Final Flashcards
Which of the following structures is formed by the endocardial cushions?
a. Septum primum
b. Septum intermedium
c. Interventricular septum
d. Septum secundum
e. Both A and D
b. Septum intermedium
Which of the following hormones causes regression of the paramesonephric ducts?
a. Testosterone
b. Estrogen
c. Mullerian inhibiting substance
d. Wolffian inhibiting substance
e. In both males and females, regression of the paramesonephric duct is passive and does
not require hormonal input
c. Mullerian inhibiting substance
During the second phase of hematopoiesis what is the primary location for blood cell production?
a. Liver
b. Yolk sac
c. Spleen
d. Bone marrow
e. Thymus
a. Liver
What is the primary function of the zone of polarizing activity in the developing limb?
a. Stimulating outgrowth of the limb
b. Setting up the anterior-posterior axis of the limb
c. Determining the pattern of neural ingrowth into the limb
d. Setting up the dorsal-ventral axis of the limb
e. Determining the pattern of vascular ingrowth into the limb
b. Setting up the anterior-posterior axis of the limb
Which of the following is a valid reason why the urinary system must develop prior to the genital system?
a. The degenerating metanephric tubule cells form the sex cords of the indifferent gonad
b. The epididymis forms from the mesonephric duct
c. Uterine morphology is due to the degree of fusion of the mesonephric ducts
d. The follicle cells and the seminiferous tubules form from cells of the degenerating mesonephric tubules
e. Both B and D
e. Both B and D
Organs such as the digestive tract are composed of derivatives of more than one germ layer. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the digestive system origins?
a. The endoderm gives rise to the epithelial lining
b. The mesoderm gives rise to the myenteric plexus
c. The ectoderm gives rise to the smooth muscle
d. The neural crest cells give rise to the smooth muscle
a. The endoderm gives rise to the epithelial lining
Choose the incorrect statement regarding heart development:
a. The endocardial cushions are involved in septum intermedium formation
b. The bulbus cordis becomes the right ventricle
c. The heart develops in a region of the intermediate mesoderm called the cardiac crest
d. The septum secundum forms after the formation of the septum primum
c. The heart develops in a region of the intermediate mesoderm called the cardiac crest
The metanephric blastema is induced by Wnt signaling from the:
a. Pronephric ducts
b. Ureteric bud
c. Mesonephric tubules
d. Mesonephric duct
e. Metanephros
b. Ureteric bud
Which of the following statements regarding respiratory system development is correct?
a. The respiratory system initially diverts from developing foregut via the laryngo-tracheal groove
b. Lung formation is complete before birth
c. The lung buds form from the dorsal foregut
d. The saccular stage is characterized by terminal bronchiole formation
e. All of the above statements are correct
d. The saccular stage is characterized by terminal bronchiole formation
A developing fetus will only have about 12% of the blood leaving the right ventricle entering into the pulmonary circulation from the right ventricle. Which of the following is responsible for this shunt of blood away from the lungs and where is the blood being shunted to?
a. Ductus venosus; aorta
b. Ductus arteriosus; aorta
c. Ductus venosus; inferior vena cava
d. Ductus arteriosus; inferior vena cava
e. Foramen ovale; left atrium
b. Ductus arteriosus; aorta
Upon examination of a male kitten, there is a palpable left testis within the left scrotal sac, but no palpable right testis within the right scrotal sac. There were no other abnormalities noted. Which of the following is the MOST LIKELY explanation involving the gonad of this kitten?
a. Agenesis of the right testis
b. Atresia of the right testis
c. Unilateral cryptorchidism
d. Fusion of the testes prior to descent
e. None of the above is a plausible explanation for the kitten’s abnormality
c. Unilateral cryptorchidism
With regards to digestive system development:
a. The liver and the pancreas form from the most cranial region of the hindgut
b. The stomach undergoes one 90 degree clockwise rotation followed by a 45 degree counter clockwise rotation
c. In both the simple stomach and ruminant stomach the ventral portion proliferates more rapidly
d. The urorectal septum separates the cloaca into the urogenital sinus and the rectum
e. Both B and D
d. The urorectal septum separates the cloaca into the urogenital sinus and the rectum
By which 3 properties is a stem cell defined?
a. Ability to self-renew by asymmetrical cell division, high proliferation properties and differentiation potency
b. Ability to self-renew by symmetrical cell division, high proliferation properties and differentiation potency
c. Ability to self-renew by symmetrical cell division, high proliferation properties and targeted cell death (apoptosis)
d. Ability to self-renew by asymmetrical cell division, cellular senescence and differentiation potency
a. Ability to self-renew by asymmetrical cell division, high proliferation properties and differentiation potency
Embryonic stem cells are isolated from:
a. Bone marrow
b. Fetal tissue in the first trimester
c. The inner cell mass of an embryo
d. The trophectoderm layer of a blastocyst
e. Amniotic fluid
c. The inner cell mass of an embryo
In what ways are embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells similar?
a. They can both undergo unlimited self-renewal
b. They can both differentiate into cell types of all three germ layers
c. They both require the expression of transgenes to maintain pluripotency
d. All of the above
e. a) and b) are correct
e. a) and b) are correct
Stromal vascular fraction refers to:
a. The fraction of bone marrow aspirate containing MSCs
b. The red blood cell fraction in umbilical cord blood
c. The nucleated cell fraction of bone marrow aspirate
d. The nucleated cell fraction of adipose tissue
e. The white blood cells in umbilical cord blood
d. The nucleated cell fraction of adipose tissue
What is the embryonic origin of the biceps muscles?
a. Neural ectoderm
b. Intermediate mesoderm
c. Somatic mesoderm
d. Endoderm
e. Somite mesoderm/myotome
e. Somite mesoderm/myotome
What is the embryonic origin of the uterus?
a. Neural ectoderm
b. Intermediate mesoderm
c. Splanchnic mesoderm
d. Endoderm
e. Somite mesoderm/myotome
b. Intermediate mesoderm
What is the embryonic origin of the primary bronchus?
a. Neural ectoderm
b. Intermediate mesoderm
c. Splanchnic mesoderm
d. Endoderm
e. Somite mesoderm/myotome
d. Endoderm
What is the embryonic origin of the kidney nephron?
a. Neural ectoderm
b. Intermediate mesoderm
c. Splanchnic mesoderm
d. Endoderm
e. Somite mesoderm/myotome
b. Intermediate mesoderm
HOX genes are important for:
a. Neurogenesis
b. Myogenesis
c. Osteogenesis
d. Body patterning
e. None of the above
d. Body patterning
Which genes display “colinearity” and are involved in limb development?
a. Transforming growth factor beta superfamily genes
b. Bone morphogenic protein genes
c. Fibroblast growth factor genes
d. HOX genes
e. All of the above
d. HOX genes
The right side of the heart is a “high pressure” system during fetal life:
a. True
b. False
a. True
Aortic stenosis is often associated with hypertrophy of the right ventricle:
a. True
b. False
b. False