Final Flashcards
Hick’s law
the more info to process, the longer it takes
types of interoceptive sensations
equilibrioception (balance), nociception (pain) and propriception (limbs)
types of receptors responsible for exteroceptive sensations
chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors and photoreceptors
akinetopsia
inability to perceive movement because of damage in dorsal pathway
optic ataxia
difficulty reaching for objects and naming them because damage to dorsal pathway
prosopagnosia
inbaility to recognize faces because damage to FFA
semantic agnosia/ visual agnosia
inability to recognize objects because damage to ventral pathway
what are the three visual object recognition theories?
Feature detection (pattern recognition), template matching and prototype theory
scene consistency effect
more easy to perceive certain stimuli in their expected environment
What are the two types of synesthesia?
Grapheme colour->colours with letter and numbers
Chromesthesia->sound and colours
–>more present in women
–>pairing stable over time
–>genetic component
How do we perceive sounds?
Frequency->pitch
Amplitude->loudness
Complexity of wavelength->timbre
Interaural time difference VS interaural level difference
misophonia
decreased tolerance to specific
sounds
What are the different types of attention?
Arousal->Automatic nervous system/ reticular activating system
Bottom-up attention->stimuli guided automatic attention
top-down attention->observer guided attention
Endogenous VS exogenous attention
Exogenous= bottom-up processing/ temporo parietal junction
Endogenous=top-down processing/goal directed
spatial neglect
damage to right hemisphere and deficit in spatial attention on contralateral side
Balint syndrome
optic ataxia
oculomotor apraxia->inability to voluntarily shift gaze
simultanagnosia->inability to identify more than one object in scene
What are the different types of top-down attention?
Sustained attention->maintain focus on one task/vigilance
Divided attention->shifting focus between tasks/multi tasking
Selective attention->focus on one input
Broadbent’s early selection filter model
filter info at perception level but not for meaning (dichotic listening task/shadowing task)
Treisman’s attenuator model
early filter dials down the influence of unattended material but can still break through if very meaningful
Late selection filter model
process input to the level of the meaning, and then select what we want to process further (stroop task
Load theory of attention
Filter placement will depend on how much of your resources are required for your current task (difficult task=early filter/ flanker task))
what’s the difference between change blindness and inattentional blindness?
Change blindness->failure to detect changes in stimuli (Flicker technique)
Inattentional blindness->not noticing something new in environment
explain the Posner’s cueing task
If short stimuli onset asynchrony->RT faster for valid trials
otherwise, inhibition of return
What are the two types of Visual search tasks?
Feature search->looking for object that differs based on one feature (automatic)
Conjunction search->Search for an object that differs from distractors
across many features (voluntary)
What is the pop-out effect?
time to find a target in feature search is independent from the number of distractors
Embodied theories of attention
Overt visual attention->attent to something with eyes
Covert visual attention->attend to something without eye movements
What are the two views on Imagery?
Depictive representation->keep perceptual and spatial characteristics (mental scanning,mental rotation, mental scaling)
Descriptive representation->knowledge represented with proposition (matching specific figure with original figure)
concreteness effect
concrete word are remembered more easily than abstract wirds
How can we measure the vividness of mental imagery?
self report (Vividness of visual imagery questionnaire) or Paper folding test
Congenital aphantasia
no mental images
hyperphantasia
extremely vivid mental imagery
What are the three steps of memory?
Encoding->Storage->Retrieval
Multi-store model
Sensory input->Sensory memory->Short term memore->long term memory
Short term memory
Info from sensory memory come with attention
Limited time capacity->20 a 30s
Limited capacity->7items (auditory) and 4items (visual)
serial position effect
primacy effect->depends on LTM
recency effect->depends on STM
working memory
phonological loop->phonological store (inner ear) and articulatory control loop (inner voice)
visuospatial sketchpad->visual cache (visual features) and inner scribe (spatial and movements)
central executive->choose info coming from STM
episodic buffer->control info coming from STM, LTM
Decay theory
Memories are lost over time due to disuse
Interference effect
Interference is responsible for much of forgetting
What are the two types of interferences?
Proactive interference->Prior info interferes with encoding a new memory
Retroactive interference->new info interferes with old one
encoding specificity hypothesis
=context dependent learning or state dependent learning
retrieval is better when encoding correspond with retrieval
misattribution effect
retrieving info from wrong source
misinformation effect
adding new info to change the memory
reappearance theory
episodic memory trace is recalled the same way at each retrieval
What are the different types of implicit memory?
procedural memory->striatum (basal ganglia for motor sequence) and prefrontal cortex for organization
priming->neocortex
emotional responses->amygdala
spreading activation
automatic activation of related concept from the one activated
What are the three types of amnesia?
Anterograde amnesia->inability to form new memories
Retrograde amnesia->loss of prior memories
Dissociative amnesia->loss of autobiographical memories
Semantic dementia
impaired word naming and picture matching tasks
Associative deficit hypothesis
hippocampal atrophy leading to difficulty encoding and retrieving associations
What is the link between Memory and consciousness?
Anoetic->implicit memory/no awareness and personal engagement
Noetic->semantic/awareness but no personal engagement
Autonoetic->episodic/awareness and personal engagement
What are the three levels of concept organization?
Superordinate (mammal), basic (dog) and subordinate (labrador)
difference between inclusivity of concept and graded organization
difference between defining features and characteristics features
classic approach to concept learning
Feature comparison between encountered items and list
ad-hoc categories
category concept that is invented for a specific purpose or goa
Knowledge-based theories
essentialism
Sensory functional theories
Concepts represented by defining features
living things->visual features
non-living things->functional features
prototype theory
create a mental average of group and compare new exemplar to it
Typicality effect
Preference for processing items close to the prototype
Exemplar theory
compare new item with all exemplars of category
Perceptual symbol system
Perception and conceptual knowledge are linked as ‘perceptual symbols’
Describe the three types of aphasia
Broca’s aphasia (non-fluent aphasia)->impaired language production
Wernicke’s aphasia (fluent aphasia)->impaired written and spoken comprehension
Conduction aphasia->impaired repetition because of damage to arcuate fasciculus
What mechanisms are used by patient suffering from Wernicke’s aphasia?
paraphasias
verbal->substituting words
phonemic->swapping speech sounds
neologisms->made-up words
The innateness hypothesis
born with principles of grammar
Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and Universal Grammar
supported by convergence to same grammar, uniformity, poverty of stimulus argument
What are the building blocks of language?
Phonemes->smallest sound unit
Morphemes->smallest meaningful units
garden path sentence
Sentences with multiple interpretation of the syntax structures–>parsing ambiguity
What are the two theories of sentence parsing?
Syntax first->use grammatical rules to interpret a sentence as we are
hear/read it
Constraint-based model->use more than grammar (expectation, frequency)
What are the two views about thoughts and language?
Linguistic universalists->language and thoughts are independent
Linguistic relativity (=Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)->language and thought are interconnected
What are the two forms of dyslexia?
Surface dyslexia->difficulty matching words to mental dictionary/difficulty reading irregular words
Phonological dyslexia->difficulty reading letter by letter/difficulty reading new words
What is the dual process theory?
two systems for making
decisions->slow (logical analysis) and fast (heuristic-based) systems
Cite heuristics
Availability heuristic, representativeness, regression towards the mean, anchoring and adjustement, Gambler’s fallacy
Bounded rationality theory
theory that humans are rational relative to environmental constraints and individual constraints
look for good enough solution
Ecological rationality
Heuristics are an optimal approach
Framing effect
gain framing->risk averse
loss framing->risk seeking
endowment effect
give higher value to what we own
Prospect theory
Explain how people make decisions under uncertainty
Shape of utility and shape of probability weighting function
What are the two types of reasoning?
Inductive reasoning->from specific observations to theories (age 7 to 11)
Deductive reasoning->use theories to try to explain observations (teenage years)
What are the three types of syllogisms?
All statements, No statements and Some statements
Atmosphere effect
Rate a conclusion as valid when the qualifying word in the premise match those in the conclusion
belief bias
tendency to think a syllogism is valid if the conclusions are believable
What are the three aspects of problem solving?
recognizing and representing problem
analyzing and solving
assessing solution’s effectiveness and storing it
What are the two types of problems?
Well-defined problems->unambiguous and task constraints
ill-defined problems->ambiguous, multiple solutions
What are different strategies to navigate a problem space?
Brute force->process all possible steps (combinatorial explosion)
Trial and error->not good when different solutions
Hill climbing
Means end analysis->reevaluate the goal with sub goals
WHat are the steps of analogical problem solving
Notice a relationship between target and source problem
Map the correspondence
Apply the mapping
–>structural similarity is more important than surface similarity
Einstellung effect
bias to use familiar methods to solve a problem->cognitive trap
What are the two main typed of fixedness?
Functional fixedness->not being able to see past the known function of object (two-string problem, candle problem)
Mental Fixedness->overusing mental sets (waterjug problem)
What are the four features of insight?
Ease, suddenness, confidence, positive
Review intelligence testing
Simon-Binet test
Standford-Binet test
Wechsler tests
Raven’s progressive matrices
The Flynn effect
Americans’ IQ scores increased 3 points per decade over 100 years
–>education, complexity and health
Review theory of intelligence
Spearman’s two factor theory
Cattell and Horn theory
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence
Sternberg’s theory of intelligence
What’s the link between mood and thinking?
Positive mood->assimilative thinking, more susceptibility to misinformation
negative mood->focused thinking
