FINAL Flashcards
A brain structure considered of significant importance to the formation of new long-term memories.
HIPPOCAMPUS
This is a strategy of organizing individual bits of information into higher-order units to increase the amount of information stored in short-term memory.
Chunking
The number of items humans can hold in short-term memory.
7
Acoustically codes information in working memory.
Phonological loop
One can access it consciously
declarative or explicit mem
The two areas in the left perisylvian network of language
Broca’s and wernicke’s
A condition that where individuals experience trouble controlling the muscles that articulate speech sounds.
dysarthria
A type of aphasia that inhibits the use of syntax.
agrammatic aphasia
Damage to this part of a patient’s brain would present symptoms that include poor spoken and written comprehension but fluent and reasonably grammatical speech output.
posterior language areas in the left hemisphere
Context, payoff, objectivity, preference.
representations of value
alphabetic, syllabic, and logographic.
three primary symbol writing systems
exical access → lexical selection → lexical integration
3 main components of lexical processing
When lesions are formed it may cause impairment to this brain structure that impedes the ability to make goal-directed decisions
frontal cortex
key component of working memory involving the selection of information that is most relevant.
dynamic filtering
People with more of this, are better able to suppress negative emotion voluntarily.
higher left sided activity
This brain structure is most involved with disgust
insula
This brain structure performs a modulatory role in declarative memory.
amygdala
Fear conditioning is a more specific instance of.
classical conditioning
A valanced response to external or internal stimuli
emotion
Neuroimaging experiments have demonstrated that working memory engages the
prefrontal cortex and more posterior brain areas involved in perception and mental representation.
The most caudal part of the frontal lobe.
Primary Motor
Three main subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex.
ateral prefrontal cortex, frontal pole, and medial frontal cortex
the concept of “words in the same neighborhood” is analogous to
words related in meaning
The collective store of information about the semantics, syntax, orthography, and phonology of words
Mental lexicon
Which part of our brain helps to keep posture and balance?
cerebellum
Patient X has some specific type of aphasia, he experiences a problem with word finding, but has no problem with comprehension
anomia
Wernicke’s area is located in________
temporal lobe
True or false: In Wernicke’s aphasia, comprehension is good but speech is poor
False. comprehension is poor, but speech is fluent.
broca’s area is one of the main areas of the cerebral cortex responsible for
speech production
_______is memory that has no capacity limits and holds information from minutes to an entire lifetime
LTM
what is it called when you have both retrograde and anterograde amnesia
global or total amnesia
The term for the condition when a person cannot form new memories
anterograde amnesia
what is serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
two types of explicit memory
semantic and episodic
part of a brain that plays a critical role in emotional learning and generating appropriate responses to environmental cues.
amygdala
Elizabeth Loftus is associated with what kind of psychological phenomenon
false memory
state of confusion or memory loss that occurs immediately following a traumatic brain injury is called
POST-TRAUMATIC AMNESIA
A deficit in language comprehension or production, commonly due to a left hemisphere stroke or insult
aphasia
This disorder characterized by difficulty retrieving words; individuals with ___________ use wordy and indirect language to express an idea when unable to retrieve the desired word or words.
anomia
inability to perceive movement
akinestognosia
This theory of emotion states that stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur at the same time
The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Name 6 basic emotions
anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surpris
This part of Limbic System is responsible for fight or flight response.
amygdala
What kind of emotions may promote avoidance or defensive behavior
Negative emotions such as anger and fear
this theory of emotion suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events.
James-Lange Theory of emotion
Broca’s area is located in
frontal lobe
after the stroke Jenny is unable to speak fluently; her speech has poor grammar, she also experiences difficulty forming complete sentences, but she has no problem to understand a speech of others. Jenny was diagnosed with
broca’s aphasia
The impairment of motor planning and programming of speech articulation due to left hemisphere brain damage
apraxia
The —————– is the bundle of axons that connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas.
arcuate fasciculus
What kind of deficits an individual can experience, if his/her fusiform area was damaged
recognizing faces
To explain dichotic listening findings such as the observation that a participant usually notices when his or her own name is embedded in the ignored channel, Treisman (1969) proposed that
unattended information is not completely excluded from higher analysis, but merely attenuated
Both early- and late-selection models of attention share the idea that
the human information processing system cannot fully process every piece of information it receives.
All of the following describe differences between early-selection and late-selection models of attention EXCEPT
late-selection models argue that human information processing has limited capacity, whereas early-selection models argue that capacity is unlimited.
In attention experiments, cues that correctly predict the location of the target are called ________, whereas cues that predict other locations are called ________.
valid; invalid
Which of the following phenomena is the most consciously mediated?
exogenous cuing
The process of directing one’s attention to a specific external stimulus is called
orienting
Your favorite cartoon character has been struck over the head and can no longer remember his name or where he lives. This is an example of
retrograde amnesia.
Decreased oxygenation and cell death is to ____________ as beta-amyloid proteins negatively affecting synapse formation and neuroplasticity is to ____________.
vascular dementia; Alzheimer’s disease
You diagnose two different patients, each with a form of dementia. Patient 1 has a neurogenerative disease; Patient 2 does NOT have a neurogenerative disease. Which of the following summarizes the two patient reports?
Patient 1: Alzheimer’s disease, areas affected: medial temporal lobes. Patient 2: frontotemporal lobar dementia, areas affected: frontal lobes.
After suffering a severe head injury, a patient demonstrates a dense anterograde amnesia. She
cannot remember events that occurred after the injury.
A patient visits a neurologist and complains of memory problems, such as trouble remembering telephone numbers. After a few tests, the neurologist determines that there is a large impairment in the digit span, but no impairment in remembering the past or in forming new memories. Which brain area is the most likely to be impaired?
the left perisylvian cortex
The memory performance of patients K.F. and E.E., when compared to the memory performance of people with amnesia, such as patient H.M, demonstrates a double dissociation between two types of memory. Which of the following statements best describes these results
H.M. has a deficit limited to explicit memory, whereas K.F. and E.E. have deficits limited to implicit memory
George Miller and other investigators found that humans can hold about ________ items in short-term memory at a time.
7
According to the modal model of memory, information that is currently held within short-term memory originates from
sensory mem
Which of the following best describes the flow of information in the Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) modal model of memory?
sensory memory short-term storage long-term storage
Which of the following statements concerning types of memory in the modal model of memory is FALSE?
Some contents of sensory memory are selected via attention and next processed in long-term memory.
Declarative or explicit memory is knowledge that
one can access consciously.
Implicit memory is to ________ as explicit memory is to ________.
priming; episodic memory
Barbara remembers that Madrid is the capital of Spain, but she has no idea when or where she acquired this knowledge. Her ________ memory is accurate, but her ________ memory is incomplete
semantic; episodic
________ memory does NOT affect behavior consciously.
nondeclarative
One of the two pathways of the amygdala is known as the “high road.” This pathway can be characterized as _________ and involves a ________.
“slow and analytical”; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala
A double dissociation has been demonstrated between people with damage to the ________, who show impairment in the explicit or declarative aspects of fear conditioning, and people with damage to the ________,
hippocampus; amygdala
Which of the following results best supports the notion that the amygdala modulates the consolidation of hippocampus-based memories?
Modulation of hippocampus-based learning by arousal occurs after the initial encoding of the task, during retention
The mechanism through which the amygdala modulates hippocampus-based learning may be related to the observation that
arousing stimuli decay less quickly than nonarousing stimuli do.
You conduct an experiment in which you expose a rat repeatedly to a 440 Hz tone and an electric shock. After a few trials, the rat begins to show signs of fear in response to the tone. In this paradigm, the electric shock is the ________, while the tone is the ________.
unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus
Lesions to the amygdala ________ unconditioned responses to aversive events, ________ the ability to acquire and express a conditioned response to neutral stimuli.
do not block; but they do block
- A person with conduction aphasia is most likely to have difficulty in
repeating spoken language
The term ________ refers to the collective store of information about the semantics, syntax, orthography, and phonology of words.
mental lexicon
________ is to the meaning of a word as ________ is to the spelling of a word
Semantics; orthography
Baron Cohen has proposed that people with ________ have impaired theory-of-mind abilities, coining the term mindblindness
ASD autism spectrum disorder
Which of the following hypothetical programs would be MOST helpful toward alleviating the social deficits typically observed in antisocial personality disorder (APD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or schizophrenia?
A program that is able to teach people with ASD how to interpret intentions of others.
The self-referent effect refers to the phenomenon that
information processed in relation to the self is enhanced in memory
Which structure is responsible for extended consciousness?
cerebal corex
- Core consciousness is turned off by lesioning which intralaminar nuclei (ILN) of the thalamus?
both left and right
Which system processes novel task demands under the scaffolding to storage framework?
scaffloding
