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cognitive neuroscience fina; > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

A brain structure considered of significant importance to the formation of new long-term memories.

A

HIPPOCAMPUS

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2
Q

This is a strategy of organizing individual bits of information into higher-order units to increase the amount of information stored in short-term memory.

A

Chunking

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3
Q

The number of items humans can hold in short-term memory.

A

7

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4
Q

Acoustically codes information in working memory.

A

Phonological loop

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5
Q

One can access it consciously

A

declarative or explicit mem

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6
Q

The two areas in the left perisylvian network of language

A

Broca’s and wernicke’s

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7
Q

A condition that where individuals experience trouble controlling the muscles that articulate speech sounds.

A

dysarthria

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8
Q

A type of aphasia that inhibits the use of syntax.

A

agrammatic aphasia

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9
Q

Damage to this part of a patient’s brain would present symptoms that include poor spoken and written comprehension but fluent and reasonably grammatical speech output.

A

posterior language areas in the left hemisphere

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10
Q

Context, payoff, objectivity, preference.

A

representations of value

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11
Q

alphabetic, syllabic, and logographic.

A

three primary symbol writing systems

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12
Q

exical access → lexical selection → lexical integration

A

3 main components of lexical processing

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13
Q

When lesions are formed it may cause impairment to this brain structure that impedes the ability to make goal-directed decisions

A

frontal cortex

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14
Q

key component of working memory involving the selection of information that is most relevant.

A

dynamic filtering

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15
Q

People with more of this, are better able to suppress negative emotion voluntarily.

A

higher left sided activity

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16
Q

This brain structure is most involved with disgust

A

insula

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17
Q

This brain structure performs a modulatory role in declarative memory.

A

amygdala

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18
Q

Fear conditioning is a more specific instance of.

A

classical conditioning

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19
Q

A valanced response to external or internal stimuli

A

emotion

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20
Q
A
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20
Q

Neuroimaging experiments have demonstrated that working memory engages the

A

prefrontal cortex and more posterior brain areas involved in perception and mental representation.

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21
Q

The most caudal part of the frontal lobe.

A

Primary Motor

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22
Q

Three main subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex.

A

ateral prefrontal cortex, frontal pole, and medial frontal cortex

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23
Q

the concept of “words in the same neighborhood” is analogous to

A

words related in meaning

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24
Q

The collective store of information about the semantics, syntax, orthography, and phonology of words

A

Mental lexicon

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25
Q

Which part of our brain helps to keep posture and balance?

A

cerebellum

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26
Q

Patient X has some specific type of aphasia, he experiences a problem with word finding, but has no problem with comprehension

A

anomia

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27
Q

Wernicke’s area is located in________

A

temporal lobe

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28
Q

True or false: In Wernicke’s aphasia, comprehension is good but speech is poor

A

False. comprehension is poor, but speech is fluent.

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29
Q

broca’s area is one of the main areas of the cerebral cortex responsible for

A

speech production

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30
Q

_______is memory that has no capacity limits and holds information from minutes to an entire lifetime

A

LTM

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31
Q

what is it called when you have both retrograde and anterograde amnesia

A

global or total amnesia

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32
Q

The term for the condition when a person cannot form new memories

A

anterograde amnesia

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33
Q

what is serial position effect

A

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

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34
Q

two types of explicit memory

A

semantic and episodic

35
Q

part of a brain that plays a critical role in emotional learning and generating appropriate responses to environmental cues.

A

amygdala

36
Q

Elizabeth Loftus is associated with what kind of psychological phenomenon

A

false memory

37
Q

state of confusion or memory loss that occurs immediately following a traumatic brain injury is called

A

POST-TRAUMATIC AMNESIA

38
Q

A deficit in language comprehension or production, commonly due to a left hemisphere stroke or insult

A

aphasia

39
Q

This disorder characterized by difficulty retrieving words; individuals with ___________ use wordy and indirect language to express an idea when unable to retrieve the desired word or words.

A

anomia

40
Q

inability to perceive movement

A

akinestognosia

41
Q

This theory of emotion states that stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur at the same time

A

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

42
Q

Name 6 basic emotions

A

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surpris

43
Q

This part of Limbic System is responsible for fight or flight response.

A

amygdala

43
Q

What kind of emotions may promote avoidance or defensive behavior

A

Negative emotions such as anger and fear

44
Q

this theory of emotion suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events.

A

James-Lange Theory of emotion

45
Q

Broca’s area is located in

A

frontal lobe

46
Q

after the stroke Jenny is unable to speak fluently; her speech has poor grammar, she also experiences difficulty forming complete sentences, but she has no problem to understand a speech of others. Jenny was diagnosed with

A

broca’s aphasia

47
Q

The impairment of motor planning and programming of speech articulation due to left hemisphere brain damage

A

apraxia

48
Q

The —————– is the bundle of axons that connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas.

A

arcuate fasciculus

49
Q

What kind of deficits an individual can experience, if his/her fusiform area was damaged

A

recognizing faces

50
Q

To explain dichotic listening findings such as the observation that a participant usually notices when his or her own name is embedded in the ignored channel, Treisman (1969) proposed that

A

unattended information is not completely excluded from higher analysis, but merely attenuated

51
Q

Both early- and late-selection models of attention share the idea that

A

the human information processing system cannot fully process every piece of information it receives.

52
Q

All of the following describe differences between early-selection and late-selection models of attention EXCEPT

A

late-selection models argue that human information processing has limited capacity, whereas early-selection models argue that capacity is unlimited.

53
Q

In attention experiments, cues that correctly predict the location of the target are called ________, whereas cues that predict other locations are called ________.

A

valid; invalid

54
Q

Which of the following phenomena is the most consciously mediated?

A

exogenous cuing

55
Q

The process of directing one’s attention to a specific external stimulus is called

A

orienting

56
Q

Your favorite cartoon character has been struck over the head and can no longer remember his name or where he lives. This is an example of

A

retrograde amnesia.

57
Q

Decreased oxygenation and cell death is to ____________ as beta-amyloid proteins negatively affecting synapse formation and neuroplasticity is to ____________.

A

vascular dementia; Alzheimer’s disease

58
Q

You diagnose two different patients, each with a form of dementia. Patient 1 has a neurogenerative disease; Patient 2 does NOT have a neurogenerative disease. Which of the following summarizes the two patient reports?

A

Patient 1: Alzheimer’s disease, areas affected: medial temporal lobes. Patient 2: frontotemporal lobar dementia, areas affected: frontal lobes.

59
Q

After suffering a severe head injury, a patient demonstrates a dense anterograde amnesia. She

A

cannot remember events that occurred after the injury.

60
Q

A patient visits a neurologist and complains of memory problems, such as trouble remembering telephone numbers. After a few tests, the neurologist determines that there is a large impairment in the digit span, but no impairment in remembering the past or in forming new memories. Which brain area is the most likely to be impaired?

A

the left perisylvian cortex

61
Q

The memory performance of patients K.F. and E.E., when compared to the memory performance of people with amnesia, such as patient H.M, demonstrates a double dissociation between two types of memory. Which of the following statements best describes these results

A

H.M. has a deficit limited to explicit memory, whereas K.F. and E.E. have deficits limited to implicit memory

62
Q

George Miller and other investigators found that humans can hold about ________ items in short-term memory at a time.

A

7

63
Q

According to the modal model of memory, information that is currently held within short-term memory originates from

A

sensory mem

64
Q

Which of the following best describes the flow of information in the Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) modal model of memory?

A

sensory memory  short-term storage  long-term storage

65
Q

Which of the following statements concerning types of memory in the modal model of memory is FALSE?

A

Some contents of sensory memory are selected via attention and next processed in long-term memory.

66
Q

Declarative or explicit memory is knowledge that

A

one can access consciously.

67
Q

Implicit memory is to ________ as explicit memory is to ________.

A

priming; episodic memory

68
Q

Barbara remembers that Madrid is the capital of Spain, but she has no idea when or where she acquired this knowledge. Her ________ memory is accurate, but her ________ memory is incomplete

A

semantic; episodic

69
Q

________ memory does NOT affect behavior consciously.

A

nondeclarative

70
Q

One of the two pathways of the amygdala is known as the “high road.” This pathway can be characterized as _________ and involves a ________.

A

“slow and analytical”; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala

71
Q

A double dissociation has been demonstrated between people with damage to the ________, who show impairment in the explicit or declarative aspects of fear conditioning, and people with damage to the ________,

A

hippocampus; amygdala

72
Q

Which of the following results best supports the notion that the amygdala modulates the consolidation of hippocampus-based memories?

A

Modulation of hippocampus-based learning by arousal occurs after the initial encoding of the task, during retention

73
Q

The mechanism through which the amygdala modulates hippocampus-based learning may be related to the observation that

A

arousing stimuli decay less quickly than nonarousing stimuli do.

74
Q

You conduct an experiment in which you expose a rat repeatedly to a 440 Hz tone and an electric shock. After a few trials, the rat begins to show signs of fear in response to the tone. In this paradigm, the electric shock is the ________, while the tone is the ________.

A

unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus

75
Q

Lesions to the amygdala ________ unconditioned responses to aversive events, ________ the ability to acquire and express a conditioned response to neutral stimuli.

A

do not block; but they do block

76
Q
  1. A person with conduction aphasia is most likely to have difficulty in
A

repeating spoken language

77
Q

The term ________ refers to the collective store of information about the semantics, syntax, orthography, and phonology of words.

A

mental lexicon

78
Q

________ is to the meaning of a word as ________ is to the spelling of a word

A

Semantics; orthography

79
Q

Baron Cohen has proposed that people with ________ have impaired theory-of-mind abilities, coining the term mindblindness

A

ASD autism spectrum disorder

80
Q

Which of the following hypothetical programs would be MOST helpful toward alleviating the social deficits typically observed in antisocial personality disorder (APD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or schizophrenia?

A

A program that is able to teach people with ASD how to interpret intentions of others.

81
Q

The self-referent effect refers to the phenomenon that

A

information processed in relation to the self is enhanced in memory

82
Q

Which structure is responsible for extended consciousness?

A

cerebal corex

83
Q
  1. Core consciousness is turned off by lesioning which intralaminar nuclei (ILN) of the thalamus?
A

both left and right

84
Q

Which system processes novel task demands under the scaffolding to storage framework?

A

scaffloding

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