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PSYC 213 - Cognition > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognition? types of cog research (2)

A

Basic research: understanding w/o use (learning/normal functioning)
Applied research: solution to problems (better understanding & diseases/disorders)

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2
Q

Ways to study cognition (2)

A

Hypothesis based research
Phenomenon based research

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3
Q

Approaches & uses (cognition) (3)

A

Cognitive psychology: behavior to understand minds (ex: emotional enhancement effect)
Cognitive neuroscience: linking brain to mind (ex: amygdala to predict emotional response)
Computational modeling: modeling the brain-mind connection (ex: tracing the path & modeling it)

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4
Q

Plato

A

Plato
- Rationalism: knowledge from observation & prior reasoning
- World: reflection of our reality, not objective

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5
Q

Aristotle

A

Aristotle
- Empiricism: knowledge from observation only. Though is association from observations

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6
Q

Structuralism

A

Systematic observation to understand structure of mind.
Self reporting - Unreliable
*Wilhelm Wundt
Criticisms: simplistic + subjective

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7
Q

Functionalism

A

Why does the mind work?
Cognition -> function
*William James
- believed conciousness is personal & dynamic
- eclectic approach
Criticisms: difficult to study

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8
Q

Behaviorism

A

Classical conditioning: Pavlov
Instrumental learning: Thorndike
Operant conditioning: Skinner
Criticisms: cant account for complex behavior, learning is not the same across individuals

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9
Q

Hick’s Law

A

More uncertainty > longer processing
Overload bias & decision fatigue

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10
Q

Cognitive revolution

A

50s, internal mental state
Aim to understand processesA

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11
Q

Assumptions of cognitive research

A
  • Mental processes exist
  • They can be studied scientifically
  • We are active info processes
  • Basis of mental processes in the brain
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12
Q

EEG

A

EEG: Electrical activity from ERPs
Bad spatial resolution
Good temporal resolution

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13
Q

MRI

A

MRI:
Good spatial resolution
Bad temporal resolution

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14
Q

fMRI

A

fMRI:
functional, Mesures via oxygenated blood

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15
Q

CNS + PNS (2 parts)

A

CNS: voluntary
PNS: involuntary
- somatic system - conscious
- autonomic system - unconscious
> sympathetic : alert
> parasympathetic : relaxation

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16
Q

Behavioral neuroscience

A

Neural basis of action
Pro: causal link between brain + behavior
Cons: no info about cognition animalistic structures differ

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17
Q

Behavioral measurements

A

Behavioral experiments -> voluntary
Psychophysiological measurements -> involuntary

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18
Q

TMS

A

Stimulation: non invasive
Good to test causality
Might improve memory
Hand to localized effects

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19
Q

Dualism
- Interactionism
- Epiphenominalism

A

Dualism: mind + brain are separate
Interactionism: soul, each affect ther other
> descartes
Epiphenominalism: physical effect mental, mental does not effect physical
> Luxley: like steam off a train

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20
Q

Monism
- Idealism
- Neutral Monism
- Materialism

A

Monism : mind + brain are one entity
Idealism: reality is a mental construct
Neutral Monism: underlying nature = neutral 3rd thing
Materialism: reality is due to physical processes

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21
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

Neural basis of cognition
Use neuroimaging techniques
Split brain patients: dual consciousness?

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22
Q

Exteroceptive vs interoceptive sensation (3 for interoceptive)

A

Exteroceptive: sensation outside body
Interoceptive: sensation from inside body
> proprioception - spatial
> nociception - pain
> equilibrioception - balance

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23
Q

Synesthesia

A

Cross-talk
chromesthesia: sound > color (like me)
illustrates individuality is psychology

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24
Q

McGurk effect

A

You hear what you see
One sense influence another
Visual system dominance

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25
Q

Visual Processing steps (early vs late)

A

Early: light > photoreceptors > RGCs > opticnerve
-> thalamus ->
Late: V1 > … > V5 > visual association areas
- Dorsal : Where, impaired guided motion
- Ventral: What, impaired recognition/matching

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26
Q

Constructivist theory of perception

A

We use what we know to help percieve reality
Illusions via prior knowledge & expections

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27
Q

Touch pathway, olfaction pathway, taste pathway

A

Touch: mechanoreceptors > spine > soma-sensory
Olfaction: olfactory epithelium > olfactory bulb
- DIRECT communication
Taste: taste buds > palate > pharynx > upper esophagus > thalamus > primary gustatory cortex

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28
Q

Gestalt psychology (5 principles)

A

to deal with ambiguity, principles of:
1. experience: ie. figure ground segmentation
2. proximity: close = together
3. Closed forms
4. Good contour: if they are expected to continue we perceive them as continuous
5. Similarity

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29
Q

Direct Models (what are affordances?)

A

AGAINST top-down perception
sensory infro is rich enough
* J.J Gibson
Affordances: links cues to function (button “affords” pushing)

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30
Q

Blindsight

A

V1 damage
No explicit perception in that area
Yes implicit perception
Visual info is first processed implicity

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31
Q

Where pathway damage
Akinetopsia
Optic Ataxia
Visual agnosia (2)

A

Akinetopsia : Visual motion blindness
Optic Ataxia: inability to reach for objects
Visual agnosia (2): difficulty recognizing objects
> apperceptive - failure of perception
> associative - failure of recognition

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32
Q

Template matching vs prototype theory

A

Template matching theory: every object has a template
CONS: simplistic, demanding, cant explain perspective

Prototype theory:
average representation - flexible context matters (typicality)

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33
Q

Expectation & bistable figures

A

Expectation mattter
Bistable figure: rabbit/duck; can change instantly

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34
Q

What are sound waves?

A

See Flashcard 33

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35
Q

Outer, Middle, Inner ear structures (2, 1:3, 3:4)

A

Outer: collects & focuses
- Pinna + ear canal

Middle: transfers & amplifies
- Ossicles : malleus + incus + staples

Inner: converts to neural signal
- Cochlea: basal (highf) + apex (lowf)
- Know basilar membrane & auditory nerve

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36
Q

How do hearing aids + cochlear implants work?

A

Hearing aids: Amplification
- Speaker toward eardrum & middle ear

Cochlear implants: Deliver sound directly to auditory nerve

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37
Q

Physical -> perceptual (amplitude, temporal info, wavelength)

A

Amplitude > loudness
Time & sound level 🔺 > location
Wavelength > frequency

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38
Q

Misophonia

A

Not a hearing disorder
decreased tolerance to specific sounds
source matters
psychological & physiological

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39
Q

Types of attention (3, what brain areas?)

A

Top-down: controlled & focuses
> frontoparietal, IPS, FEF, & BAS

Bottom-up: stimuli guided
>TPJ, VFC

Arousal: physiological (alertness)
> autonomic nervous system, reticular activatings

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40
Q

endogenous vs exogenous attention

A

endogenous: top down
exogenous: bottom up

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41
Q

spatial neglect

A

VPC damage
severe > hemi-neglect

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42
Q

Balint Syndrome

A

visual & spatial coordination deficits bilateral PL & OL damage

  1. Optic ataxia: problems grasping/visual control
  2. Oculomotor apraxia
  3. Simultagnosia
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43
Q

Simultagnosia

A

lack of ability to perceive more than a single object at a time

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44
Q

Optic ataxia

A

problems grasping/visual control

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45
Q

Oculomotor apraxia

A

a deficiency in voluntary, horizontal, lateral, fast eye movements (saccades) with retention of slow pursuit movements

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46
Q

Types of top down attention (3)

A

Sustained attention
Divided attention (shifts between tasks)
Selective attention
> ignore other inputs
> 4 theories*

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47
Q

*Early filter models

A

Broadbent, filter at perception level
Selected info processed

Evidence for : dichotic listening unattended better by ear
Evidence against: attended info can “break through”

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48
Q

*Treisman’s attenuation model

A

Early filters dial down unattended info instead of eliminating it

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49
Q

*Late selection filter model

A

We process to meaning, then select
Evidence for: Stroop task (colored color names)
> interference is evidence we process for meaning then ignore

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50
Q

*Load Theory

A

Selection occurs at different pts depending on load
High load > early
Low load > late

Sensory >(*ESFM high load)> perceptual>STM (semi filter attenuator) > (LSFM *low load) > Reponses

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51
Q

Load (2 ways to define)

A

Central resource capacity: one resource pool
Multiple resource capacity: multiple pools capacity reached sooner if info from same pool

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52
Q

Flanker task

A

High load performs badly no matter what flanks it

Low load: incompatible had higher RT

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53
Q

Flicker technique (change blindness)

A

change blindness: failure to notice change

Flicker technique: interstimulus mask leads to not noticing change

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54
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failure to notice new or unexpected events

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55
Q

Posner’s spotlight theory & cueing task

A

Spotlight Theory: we ignore outside of the attentional spotlight, disengage & shift

Cueing task: fixate on screen w/ cue area
target presented
long time interval: target in dif. arrea has faster RT
“been there done that”: recently attended areas inhibited

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56
Q

Visual search tasks (2 phases)

A

Pre-attention phases:
- object features separately coded
- Bottom up processing

Focused attention phase:
- object features integrated
- Top down processing

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57
Q

Features vs conjunction search

A

Feature: one feature, bottom-up
> pop-out effect: independent of # of distractors

Conjunction: Multiple features, top-down

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58
Q

Overt vs Covert attention

A

Overt: attending with eye movement
Covert: attending without eye movement

59
Q

Attentional capture

A

Bottom-up: surprise/prediction errors
- we attend what we don’t expect

Universal: faces, biological motion, etc.
Individual: personally relevant , addiction, fears (preparedness premise)

Go/no-Go: slower RT w/ attentive stimuli

60
Q

Stages of memory

A

Encoding: form memory trace
↓
Storage: retain memory trace
↓
Retrieval: activate memory trace via cue

61
Q

Multi-store model

A

input > sensory mem. >(attending) STM >(rehearsing) LTM

62
Q

Types of sensory memory (5, time)

A

Sensory memory is a few seconds
- Gustatory: taste
- Olfactory: smell
- Echoic: sound
- Haptic: touch
- Ionic: sight (millisecond)

63
Q

STM (where, how long, how many items)

A

PFC
20-30sec
Chunking: group info (chess study)

64
Q

Working memory (3 parts)

A

Phonological loop
> passive verbal info : inner ear
> articulatory control loop: inner voice

Visuospatial sketchpad
> visual cache: feature info
> inner scribe: spatial location/movement

Episodic buffer: STM & LTM integration, concious awareness

65
Q

LTM
-spaced repetition
-forgetting curve
-testing effect
-levels of processing
> self reference effect

A

Spaced repetition: reduces forgetting
Forgetting curve is exponential (Ebbinghaus)
Testing effect: test, don’t just study!
Levels of processing: shallow processing has sensory focus, deep integrates w/ higher level knowledge. ex: self reference effect

66
Q

Decay vs Interference theory

A

Decay theory: memories lost via disuse
Interference theory: memories disputed during pre-consolidation
> Proactive - prior info interferes w/ new
> Retroactive - new info interferes w/ old

Similarity effect: more similar the memory the more likely the interference

67
Q

Generation effect

A

Active recall is better than passive
ex: exercises vs readings

68
Q

Specificity hypothesis & state - dependent learning

A

Recall is better when encoding & retrieval context overlap

Recall is better in the same state
>ie, drunk-drunk = shallow-shallow
>sober-drunk = deep-shallow

69
Q

Episodic vs Semantic memory
(patient KC!)

A

Episodic: specific event & episodes
> context - what, where, when
> hippocampus

Semantic: facts & general info
> no context
> semantic dementia = impaired (left anterior TL)naming & matching
Patient KC had intact semantic but no episodic

70
Q

Anoetic, noetic, & autonoetic consciousness

A

Anoetic: IMPLICIT, no awareness/personal engagement
Noetic: SEMANTIC, awareness but no engagement
Autonoetic: EPISODIC, both awareness & engagement

71
Q

Reappearance hypothetis

A

Episodic memory trace is recalled the same way each time

Reproduced instead of reconstructed
> unchanged

72
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Vivid memories of emotional/shocking event
No actual memory difference (same amount forgotten)
Belief of accuracy & vividness higher

73
Q

Consolidation path & distortion

A

. active memory
↗️ recall ↖️↘️
stimuli > STM —consolidation–> LTM

Retrieval changes a memory trace; distortion

Schemas: create expectation, cause to insert
false info: what must have been

74
Q

War of Ghosts experiements

A

Schemas !
Bartlett (1932)
Native Americans story didn’t match Western story
structure > Westerners changed the story over time

75
Q

Misattribution & misinformation effects

A

Misattribution effect: failure of source monitoring
> familiar info > wrong source

Misinformation effect: leading questions can create false memories

76
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Automatic behavior/actions
BG > motor sequence
PFC > organization

More immune to forgetting

77
Q

Priming

A

Prior exposure influences current processing

78
Q

Habits (how to form & break?)

A

Explicit + repitition = implicit
Component of OCD & addictions

Forming: reg. striatum
Breaking: reg. INHIBITION of PFC

79
Q

Retrograde, anterograde, & dissociative amnesia (HM & Clive Wearing)

A

Retrograde: loss of past memories (Clive Wearing)
Anterograde: don’t form new memories (HM + Clive Wearing)

Dissociative: rare psychiatric disorder
> usually trauma based rather than physical
> retrograde amnesia for episodic/autobiographical
> new identity, lifestyle, etc.

80
Q

Alzheimer’s trajectory

A

Mild Impairment MTL
↓
Mild | LTL & PL
↓ |
Moderate | }AD FL
↓ |
Severe | WIDESPREAD

81
Q

Healthy Memory aging

A

Loss of 5% every decade after 40
Hippocampus most atrophied
Intact implicit & semantic
Impaired working & episodic

Associative deficit hypothesis:
associative recognition hardest

82
Q

Extrem Memory (taxi drivers HSAM, OCD)

A

Taxi drivers have larger p. hippocampi
HSAM people can remember every single day of their lives, IN DETAIL
Consistency in memory recal correlated w/ OCD

83
Q

Concepts, categories & exemplars

A

Concepts: general category knowledge, representation
Categories: items grouped according to cencept
Exemplars: items in a category

84
Q

Organization (dementia, graded)

A
  1. superordinate > 2. basic > 3. subordinate
    ex: mammal > dog> spaniel

Dementia: 2) more intact than 1&3
Graded organization: at a certain level specificity isn’t helpful
Generalization > concepts

85
Q

Classic Concept approch

A

Form rules
Defining features: necessary & sufficient
Characteristic features: common but not necessary
Update list
Good for simple concepts, bad for complex ones

86
Q

Similarity approach (feature list vs network exemplar vs prototype)

A

Fuzzy Boundaries
Features list rigid, network flexible
Exemplar list leads to prototype of exemplar overlap
- similar exemplars closer than prototype in network

87
Q

Prototype theory vs exemplar theory

A

Prototype
- prototype in memory
- worse at classifying newer
- typicality effect
- doesn’t account for context
(typical bird in farm vs city)

Exemplar
- every instance in memory
- recall some of category & compute similarity
- explains context

88
Q

Knowledge vs similarity based approach

A

Knowledge is explanation in lieu of computing similarity
Implicit, intuitive knowledge
Essentialism: the idea that categories have an underlying reality

89
Q

Ad-hoc categories

A

Categories for a specific goal
Dissimilar members into temporary category

90
Q

Perceptual symbols (property verification task)

A

Links perceptual & conceptual knowledge
PVT: faster RT if engaging a feature from the same sense/percepts asked about.

Living vs non-liiving: visual vs functional

91
Q

Broca’s aphasia
Wernicke’s aphasia
Conduction aphasia
Paraphasia (2)

What are neologisms?

A

Broca’s aphasia: NONFLUENT > L inferior frontal gyrus
Wernicke’s aphasia: FLUENT > L posterior superior TL
Conduction aphasia: Impaired Repetition > arcuate fasiculus
Paraphasia (2):
- Verbal: substitute w/ something semantically related
- Phonemic: swapping or adding sounds
-Neologism: made-up words (bromance)

92
Q

Naturist vs nurturist aguisition

A

Naturist: pre-equipped, innate capacity to learn language
- Chomsky
- Complex, acquired rapidly, & adaptable
- Support: poverty of stimulus, uniformity, convergence

Nuturist: NOT pre-equipped, acquired thru skill learning
- Behaviorist, trial & error, associative

93
Q

innateness hypothesis

A

We are born with grammar principles
Language Acquisition Device (LAD) supports language universal grammar
> we only need to learn specifics

94
Q

resolving ambiguity (3) & theories of sentence parsing (2)

A
  • Phonological
  • Lexical (within word)
  • Syntactic, parsing (within sentence)

PARSING:
- syntax first: use rules, local/specific
- Constraint based: expectations, global/holistics

95
Q

Dual-route model & Dyslexias (2)

A

. ↗️ letter by letter ↘️
Printed speech
. ↘️mental dictionary↗️

Surface dyslexia: letter-by-letter
- dictionary difficulties
Phonological dyslexia: use mental dictionary
- difficulty reading letter-by-letter (non&new words)

96
Q

Cross-model priming task

A

Listen to two scenarios: one biases context (homophones/homographs)
Do lexical decision task at the same time
> word or not word?

Short SOA: both meaning primed
- unrelated world had longer RT
Long SOA: context-related primed
- unrelated & context inappropriate have longer RT

97
Q

Bilingualism (traditional vs new views, percentages)

A

Traditional view: bilinguals fully monolingual in both
INDEPENDENT
New view: more plasticity ! they influence each other

≈ 60% of the world is bilingual
70% - MTL, 50% - QC, 18% Canada

98
Q

Language co-activation (ways to test, what, cognates)

A

What: both languages active & competing
Tasks: Lexical decision task, pictures naming task
Cognates lead to faster RT
Interlingual homographs —> interference
Facilitation & interferences stronger in L2

99
Q

Co-activation reading effects

A

Bilinguals have shorter fixation times for cognates
- longer FT for homographs

Native language NOT intact

100
Q

Inhibitory control model

A

Triggered in the presence of competition
Supervisory attention system inhibits unwanted long
Proportional to co-activation level

101
Q

Language switching & children

A

Generally: L1 > L2 easier than L2 > L1
- harder to inhibits L1
Children : no behavioral differences for L1
- brain differences from inhibition

102
Q

Domain-specific vs domain-general

A

Domain-specific: language control
- test with switching

Domain-general: cognitive control
- test with Stroop, Flanker, Simon
- bilingual advantage

103
Q

Cognitive reserve & aging

A

Bilingual have more posterior activation
Monolingual rely ↑ on FL with age
3 or 4 years later dementia onset :)

104
Q

Bilingualism caveats

A

Replication crisits
Small sample size
Confirmation bias
* Context dependent: environment that demand bilingualism could demand better cognitive control
Social context

105
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Estimate probability based on how easily its brought to mind
Lichtenstein

106
Q

Affect heuristic

A

Overestimate risk of something that elicits a stronger emotional response

107
Q

Representativeness heuristics & baserate neglect

A

Representativeness heuristic: assume that small samples represent the larger pool
Results in base rate neglect
> ignoring previous rate info (Adam ex.)
& conjunction fallacy
> likelyhood of A is always higher than likelihood of A&B

108
Q

Anchoring & adjustment

A

Tendency to overweight initial info
*Kahneman & Tuerske w/ roulette
Important for self report scales

109
Q

Regression to the mean

A

Cant always attribute performance changes to manipulation
Extreme values closer to the mean of random processes

110
Q

Bounded vs ecological rationality

A

BOUNDED
- Simon, 1957
- Humans are rational relative to constraints
- Heuristics are “good enough”
- We need them when we can’t optimize

ECOLOGICAL
- Gigerenzer, 1999
-Heuristics are optimal
- Can be better than optimization

111
Q

Kinds of decision making (3)

A

Perceptual: objective, externally defined choice
Value based: subjective, internal motivation/state
Under risk: ambiguous consequences

112
Q

Risk profile & risk premium (3 kinds of attitudes)

A

Risk profile: how we describe decisions
Risk premium: difference between risk gain & certain gain

Kinds:
Risk adverse: positive RP
Risk neutral: no RP
Risk seeking: negative RP
*most people are risk adverse

113
Q

Rational choices & expected values

A

Most rational choices maximized expected value
We are not rational creatures
(see 112)

114
Q

Framing & endowment effects

A

Framing: People are risk averse when gain framed
People are risk seeking when losses framed

Endowment: tendency to give higher value to objects you possess

115
Q

Prospect theory (2 aspects)

A

Shape of utility function (see 114)
- utility (subjective value) depend on state
- losses>gains (lose 1$ hurts more than gain1$)

Probability
-likely events underestimated, unlikely over
- extremity related to availability

116
Q

Fourfold pattern

A

High probability|1) Risk |2) Risk
| seeking |averse
——————————————————
Low probability | 3) Risk |4) Risk
| averse |seeking

1) horror movie logic
2) salary/jobs
3) insurance
4) lottery tickets

117
Q

Dual process theory & affect

A

Two systems:
1. Limbic, heuristics & biases
FACT & AUTOMATIC
2. FC, rational choice
SLOW & LOGICAL

Affect: moods caused by prediction errors
prediction error (+) —> mood (+) —-> risk seeking
prediction error (-) —> mood (-) —-> risk averse

118
Q

Illusory correlations

A

Over-emphasized outcomes
ex: lucky jersey, cuz you wore it when they won one time

119
Q

Gambler’s fallacy & hot-hand belief

A

Gambler’s fallacy: False belief that outcomes are limited
ex: “due for a win”, admissions offices more likely to admit after rejection

Hot hand belief: “Winning streak”; false continuation of success

120
Q

Inductive vs deductive reasoning

A

Inductive:
- specific > general
- automatic
- low effort
- 7-11 yrs
- unaware? can become a heuristic

Deductive
- general > specific
- slower
-more effort
-teenage years

121
Q

Logic (what kind of reasoning?)

A

Deductive reasoning: will be true if systems followed

122
Q

Syllogisms (2 premises, validity, 3 types)

A

Premises:
major - general
minor - specific

Validity: premises assumed true, conclude with logic
NOT necessarily true in the real world

Types:
all statements, all A are B
negative statements, no A is B, no B is A
some statement, some A are B (possibly all)

123
Q

Syllogism fallacies (3)

A

Atmosphere effect: some A are B, some B are C
so, some A are C < FALSE
Negative statements: mental model theory, cant imagine negative statements

124
Q

Omission bias

A

Inaction harder to classify as wrong
the trolly problem
Remove emotion (more utilitarian responses):
vmpF lesions
high functioning autism
positive emotion induction

125
Q

Belief bias

A

Some A are B
Some C are D
So some A are D < FALSE
Relies on previous knowledge
Kind of atmosphere effect

126
Q

Conditional reasoning & Watson’s task

A

If P, then Q
Watson’s task: test if P, then Q

1)P 2)Q 3)notP 4)notQ
Flip 1&4
Test P>Q, & not Q > not P

127
Q

Steps to problem solving

A

1) recognize & represent problem
2) analyze & solve
3) assess effectiveness of solution
4) REPEAT if necessary

128
Q

Generalization (2 types)

A

Important for adaptive behavior
Memories of solution should include “essence” for application
Well-defined: all info is there
ex: algorithms, puzzles

Ill-defined: situational, needs info
ex: social situations
greater cognitive load

129
Q

Moravec’s Paradox

A

Ai works well w/ certainty, not with uncertainty
Easy for humans = difficult for machines & vice versa
ex: complex calculation
subjectivity of emotionsP

130
Q

Problem Space (what, ways to navigate)

A

Representation that include: initial & goal states, paths, constrains
Navigation:
- brute force: leads to combinational explosion
- trial & error: for lower level

false positive local maximum < hill climbing strategy : select option that brings closer means end analysis: sub problems
- forward & backward movement
- importance of recursion !

131
Q

Analogical problem solving

A

Apply solution from situation A to situation B
People don’t naturally do this without surface similarity
- even through structural similarity more important
Linked to creativity & insight

132
Q

Einstellung effect & mental/functional fixedness
(what is pre-utilization?)

A

Einstellung effect: bias toward familiar problem solving methods

Functional fixedness: “fixed” on object’s known-function
ex: 2 string problem, candle problem comes from pre-utilization (prior experience)

Mental fixedness: overusing mental sets
ex: water jug problem

133
Q

Insight problem solving
(4 features, subjectivity, expertise)

A

Forming new patterns or methods: “aha” moment
ex: Gestalt switches
Features: suddeness, ease, positive, confidence

Subjectivity: people cant predict how close they are to solving a problem, unlike non-insight

Expertise: experts ignore non-relevant info & spend more time defining a problem

134
Q

Psychometrics (IQ tests, validity vs reliability)

A

Psychometrics: study of psychological assessment
- standardized & follow normal distribution

IQ: avg 100, SD 15, high reliability less validity
CONS: marginalization, external factors

Validity: is it actually measuring what its trying to?
Reliability: able to be replicated

135
Q

Francis Galton

A

Dark start to intelligence testing
Eugenics

136
Q

Alfred Binet

A

Developed test to assess education needs
Thought his test measured academic output (intelligence)

Simon-Binet test: 30 standardized Qs, easy > hard,
ratio of mental vs chronological age

137
Q

Weschler tests & Raven’s Matrices (geneticsq)

A

Weschler: WISC - children & WAIS - adult
- full scale IQ (verbal + performance)

Raven’s progressive matrices: patterns w/ missing sections
- non-verbal - free from linguistic/cultural biases

Genetics is a better indicator than environment (not perfect)

138
Q

Flynn Effect

A

Average intelligence increases with time! Society gets healthier and more complex

139
Q

Two-factor theory

A
  • Spearman
    general intelligence (g)
    specific abilities (s)

G factor is stable within a person
S factors are task abilities, VARY
- affected by educationg/environment

140
Q

Cattel & horn theory

A

Fluid intelligence (like g): ↓ with age
- capacity to acquire knowledge & think flexibly
-> reasoning thinks & genetic basis

Crystallized intelligence (like s): ↑ with age
- acquired knowledge
-> motivated learning, many factors

141
Q

Savant syndrome

A

Can be congenital or acquired
suggests different forums of intelligence
-> like Garder’s theory (g!)

142
Q

Sternberg’s theory

A

Intelligence is not a system/structure
is the ability to automatize info processes & uses them appropriately

1) Meta - component: higher order planning/decisions
2) Performance component: task execution
3) Knowledge acquisition : processes to learn / store info

143
Q

Triarchic theory

A

1) Components interact with certain material/tasks 2) that are relevant to a given situation 3)

Creative, analytical & practical intelligence

144
Q

Emotion & thinking

A

Positive mood leads to broad thinking greater susceptibly to mis info

PSYC 213 - Cognition (1 decks)

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