceptual and spatial characteristics (mental scanning,mental rotation, mental scaling)
Descriptive representation->knowledge represented with proposition (matching specific figure with original figure)

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28
Q

concreteness effect

A

concrete word are remembered more easily than abstract wirds

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29
Q

How can we measure the vividness of mental imagery?

A

self report (Vividness of visual imagery questionnaire) or Paper folding test

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30
Q

Congenital aphantasia

A

no mental images

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31
Q

hyperphantasia

A

extremely vivid mental imagery

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32
Q

What are the three steps of memory?

A

Encoding->Storage->Retrieval

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33
Q

Multi-store model

A

Sensory input->Sensory memory->Short term memore->long term memory

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34
Q

Short term memory

A

Info from sensory memory come with attention
Limited time capacity->20 a 30s
Limited capacity->7items (auditory) and 4items (visual)

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35
Q

serial position effect

A

primacy effect->depends on LTM
recency effect->depends on STM

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36
Q

working memory

A

phonological loop->phonological store (inner ear) and articulatory control loop (inner voice)
visuospatial sketchpad->visual cache (visual features) and inner scribe (spatial and movements)
central executive->choose info coming from STM
episodic buffer->control info coming from STM, LTM

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37
Q

Decay theory

A

Memories are lost over time due to disuse

38
Q

Interference effect

A

Interference is responsible for much of forgetting

39
Q

What are the two types of interferences?

A

Proactive interference->Prior info interferes with encoding a new memory
Retroactive interference->new info interferes with old one

40
Q

encoding specificity hypothesis

A

=context dependent learning or state dependent learning
retrieval is better when encoding correspond with retrieval

41
Q

misattribution effect

A

retrieving info from wrong source

42
Q

misinformation effect

A

adding new info to change the memory

43
Q

reappearance theory

A

episodic memory trace is recalled the same way at each retrieval

44
Q

What are the different types of implicit memory?

A

procedural memory->striatum (basal ganglia for motor sequence) and prefrontal cortex for organization
priming->neocortex
emotional responses->amygdala

45
Q

spreading activation

A

automatic activation of related concept from the one activated

46
Q

What are the three types of amnesia?

A

Anterograde amnesia->inability to form new memories
Retrograde amnesia->loss of prior memories
Dissociative amnesia->loss of autobiographical memories

47
Q

Semantic dementia

A

impaired word naming and picture matching tasks

48
Q

Associative deficit hypothesis

A

hippocampal atrophy leading to difficulty encoding and retrieving associations

49
Q

What is the link between Memory and consciousness?

A

Anoetic->implicit memory/no awareness and personal engagement
Noetic->semantic/awareness but no personal engagement
Autonoetic->episodic/awareness and personal engagement

50
Q

What are the three levels of concept organization?

A

Superordinate (mammal), basic (dog) and subordinate (labrador)

51
Q

difference between inclusivity of concept and graded organization

A
52
Q

difference between defining features and characteristics features

A
53
Q

classic approach to concept learning

A

Feature comparison between encountered items and list

54
Q

ad-hoc categories

A

category concept that is invented for a specific purpose or goa

54
Q

Knowledge-based theories

A

essentialism

54
Q

Sensory functional theories

A

Concepts represented by defining features
living things->visual features
non-living things->functional features

54
Q

prototype theory

A

create a mental average of group and compare new exemplar to it

54
Q

Typicality effect

A

Preference for processing items close to the prototype

55
Q

Exemplar theory

A

compare new item with all exemplars of category

56
Q

Perceptual symbol system

A

Perception and conceptual knowledge are linked as ‘perceptual symbols’

56
Q

Describe the three types of aphasia

A

Broca’s aphasia (non-fluent aphasia)->impaired language production
Wernicke’s aphasia (fluent aphasia)->impaired written and spoken comprehension
Conduction aphasia->impaired repetition because of damage to arcuate fasciculus

56
Q

What mechanisms are used by patient suffering from Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

paraphasias
verbal->substituting words
phonemic->swapping speech sounds
neologisms->made-up words

57
Q

The innateness hypothesis

A

born with principles of grammar
Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and Universal Grammar
supported by convergence to same grammar, uniformity, poverty of stimulus argument

58
Q

What are the building blocks of language?

A

Phonemes->smallest sound unit
Morphemes->smallest meaningful units

59
Q

garden path sentence

A

Sentences with multiple interpretation of the syntax structures–>parsing ambiguity

60
Q

What are the two theories of sentence parsing?

A

Syntax first->use grammatical rules to interpret a sentence as we are
hear/read it
Constraint-based model->use more than grammar (expectation, frequency)

61
Q

What are the two views about thoughts and language?

A

Linguistic universalists->language and thoughts are independent
Linguistic relativity (=Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)->language and thought are interconnected

62
Q

What are the two forms of dyslexia?

A

Surface dyslexia->difficulty matching words to mental dictionary/difficulty reading irregular words
Phonological dyslexia->difficulty reading letter by letter/difficulty reading new words

63
Q

What is the dual process theory?

A

two systems for making
decisions->slow (logical analysis) and fast (heuristic-based) systems

64
Q

Cite heuristics

A

Availability heuristic, representativeness, regression towards the mean, anchoring and adjustement, Gambler’s fallacy

65
Q

Bounded rationality theory

A

theory that humans are rational relative to environmental constraints and individual constraints
look for good enough solution

66
Q

Ecological rationality

A

Heuristics are an optimal approach

67
Q

Framing effect

A

gain framing->risk averse
loss framing->risk seeking

68
Q

endowment effect

A

give higher value to what we own

69
Q

Prospect theory

A

Explain how people make decisions under uncertainty
Shape of utility and shape of probability weighting function

70
Q

What are the two types of reasoning?

A

Inductive reasoning->from specific observations to theories (age 7 to 11)
Deductive reasoning->use theories to try to explain observations (teenage years)

71
Q

What are the three types of syllogisms?

A

All statements, No statements and Some statements

72
Q

Atmosphere effect

A

Rate a conclusion as valid when the qualifying word in the premise match those in the conclusion

72
Q

belief bias

A

tendency to think a syllogism is valid if the conclusions are believable

72
Q

What are the three aspects of problem solving?

A

recognizing and representing problem
analyzing and solving
assessing solution’s effectiveness and storing it

73
Q

What are the two types of problems?

A

Well-defined problems->unambiguous and task constraints
ill-defined problems->ambiguous, multiple solutions

74
Q

What are different strategies to navigate a problem space?

A

Brute force->process all possible steps (combinatorial explosion)
Trial and error->not good when different solutions
Hill climbing
Means end analysis->reevaluate the goal with sub goals

75
Q

WHat are the steps of analogical problem solving

A

Notice a relationship between target and source problem
Map the correspondence
Apply the mapping
–>structural similarity is more important than surface similarity

76
Q

Einstellung effect

A

bias to use familiar methods to solve a problem->cognitive trap

77
Q

What are the two main typed of fixedness?

A

Functional fixedness->not being able to see past the known function of object (two-string problem, candle problem)
Mental Fixedness->overusing mental sets (waterjug problem)

78
Q

What are the four features of insight?

A

Ease, suddenness, confidence, positive

79
Q

Review intelligence testing

A

Simon-Binet test
Standford-Binet test
Wechsler tests
Raven’s progressive matrices

80
Q

The Flynn effect

A

Americans’ IQ scores increased 3 points per decade over 100 years
–>education, complexity and health

81
Q

Review theory of intelligence

A

Spearman’s two factor theory
Cattell and Horn theory
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence
Sternberg’s theory of intelligence

82
Q

What’s the link between mood and thinking?

A

Positive mood->assimilative thinking, more susceptibility to misinformation
negative mood->focused thinking

PSYC213 (1 decks)

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